JIT ( ) /JST CREST Short-Term Wind Power Prediction for Wind Turbine via Kalman Filter based on JIT Modeling T. Ishikawa (Keio University) and T. Name

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1 JIT () /JST CREST Short-Term Wind Power Prediction for Wind Turbine via Kalman Filter based on JIT Modeling T. Ishikawa (Keio University) and T. Namerikawa (Keio University/JST CREST) Abstract This paper deals with wind power prediction algorithm applying for energy management systems. This research work is to predict the amount of the next day of generation in condition of the constrained previous actual data and the weather forecast data of wind. The prediction method is simply algorithm, the procedure of prediction consists of two steps, the data processing and the calculation of predicted value. In the data processing, in order to get the correlative data from the database, we employ JIT(Just-In- Time) Modeling. In the calculation of predicted value, we provide the regression model for wind speed and wind power and wind power, and the unknown parametersare estimated via constrained kalman filter. In this paper, 4 hours ahead power prediction method using a filtering theory is proposed for wind power generation. In recent years, an introductory expansion of renewable energy is expected and the prediction of wind power generation is needed for taking in wind power generation. Finally, the advantage of the proposed method can be shown, compared with the conventional method. Key Words: Short-term Prediction, Wind Power, Just-In-Time Modeling(JIT Modeling), Constrained Kalman Filter, Energy Management Systems(EMS) 1,.,,, [1.,,.,.,,,.,.,,.. 1, Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP).,. ARMA Model.. Box-Jenkins ARMA Model [, Neural Network [3 [4. [5, [6 Neural Network,. [7,, () GPV, 9. [8,,., [8. [8,,,.,.,,. JIT(Just-In-Time) [9 1.,,.,,.,,., JIT, [6. 第 13 回制御部門大会 (13 年 3 月 5 日 ~ 8 日 福岡 ) SY/13/ SICE

2 問題設定 まず, データベースに風速の気象予報データ, それに 対応する風速の過去データ, 風力発電データを ヵ月分 蓄積する. データベース内で JIT モデリングにより, 予 測したい地点での気象予報データと相関のあるデータ を抜き出し, そのデータに対応する風速データ, 発電量 データを得る. JIT モデリングによって得られた相関の ある風速のデータと気象予報の風速データを風速モデ ルに代入し, 統計処理をしてモデルの未知係数パラメー タを学習し, 推定する. そうして得られた気象予報より も精度の高い風速予測データを基に, 発電量を計算して 計算予測値を求める. この発電量計算予測値と JIT モ デリングによって得られた相関のある発電量データを 基にした発電量モデルに数値を代入し, 風速モデルと同 様の統計処理をしてモデルの未知係数パラメータを学 習し, 推定する. まとめると, 風速の予測値を基に風力 発電出力を求め, 最終的に風力発電機の出力予測を行う といった流れとなる. 統計処理の手法は線形手法の一 つであるカルマンフィルタ (Kalman Filter) による方 法を用いる. Fig. 1 に予測のプロセスをまとめる. Wind Speed Data Wind Power Data Parameters Estimation Wind Speed Prediction Database Experimental Power Curve 風力発電機.1. Calculation Calculation Output 発電量予測における風力発電機のデータは慶應大学 矢上キャンパス 4 棟の屋上に設置してあるものとする. 風力発電機 (MWG-5) のパラメータは以下の Table 1 のようになっている. Table 1: Parameter of wind turbine(mwg-5) Blade Radius 95[mm Rated Output 5[W Rated Wind Speed 8[m/s Rotation Start Wind Speed 1.5[m/s Power Generation Start Wind Speed 3.5[m/s Maximum Output 13[W なお, 発電機の発電量と 1 時間の平均風速の関係に ついてプロットしたものが以下の Fig. となる. Power Curve 5 Wind Power[W 3 1 Data processing Parameters Estimation Wind Power Prediction Wind Speed [m/s Prediction Data Processing Fig. : Relation between wind power and wind speed Fig. 1: Wind power prediction process [ 予測モデル 風速予測モデル 風速データは実機発電機の横にある実際の風速計で 得られた風速値を使用した. データのサンプリング時 間の間隔は 1 時間とする. 気象予報の風速データは, 気 象業務センターなどで配信している気象予報を使用す る. 1 日 8 回の予報をし, 4 回の予報期間は 33 時間で, 残りは 15 時間となっている. この気象業務センターで は 33 時間後まで 1 時間間隔の予測を行っている. JIT モデリングで得られた近傍データと気象予報を 用いた風速モデルは以下のような式となる. vt+1 t JIT M odel = at vt 3 t + bt vt+1 t (1) JIT vt 3 t [m/s は JIT モデリングによって得られた近傍 M odel データの 1 日分前の同時刻の風速データである. vt+i t は, 時刻 t までのデータを基にした i 時間先の気象予報 での平均風速の予測値のデータを示している. at, bt は 未知相関係数である. このモデルに対し, カルマンフィ ルタを用いた推定アルゴリズムを用いることで, 未知相 関係数を推定する. Fig. を見ると, 発電開始風速の手前でも発電をおこ なっていることがわかる. この時, 平均風速は 1.5m/s 以下でも, 1.5m/s 以上の風が吹いているということで ある. したがって, パワーカーブを作る際には, 最大発 電出力や回転開始風速等を考慮しなくても良いという ことになる..1.3 経験的パワーカーブ 一般的にパワーカーブは風速に対する発電出力の式 で表される. しかし, 今回扱わなければならないパワー カーブは 1 時間あたりの平均風速あたりの発電出力で ある. したがって, 発電出力のデータと実測した風速 データからパワーカーブを作らなければならない. こ れを経験的パワーカーブとする..1.4 風力発電量モデル 本稿で用いる風力発電量の予測モデルは文献 [1 を 参考にしたものであり, 風速を予測した値を経験的パ ワーカーブの関数に代入することによって発電量の予 測を行う. 得られた計算予測値と JIT モデリングで得 られた近傍データも用いたモデルは以下のようになる. pt+1 t fpc (vt+1 t ) = dt pjit t 3 t + et fpc (vt+1 t ) = 4.4vt+1 t () 5.31vt+1 t +.3 (3)

