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1 GDP GDP GDP GDP Tel/Fax: e059@ipc.fukushima-u.ac.jp 1
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3 3 GDP GDP (Stern, 2000) GDP GDP (Cleveland et al., 2000)
4 (Smil, 2008) 5 IEA( ) (1992) A B A B A A B W 4
5 100 1, , ,000 (Smil, 2008) 2 6 Georgescu-Roegen (1971) (E.On Netz, 2005) 2 5
6 (Trainer, 2007) (IEA, 2008) 3 (CEPOS, 2009) 6
7 8 ERoEI (Energy Return on Energy Invested) ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI 7
8 (Cleveland et al., 1984) ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI 4 ERoEI ERoEI (Hall et al., 2003; Cleveland, 2005) ERoEI Hall et al. (2008) ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI Worldwatch Institute (2005) 1980 (EWG, 2008) (Almeida and Silva, 2009) ERoEI 4 (Smil, 2008) 5 See EIA Home Page 8
9 (Smil, 2008) ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI 1950 ERoEI (Cleveland, 2005) ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI (IEA, 2008) 6 See The Oil Drum, 9
10 7 ERoEI 10 ERoEI 20 9 GDP ERoEI ERoEI 7 ERoEI (Cleveland, 2005) 10
11 10 N LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) LCA LCA 11
12 ERoEI ERoEI ERoEI (Hammerschlag, 2006) ERoEI (Koplow and Steenblik, 2008) ERoEI ) 10 1 ERoEI 5 ERoEI 1 (van Leeuwen and Smith, 2004) LCA 12
13 Almeida, P. and Silva, P. D. (2009). The peak of oil production - timings and market recognition. Energy Policy, 37: CEPOS (2009). Wind Energy -The Case of Denmark. Center for Politiske Studier. Cleveland, C. J. (2005). Net energy from the extraction of oil and gas in the United States. Energy, 30: Cleveland, C. J., Costanza, R., Hall, C. A. S., and Kaufmann, R. (1984). Energy and the U.S. economy: A biophysical perspective. Science, 225: Cleveland, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., and Stern, D. I. (2000). Aggregation and the role of energy in the economy. Ecological Economics, 32: E.On Netz (2005). Wind Report EWG (2008). Crude Oil - The Supply Outlook. Energy Watch Group, revised edition february 2008 edition. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Harvard University Press. Hall, C., Tharakan, P., Hallock, J., Cleveland, C., and Jefferson, M. (2003). Hydrocarbons and the evolution of human culture. Nature, 426: Hall, C. A. S., Powers, R., and Schoenberg, W. (2008). Peak oil, EROI, investments and the economy in an uncertain future. In Pimentel, D., editor, Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, chapter 5, pages Springer. Hammerschlag, R. (2006). Ethanol s energy return on investment: A survey of the literature 1990-present. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(6): IEA (2008). World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. Koplow, D. and Steenblik, R. (2008). Subsidies to ethanol in the United States. In Pimentel, D., editor, Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, chapter 4, pages Springer. Smil, V. (2008). Energy in Nature and Society. The MIT Press. Stern, D. I. (2000). A multivariate cointegration analysis of the rolo of energy in the US macroeconomy. Energy Economics, 22:
14 Trainer, T. (2007). Renewable Energy Cannot Sustain a Consumer Society. Springer. van Leeuwen, J. W. S. and Smith, P. (2004). Can nuclear power provide energy for the future; would it solve the CO2-emission problem? Worldwatch Institute (2005). State of the World. W.W.Norton and Company. (1992)... 14
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