LTE V2X a) Huan WANG LTE V2X for Realization of Connected Car Services Riichi KUDO a), Shinpei YASUKAWA, Tomoki MARUKO, Huan WANG, Satoshi NAGATA, and

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1 LTE V2X a) Huan WANG LTE V2X for Realization of Connected Car Services Riichi KUDO a), Shinpei YASUKAWA, Tomoki MARUKO, Huan WANG, Satoshi NAGATA, and Takehiro NAKAMURA ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems V2X Vehicle to Everything ITS ITS ETC: Electronic Toll Collection System ARIB STD-T75 ITS IEEE GPP Third Generation Partnership Project LTE Long Term Evolution LTE V2X LTE V2X Uplink/Downlink 3GPP Release 14 LTE-V2X ITS LTE V2X LTE V2X ITS DSRC 3GPP 1. ITS: Intelligent Transport Systems [1] [3] ITS ITS [4] ITS NTT 5G Laboratory, NTT DOCOMO, INC., 2 3 Hikarinooka, Yokosuka-shi, Japan DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd., 7/F, Raycom Infotech Park Tower A, No. 2 Kexueyuan South Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China a) riichi.kudou.et@nttdocomo.com DOI: /transcomj.2017JBI0002 3GPP LTE V2X V2X Vehicle to Everything V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle RSU: Road Side Unit V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure V2N: Vehicle to Network V2P: Vehicle to Pedestrian V2X ITS V2I V2V RVC Road-Vehicle Communication IVC Inter-Vehicle Communication [5] V2X ITS VICS: Vehicle Information and Communication System [6] ETC: Electronic Toll Collection System [7] [9] ITS V2I VICS 1996 FM B Vol. J101 B No. 6 pp c

2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 Fig. 1 1 ITS Wireless communication technologies for ITS. ETC 2001 V2I V2V ITS [10] 2015 1 LTE V2X ITS VICS FM [11] 3G LTE FM 16 kbps 5 100 KB LTE 75.

2 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 Fig. 1 1 ITS Wireless communication technologies for ITS. ETC 2001 V2I V2V ITS [10] LTE V2X ITS VICS FM [11] 3G LTE FM 16 kbps KB LTE 75.4 Mbps 20 MHz [12] MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) CA (Carrier Aggregation) RSU V2I [13], [14] [9] V2V m IEEE LTE V2X ITS STD-T75 [9] IEEE IEEE802.11p [15] STD-T75 DSRC: Dedicated Short-Range Communication ETC 1 Mbps IEEE ITS RC-005 DSRC/WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) ITS IEEE [16] 760 MHz 10 MHz IEEE802.11p 10 MHz ITS IEEE802.11p RC-005 [17] 5.8 GHz V2X IEEE802.11p DSRC/WAVE DSRC IEEE802.11p IEEE1609 [18] [19] DSRC STD-T75 STD-T75 IEEE802.11p LTE V2X 418

3 LTE V2X 1 2. Table 1 Acronyms list used after Section 2. Rel-14 LTE V2X LTE V2X DL/UL/SL ITS ISO International Organization for Standardization TC204 WG ITS [23] V2X ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute [24] V2X 2. ITS ARIB STD-T75 IEEE802.11p 3. Rel-14 LTE V2X ITS LTE 4. Rel LTE V2X 6. LTE V2X ITS LTE V2X UL: Uplink DL: Downlink UE: User Equipment UL/DL SL: Sidelink UL/DL 2009 LTE Release 8 Rel-8 SL 2012 Rel-12 [20] [22] ITS 5.8 GHz ETC VICS STD-T75 IEEE802.11p 2. 1 ARIB STD T ARIB ETC VICS UE V2I 2 STD-T75 ASK π/4 QPSK ASK Mbps π/4 QPSK Mbps ms BCH RSU 2 STD-T75 STD-T75 5 MHz

4 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 2 STD-T75 IEEE802.11p Table 2 Overview of STD-T75 and IEEE802.11p. 3 Fig. 3 IEEE802.11p Resource usage image of IEEE802.11p. 2 STD-T75 Fig. 2 Resource usage image in STD-T75. U1 U7 UE RSU D1 D7 RSU UE 2 U1 D1 RSU UE [9] RSU FCMS UE MDS 2 UE-A UE-C FCMS UE 2. 2 IEEE802.11p IEEE802.11p LAN ITS LAN 10MHz BSS LAN MAC 2 IEEE802.11p OFDM BPSK 64QAM IEEE LDPC 3 IEEE802.11p 420