3 . 1. K k = [ P k k 1 Ck T [ Ck P k k 1 Ck T 1 + W k (9). ˆx k k = ˆx k k 1 + K k [ yk C k ˆx k k 1 (1) Fig. 3: Experiential power curve p t t [W t, p JIT t 3 t JIT t 3. f pc ( )[W, p t+1 t t 1. d t, e t.,,., 4 1 1, 1..,.. x k+1 k = A k x k k + w k v k k = C k x k k + r k (4), x k k R n x k,. x k k = [ a k b k T (5) C k R n x. [ C k = (6) v JIT k k v Model k+1 k A k R nx. A k = I k (7) k Z +, v k k R, w k R n x,r k R n x.. E {[ wk r k [ w T l r T l } [ Wk = R k δ kl (8) W k R, R k R.. (4)(7), 3. P k k = P k k 1 K k C k P k k 1 (11) P k R nx nx k, K k R., ˆx k k (1) (5)..3 (MAE), (MRE).., v k k, ˆv k+1 k, N Z +., p t+i t+i, ˆp t+i t+i 1, W total. MAE = 1 4 MRE = 1 W total v t+i t+i ˆv t+i t+i 1 1 [% (1) p t+i t+i ˆp t+i t+i 1 1 [% (13) JIT,,,, JIT. JIT,,.,. JIT,.,.,,, JIT.,

4 . y τ = g(x τ ), τ =, 1, (14), x[τ R 1 4 x τ = [v Model τ+1,, v Model τ+4 (15) y τ, y τ = [v τ+1,, v τ+4, p τ+1,, p τ+4 (16), τ y[τ R ( )v Model. y τ 4. ϕ[τ R 1 4. ϕ τ = [v Model τ+1,, v Model τ+4 (17) ψ kopt = [v Model k opt+1,, v Model k opt+4 (18) ŷ kopt = [v kopt +1,, v kopt +4, p kopt +1,, p kopt +4 (19)., [ψ i, y i D. N {v Model τ ) τ = 1,, N} (), D R N. ψ 1 y 1 D =.. (1), ψ N y N, D., W [ l W = diag( 1 (ψ l i ψ) T (ψ i ψ)) (5) ψ = 1 l l ψ i (6). l D diag(a) A. W j S(j) l l S. Step:k opt ϕ τ k opt ψ kopt. ψ kopt := {ψ i i = 1,, k opt } (7) Step3:ŷ kopt k opt y i ŷ kopt. ŷ kopt = y kopt (8) 4,.,,.,. 4.1 Fig. 4,. Wind Power [W Result of Prediction(1/5/8)) JIT(MRE=13.558[%) Proposed(MRE=.875[%) ψ i = [vi+1 Model, vi+ Model,, vi+4 Model y i = [v i+1,, v i+4, p i+1,, p i+4 () Time [hour. JIT. ŷ kopt = JIT (D, ϕ τ, k opt ) (3) Step1: ϕ τ ψ i d(ϕ τ, ψ i ) = (ϕ τ ψ i )W 1 (ϕ τ ψ i ) T (4) Fig. 4: Outlier of wind power prediction(5/8),.,. 55.3[W, 5.15[m/s., 1.

