EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION REPLACEMENT ON METABOLIC AND HORMONAL RESPONSES AFTER A MODERATE ENDURANCE RUN IN HOT OUTDOOR CONDITI
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1 EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE AND ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION REPLACEMENT ON METABOLIC AND HORMONAL RESPONSES AFTER A MODERATE ENDURANCE RUN IN HOT OUTDOOR CONDITIONS MASATO SUZUKI, TOUKO SHIMIZU, NORIKO KAWABE, KATSUHIKO MACHIDA MASAKI KIMURA and MASATOSHI SHIOTA Abstract The effect of ingestion of a chilled carbohydrate and electrolyte solution on metabolic and hormonal responses and water-electrolyte balance was studied after two 5-km runs in hot outdoor conditions (Temp, 30.6 `30.9 Ž ; humidity, 61.3 `62.4%). Eight healthy females (mean age 21.8 years) participated in : 1) a control experiment (Copt) with no fluid intake, 2) an experiment with 500 ml of tap water (WI), and 3) an experiment with 500 ml of sports beverage (SB) containing carbohydrate and electrolytes each of which were given after the 1st 5-km run, followed by a second 5-km run with an equivalent to 68.7 `72.3% of O2max. In the Cont, decreases in % PV and blood glucose (BS) and increases in serum osmolality (Sosm), free fatty acid (sffa) and plasma hormone concentrations related to regulation of the water-electrolyte balance in the body persisted after the 2 nd run. The intake of the sports beverage prevented hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis, as shown by an increase in sffa and positive results for qualitative analysis of ketone body in the urine, and quick recovery of plasma volume following an endurance run under a hot environment. This study suggests that fluid replacement with a sports beverage containing carbohydrate and electrolytes was superior to plain water or no fluid ingestion in terms of metabolic and hormonal responses and the recovery of plasma volume and elevated rectal temperature following an endurance run under hot conditions. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 1998, 47: 427 `442) key words : hot environment, sports beverage, endurance run, plasma volume, plasma cortisol Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikeikai University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama Department of Exercise and Health Science, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Ohaza Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi
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4 Table 1. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on running time, mean HR, estimated %VO2max during a 5-km run, and changes in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic BP), body weight and axial temperature (Taxil) after a 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment ; WI, Water intake experiment; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment. Values are means }SD. (dl) indicates the difference between measurements at rest and after the 1 st run, (12) indicates the difference between measurements after the 1 st and 2 nd runs, and (43) shows the difference between measurements at rest and after the 2 nd run. Significant differeces compared to the pre-value and between the Cont and WI experiments ; * p < 0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, and a * shows a significant difference at the 5 % level between the Cont and SB experiments.
5 Fig. 1. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on changes in heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (4Trec) before, during and after a 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment ; WI, Water intake experiment; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment.
6 Table 2. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on serum electrolytes, osmolality (Sosm) and percent change in plasma volume (% 4PV) after the 2 nd 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment ; WI, Water intake experiment ; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment. Values are means f SD. Significant differences compared to the pre-value and between the Cont and WI experiments ; * p<0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and a shows a significant difference at the 5 % level between the Cont and SB experiments.
7 Fig. 2. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on changes in blood lactate (LA), glucose (BS) and serum free fatty acid (FFA) after the 2 nd 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment; WI, Water intake experiment; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment. Significant differences from the resting levels, and between differences from the resting values among the three experiments; * p <O.05, ** p < 0,01, ***p< Fig. 3. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on changes in plasma angiotensin II (paii), aldosterone (pald), cortisol (pcorti) and serum immunno-reactive insulin (siri) after the 2 nd 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment; WI, Water intake experiment; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment. Significant differences from the resting levels, and between differences from the resting values among the three experiments ; * p <0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p<0.001.
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9 Table 3. Effects of ingesting a commercial sports beverage (SB) and plain water (WI) on urine volume (UV), creatinine clearance (Ccr), urinary osmolality (Uosm), excretions of Na (ENa) and K (EK) into urine after the 2 nd 5-km run under a hot and humid environment. Cont, Control experiment ; WI, Water intake experiment; SB, Sports beverage intake experiment. Values are means }SD. Significant differences compared to the pre-value and between the Cont and WI experiments ; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
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14 2) Montain, S. J. and Coyle, E. F. Fluid ingestion dur -ing exercise increases skin blood flow independent of increases in blood volume. J. Appl. Physiol., (1992), 13, ) Cade, R., Spooner, G., Schlein, E., Pickering, M. and Dean, R. Effect of fluid, electrolyte, and glucose replacement during exercise on performance, body temperature, rate of sweat loss, and compositional changes of extracellular fluid. J. Sports. Med. Physiol. Fit., (1972),12, ) Costill, D. L., Kammer, W. F. and Fisher, A. Fluid ingestion during distance running. Arch Environ Health,, (1970), 21, ) Owen, M. D., Kregel, K. C., Wall, P. T. and Gisolfl, C. V. Effects of ingesting carbohydrate beverages during exercise in the heat. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., (1986), 18, ) Dill, D. B. and Costill, D. L. Calculation of percen -tage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol., (1974), 37, ) American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., (1984), 16, ix-xiv. 11) Noakes, T. D., Goodwin, N., Rayner, B. L., Branken, T. and Taylor, R. N. K. Water intoxication : A possi. ble complication during endurance exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., (1985), 17, ) Maughan, R. J. and Noakes, T. D. Fluid replacement and exercise stress A brief review of studies on fluid replacement and some guidelines for the athlete. Sports, Medicine., (1991), 12, ) Deuster, P. A., Singh, A., Hofmann, A., Moses, F. M. and Chrousos, G. C. Hormonal responses to ingesting water or a carbohydrate beverage during a 2 h run. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., (1992), 24, ) Noakes, T. D., Adams, B. A., Myburgh, K. H., Greeff, C., Lotz, T. and Nathan, M. The danger of an inadequate water intake during prolonged exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., (1988), 57, ) Adolph, E. F. Water metabolism. Ann. Rev. Physiol., (1947), 9, ) Fordtran, J. S. and Saltin, B. Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., (1967), 3, ) Fraser, R., Brown, J. J., Lever, A. F., Mason, P. A. and Robertson, J. I. S. Control of aldosterone secretion. Clin. Sci. (1979), 56, ) Mason, P. A., Fraser, R., Morton, J. J., Semple, P. F. and Wilson, A. The effect of sodium deprivation and of Angiotensin II infusion on the peripheral plasma concentrations of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, aldosterone and other corticosteroids in man. J. Steroid Biochem., (1977), 8, ) Ohira, Y., Suzuki, M., Nakajima, T. and Ikawa, S. Responses of hormones and electrolytes in blood and urine to thermal dehydration. J. J. Aerospace Environ. Med., (1983), 20, ) Harano, Y. and Shigeta, Y. Sensitive and simplified method for the differential determination of serum levels of ketone bodies. Clin. Chim. Acta, (1983), 134,
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