5 LTE V2X 3 CSMA/CA UE-A UE-E LAN ACK UE Back-off Downlink PDCCH UE-A UE-D PDSCH 4(b) SC-FDMA 3. LTE V2X LTE V2X UL/DL SL 3 LTE DL UL SL LTE STD-T75 IEEE802.11p 1ms 4 LTE V2X UL/DL SL LTE UL/DL/SL MHz UL/DL FDD 4(a) OFDMA 4 LTE V2X (a) DL (b) UL (c) SL Fig. 4 Resource usage image of LTE V2X (a) DL, (b) UL, and (c) SL. 3 LTE DL/UL/SL Table 3 Overview for LTE DL/UL/SL. 421

6 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 4 V2X [26] Table 4 Requirements of V2X [26]. UL PUCCH PUSCH LTE UL DL PDCCH 4(c) SL Uplink SC-FDMA SL PSCCH PSSCH Uplink 3. 3 UL/DL/SL 3. 1 LTE V2X LTE V2X 3GPP SI Study item [25], [26] 4 3GPP V2X 100 ms E2E (End to End) Pre-crash sensing 20 ms E2E Rel-13 LTE E2E km/h 278 m 556 m 3. 2 LTE V2X (UL/DL) V2X UL DL MBMS [27] MBMS Rel-9 LTE MBSFN Rel-13 LTE SC-PTM [28] MBSFN MBSFN SC-PTM UE MIMO UL/DL MBMS UL SPS MBMS Localized MBMS [27], [29] MEC Multi-access Edge Computing ETSI API [30] LTE UE 3. 3 LTE-V2X (SL) LTE V2X SL (1) (2) (3) (4) LTE V2X SL Rel-12/13 [20] LTE D2D Rel-12 D2D UL 422

7 LTE V2X 5 Fig. 5 Rel-14 V2X SL GNSS SL synchronization in Rel-14 V2X (GNSS configured with highest priority). 6 Fig. 6 SL subframe structure. SL Rel-14 V2X SL SL Rel-12 D2D UL Rel-14 V2X SL (1) SL Rel-14 GNSS SL 3 [28], [31] GNSS 5 SL GNSS GNSS (2) 6 SL UL/DL 1ms 14 [32] Rel-12 SL 6(a) 2 (DM-RS) LTE V2X SL DM-RS 6(b) 4 DM-RS [32] DM-RS (3) SL UL SC-FDM OFDM PAPR 4(c) UE PSSCH PSCCH PAPR [33], [34] UL UL SL SL PSCCH PSCCH PSSCH 3dB [34] HARQ Hybrid ARQ [34], [35] SL ACK/NACK SL RV: Redundancy Version 2 [36] (4) SPS SL [34], [36] UL 423

8 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 7 LTE V2X SL SPS Fig. 7 SPS and resource selection for LTE V2X SL. SPS PSCCH PSSCH UE PSCCH UE [36] [T 1,T 2] T 1 4[ms] 20 T [ms] SPS 100 ms 20, 50, 100, , 1000 ms 7 SL SL 3 20 ms SPS 100 ms 1ms 7(a) SPS 100 ms UE 5 15 [35] 7(b) UE 1 (1) SL UE UE (2) PSCCH PSSCH (PSSCH-RSRP) UE 100 ms 1 SPS 1 (3) (S-RSSI) 100 ms (2) (3) UE 20% 424

9 LTE V2X SL P2V Partial sensing [34], [35] Congestion control [34], [35] 4. 3GPP LTE V2X 3GPP V2X [27] 3GPP 4. 1 ETSI CAM DENM 2 V2X [24] ms 190 bytes 500 ms bytes MAC [36] m 250 m 433 m 3 4m km/h 60 km/h 70 km/h 140 km/h 8 V2X (a) (b) Fig. 8 V2X evaluation scenario (a) urban (b) high-way. 3 / 500m (ISD) 35m 1732m 2 /2 1 /2 23 dbm Wrap around 2GHz/ 10 MHz 6 GHz/10 MHz 2 GHz LTE 6 GHz V2X SL 4. 3 V2X (PRR: Packet Reception Ratio)

10 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No bytes 300 bytes 2 PRR 120 km/h 280 km/h m 320 m 100 ms LOS NLOS 5. LTE V2X LTE V2X SL UL DL DL V2X UL LTE DL SL IEEE802.11p 3GPP Rel (a) UL DL DL V2X 3 V2X 9 9(a) 7 9(b) (c) UE Geo-based 9(b) 9(c) 9 V2X Fig. 9 Target cell selection for V2X massage multicast. (c) GPS DL DL (b) 100 ms 4. 1 DL UL DL DL (SC-PTM [27]) SC-PTM km/h m 8(a) 590 UE 10 MHz 150 m QPSK 1/2 1/