5 1 ŷ k > y max,,. v max [m/s, p max [W. 4., (9)-(35). Step1. ˆv k k 1 = C k ˆx k k 1 (9) Step. { v max ˆv k k 1 > v max C k = (3) ˆv k k 1 ˆv k k 1 < v max Step3. P k k 1 P k k 1 = A k P k 1 A T k + W k (31) Step4. K k = P k k 1 C T k [C k P k k 1 C T k + R k 1 (3) Step5. ˆx k k = ˆx k k 1 + K k (y k C k ˆx k k 1 ) (33) Step6. Step7. ˆx k+1 k = A k ˆx k k (34) P k k = P k k 1 K k C k P k k 1 (35) Step1-7., 1. 1 ˆv k k 1 ˆv k k 1 > v max, S k S k = cov(y k ŷ k k 1 ) = E[(y k ŷ k k 1 E[y k ŷ k k 1 ) (y k ŷ k k 1 E[y k ŷ k k 1 ) T (38)., ŷ k k 1 = y max Sk max Sk max = cov(y k y max ) = E[(y k y max E[y k y max ) (y k y max E[y k y max ) T (39) S k, S max k y k y m ax < y k ŷ k k 1 (4), (). Sk max S k = E[(y k y max E[y k y max ) (y k y max E[y k y max ) T E[(y k ŷ k k 1 E[y k ŷ k k 1 ) (y k ŷ k k 1 E[y k ŷ k k 1 ) T (41), S max k S k (4), y max < ŷ k k 1, y max ŷ k k 1, ,., ˆv k k 1 > v max 5., Sk max = cov(y k y max ),, W k =.1, R k =.1, S k = cov(y k ŷ k k 1 ) x = [ 1/ 1/ T,. x = [ 1/ 1/ T, Sk max P = I. 4 S k (36) Fig. 5 (a)-(c), 4 Fig. 5 (d)-(f). Proof. v k, v k v max (37),,

6 Wind Speed [m/s Result of Prediction(1/5/7) 1 Model(MAE=8.1[%) 8 Proposed(MAE=.6889[%) Time [hour (a) Wind speed prediction(5/6) Wind Power [W Result of Prediction(1/5/7)) JIT(MRE=7.48[%) Proposed(MRE=4.6637[%) Time [hour (c) Wind speed prediction(5/8) Wind Speed [m/s Result of Prediction(1/5/8) 1 Model(MAE=4.1658[%) 8 Proposed(MAE=19.576[%) Time [hour (b) Wind speed prediction(5/7) Wind Power [W 15 1 Fig. 5: Prediction result 5 Result of Prediction(1/5/8)) JIT(MRE=13.558[%) Proposed(MRE=9.99[%) Time [hour (d) Wind power prediction(5/6),.., MAE,., JIT,,., %, 4.66%, 9.9%. [ % 1., 5 8, Table. Table : Evaluation(Wind power) Error[% Referrence [ Calculation 11.1 JIT 7.9 proposed JIT,., [6 1 (MRE) 17.87%, (MRE) 5.95%. 6,,. JIT,.,,. 1, [6 1, 1., 4.69%..,,. 1),,, 51-1, pp.6-68, 1 ) L. Wendell, H. Wegley, M. Verholek, Report from aworking group meeting on wind forecasts for WECS operation, PNL-513, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, ) C. Notis, D. Trettel, J. Aquino, T. Piazza, L. Taylor, D. Trask, et al., Learning to forecast wind at remote sites for wind energy applications, PNL-4318, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, ) H. Wegley, W. Formica, Test applications of a semiobjective approach to wind forecasting for wind energy applications, PNL-443, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, ),,,,, B, 18-, pp , 8. 6),,, B, 19-9, pp , 9. 7),,,,,, B, 19-5, pp , 9. 8) Yasuhiko Hosoda, and Toru Namerikawa, Shortterm Photovoltaic Prediction by using H Filtering and Clustering, SICE Annual Conference 1, pp , 1 9) Qiubao Zheng, Hidenori Kimura, JUST-IN-TIME MODELING FOR FUNCTION PREDICTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS, Asian Jounal of Control, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp , 1. 1), Just-In-Time Modeling, B, , pp , ) T. Brunsch, J. Raisch, L. Hardouin, Modeling and control of high-throughput screening systems, Control Engineering Practice, vol., pp ),,,, JIT,, 7-14, ),, 13, pp , 8. 14) GPV ( 1/7/31

第 55 回自動制御連合講演会 2012 年 11 月 17 日 18 日 京都大学 2I202 風速予測モデルの検討と カルマンフィルタに基づく短期風力発電予測 石川友規 滑川徹 慶應義塾大学 Short-Term Wind Speed Prediction for Wind Turbine Ap

第 55 回自動制御連合講演会 2012 年 11 月 17 日 18 日 京都大学 2I202 風速予測モデルの検討と カルマンフィルタに基づく短期風力発電予測 石川友規 滑川徹 慶應義塾大学 Short-Term Wind Speed Prediction for Wind Turbine Ap 第 55 回自動制御連合講演会 2012 年 11 月 17 日 18 日 京都大学 2I202 風速予測モデルの検討と カルマンフィルタに基づく短期風力発電予測 石川友規 滑川徹 慶應義塾大学 Short-Term Wind Speed Prediction for Wind Turbine Applications using Filtering Theory T. Ishikawa, T. Namerikawa

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