11 LTE V2X 5 DL (SC-PTM) Table 5 Resource occupation ratio of SC-PTM for DL multicast transmission in urban environment. 7 83% R =1/2 87% R =1/3 10 MHz Geo-based R =1/2 65% 47% 1/3 64% m 69% (R = 1/2) 61% R =1/3 Geo-based 75% (R = 1/2) 77% (R = 1/3) 80% (R = 1/2) 86% (R = 1/3) V2X 1 10 DL (SC-PTM) Fig. 10 Packet reception rate of SC-PTM for DL multicast in urban environment. UE / 9 Geo-based 150 m DL UE / 150 m 28 UE DL DL 5. 2 LTE V2X SL MAC LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p MAC

12 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No IEEE802.11p (a) LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p V2V PER: Packet Error Rate [dbm] = [dbm] [db] (1) [dbm] = [dbm/hz]+ [db]+ 11 (6 GHz QPSK R=1/2) Fig. 11 Communication range with target PER of 90% and 99% (6 GHz, QPSK R = 1/2). 10 log 10 ( [Hz]) + SINR[dB] ( + )[db] (2) PER 10% 1% SINR [37] 1 QPSK R = 1/ db 5.07 db LTE V2X IEEE802.11p LTE V2X [38] [40] 3 db LTE V2X LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p (1) (2) 3GPP SL V2X [27] 6GHz 10 MHz 174 dbm/hz 9dB 3dBi 0dB 1.5m 23 dbm QPSK ( R=1/2) 300 bytes 1 [37] 5.9 GHz 6GHz [27] 6GHz 30 km/h LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p PER 1% 10% (1) 11 LTE V2X IEEE802.11p LOS 90% 99% 112m 92m NLOS 22m 18m IEEE802.11p LOS 1.5 NLOS 1.3 LTE V2X PER SNR LTE V2X IEEE802.11p LTE V2X 4(c) (b) LTE SL LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p MAC 8(b) 1km 428

13 LTE V2X 6 LTE SL Table 6 Parametes for LTE SL packet. 7 CSMA/CA Table 7 Parameters for CSMA/CA packet. 200 m UE 300 bytes 100 ms UE 150m UE 11 QPSK R = 1/2 PER 99% LTE V2X (SL) 254 m LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p LTE V2X (SL) CSMA/CA LTE V2X (SL) UE UE (254 m) UE 2 LTE V2X SL bytes QPSK 1/2 16QAM 1/2 QPSK R =1/2 16QAM R =1/2 7 UE IEEE802.11p CSMA/CA 7 10MHz 13 μs (CW) 15 LTE MAC QPSK (R = 1/2) 16QAM (R = 1/2) 477 μs 244 μs 12 1 km (b) 1 km 70 km/h 140 km/h (a) 1 km 12 (a) 16QAM 300 bytes 95% 1km LTE V2X (SL) QPSK QAM 184 CSMA/CA MAC LTE SL QAM 12 (b) 100 ms 2 429

14 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No LTE V2X (SL) MAC Fig. 12 Packet reception rate of LTE V2X (SL) in highway model (MAC sub-layer). IEEE802.11p ms 40 ms 2 LTE HARQ MAC HARQ (b) 1 km 30 LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p 99% 99% LTE V2X (SL) 1km QPSK 67 16QAM 131 IEEE p CSMA/CA 2 LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p QPSK 1 km 300 LTE V2X (SL) IEEE802.11p IEEE802.11p LTE V2X (SL) 2 /QPSK LTE V2X (SL) 1 2 QPSK 16QAM 1 km LTE V2X (SL) 70 km/h 140 km/h 70 km/h 140 km/h m 97.2 m 1 km PSCCH PSSCH 360 khz 2.34 MHz bytes 300 bytes QPSK R = 1/2 QPSK R = 7/ MAC

15 LTE V2X 13 LTE V2X SL Fig. 13 Packet reception rate of LTE V2X (SL) in highway model (physical layer modeled). 70 km/h 140 km/h 90% m 203 m 70 km/h 140 km/h 4 78 m 156 m m 311 m 70 km/h 2 SL SL UL/DL 6. LTE V2X Rel-14 LTE V2X LTE V2X Uplink/Downlink Sidelink Downlink MAC LTE V2X Uplink/Downlink Sidelink Rel-15 V2X Phase 2 Rel-16 Rel-15 LTE V2X phase 2 Rel-14 sidelink V2X [41] 64QAM Rel-16 ev2x [42], [43] 6 GHz [44] LTE V2X [1] B vol.j82-b, no.11, pp , Nov [2] ITS B vol.j82-b, no.11, pp , Nov [3] ITS 431

16 2018/6 Vol. J101 B No. 6 no.35, pp , Dec [4] ITS /roadmap.pdf, May [5] ITS vol.17, no.3, pp , April [6] Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS), [7] ETC vol.119, no.10, pp , Oct [8] ETC vol.119, no.10, pp , Oct [9] DSRC ARIB STD-T75, Sept [10] 700MHz ARIB STD-T109, Feb [11] FM ARIB STD-B3, Aug [12] 3GPP, TS (V14.3.0), User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities (Release 14), June [13] IATSS Review, vol.26, no.2, pp , Feb [14] index htm, Jan [15] IEEE Std p TM -2010, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment, July [16] IEEE Std for Information Technology, Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, [17] ITS 5.8GHz ITSFORUM RC-005, 2.0 Oct [18] IEEE Std , IEEE Guide for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) - Architecture, [19] D. Jiang and L. Delgrossi, IEEE p: Towards an international standard for wireless access in vehicular environments, Proc. Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC Spring 2008, May [20] 3GPP LTE D2D B vol.j99-b, no.10, pp , Oct [21] 3GPP, TR (V12.0.1), Study on LTE device to device proximity services (Release 12), March [22] 3GPP, TS (V14.0.0), Proximity-based services (ProSe) (Release 14), Sept [23] ISO/TC204 ITS March [24] ETSI, TS (V1.2.1), Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; ITS communications security architecture and security management, Nov [25] 3GPP, TR (V14.0.0), Study on LTE support for V2X services (Release 14), Dec [26] 3GPP, TS (V14.3.0), Service requirements for V2X services (Release 14), March [27] 3GPP, TR (V14.0.0), Study on LTE-based V2X Services (Release 14), June [28] 3GPP, TS (V13.7.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description (Release 13), March [29] 3GPP, TS (V14.3.0), Architecture enhancements for V2X services (Release 14), June [30] ETSI, Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), technologies/multi-access-edge-computing [31] 3GPP, TS (V14.4.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification (Release 14), Sept [32] 3GPP, TS (V14.4.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation (Release 14), Sept [33] 3GPP, TS (V13.7.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 13), July [34] 3GPP, TS (V14.4.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures (Release 14), Sept [35] 3GPP, TS (V14.4.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding (Release 14), Sept [36] 3GPP, TS (V14.4.0), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification (Release 14), Sept [37] 3GPP, TR (V14.0.0), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) services based on LTE sidelink; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 14), Oct [38] T. Shimizu, H. Lu, and J. Kenney, Preliminary Comparison of Suitability of IEEE p and LTE- V2X for V2V Safety Applications, Intelligent Transportation System World Congress, Oct [39] NGMN, Liaison Statement on Technology Evaluation of LTE-V2X and DSRC, [40] 5GAA, An assessment of LTE-V2X (PC5) and p direct communications technologies for improved road safety in the EU,

LTE V2X [41] 3GPP, RP-170724, New WI proposal: Enhancements on LTE-based V2X

.1.0), Study on enhancement of 3GPP support for 5G V2X services (Release 15.

[44] 3GPP, RP-170837, New SI proposal: Study on evaluation methodology of new

29 9 30 30 1 9 2 16 2003 3 2010 9 2015 7 NTT 2006 IEICE 2007 2009 2010 IEEE

17 LTE V2X [41] 3GPP, RP , New WI proposal: Enhancements on LTE-based V2X Services (Release 15), March [42] 3GPP, TR (V15.1.0), Study on enhancement of 3GPP support for 5G V2X services (Release 15), March [43] 3GPP, TR (V15.2.0), Service requirements for enhanced V2X scenarios (Release 15), June [44] 3GPP, RP , New SI proposal: Study on evaluation methodology of new V2X use cases for LTE and NR (Release 15), March NTT 2006 IEICE IEEE AP-S Japan Chapter Young Engineer Award IEICE Huan WANG Narrow-band IoT V2X LTE Advanced NTT LTE LTE-Advanced NTT 2008 IEICE 2008 IEICE GPP TSG-RAN WG GPP TSG-RAN WG NTT 1992 NTT DOCOMO 1997 ARIB and Beyond AdHoc GPP GPP TSG-RAN GPP TSG-RAN 2009 NTT LTE-Advanced 5G 2011 IEICE IEICE 2016 NTT 433

Keysight Technologies LTE規格に準拠したトランスミッタのACLR測定

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