IPSJ SIG Technical Report Vol.2012-CVIM-182 No /5/23 1,a) 2,b) 3,c) , Structure from Motion,, Visual localization in libraries using i

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1 1,a) 2,b) 3,c) , Structure from Motion,, Visual localization in libraries using image retrieval Kazama Hikaru 1,a) Kawamoto Kazuhiko 2,b) Okamoto Kazushi 3,c) Abstract: We propose a method for visual localization using an wearable camera in order to streamline the survey of Information-Use. Our method retrieves the most similar image to a query image taken by wearable camera from image database. We define the camera position of a query image as the camera position of the image outputted as search result. The similarity is computed by the number of matched local features. Unlike other methods that involve optimization, our method doesn t consider the geometry of the features and it enables stable localization. In experiments with real images taken at a library, we show that our method can localize all 19 query images while the method that involve optimization can localize only two query images. Furthermore, we assume that query images are time series data and we can suppress unusual jump of location using particle filter. Keywords: Visual Localization, Structure from Motion, Image Retrieval, Infomation-Seeking Behavior 1. 1 Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University 2 Institute of Media and Information Technology, Chiba University 3 Academic Link Center, Chiba University a) kazama@chiba-u.jp b) kawa@faculty.chiba-u.jp c) okamoto.kazushi@chiba-u.jp [12] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

2 撮影位置 [X1, Y1, Z1] [X2, Y2, Z2] [X3, Y3, Z3] GPS [8] 3 Visual Simultaneous Localization And Mapping SLAM [2] Structure from Motion SfM [5] Visual SLAM SfM [13] SfM 1 SfM 3 次元点 1 特徴量 [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ] [0.1, 0.2, 0.4, ] [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, ] [0.1, 0.3, 0.4, ] [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.5, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.4, 0.7, ] [0.4, 0.1, 0.1, ] [0.4, 0.1, 0.2, ] [0.4, 0.2, 0.1, ] [X4, Y4, Z4] [X5, Y5, Z5] [X6, Y6, Z6] [X7, Y7, Z7] [X8, Y8, Z8] [X9, Y9, Z9] SfM 2. SfM Structure from Motion Snavely [5] 2.1 Scale Invariant Feature Transform SIFT [3][9] SIFT 3 SIFT [10] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

3 SIFT k-d [1] [5] k-d 2 d 1, d 2 d 1 d 2 T (1) T 2 T = 0.6 Random Sample Consensus RANSAC ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) 3 [7] ( 4 ) ( 5 ) [4] 5 RANSAC triangulation DLT 6 RANSAC k-d 2 SfM c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

4 情報処理学会研究報告 図中の 3 次元点が持つ全ての特徴ベクトルに対して対応付 けを行う 以下ではこのような 環境地図中の 3 次元点が 持つ特徴ベクトルに対する対応付け を 環境地図中の 3 次元点に対する対応付け と略記することがある このと き 式 (1) と同様にして誤対応を除去する しかし 1 つの 3 次元点は その点の復元に使用された画像枚数分の特徴 ベクトルを持ち それらの間のユークリッド距離は非常に 小さいはずである したがって 探索された最近傍特徴ベ クトルと 2 番目に近いベクトルとが 同じ 3 次元点に属し てしまう場合がある この場合 対応付け自体は正しいに 図 3 環境地図作成のための SfM の実行結果 図書館の棚を真上か も関わらず 式 (1) の左辺が大きくなり 対応付けが除去 ら見下ろした図 赤い点はカメラの撮影位置を表す されてしまう そこで 2 番目に近い特徴ベクトルを 最 近傍点の属する 3 次元点とは異なる 3 次元点から探すよう にする 誤対応を除去した後 対応付けられた 3 次元点の [X1, Y1, Z1] [X2, Y2, Z2] [X3, Y3, Z3] この投票を クエリ画像上の全特徴点に対して行い 最 特徴量 [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ] 終的に最も多くの票を得た画像を クエリ画像に対する類 [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ] [0.1, 0.2, 0.4, ] [X4, Y4, Z4] [X5, Y5, Z5] [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, ] [0.1, 0.3, 0.4, ] クエリ画像 [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.5, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.4, 0.7, ] 復元に用いられた画像全てに対して 1 票を投じる [X6, Y6, Z6] 似画像検索結果として出力する. 環境地図中の画像はその 撮影位置を保持している 出力された画像の撮影位置をク エリ画像の撮影位置とする [X7, Y7, Z7] [X8, Y8, Z8] [X9, Y9, Z9] 提案手法では環境地図中の画像の撮影位置が選択肢とな り その中から現在位置を選択することしかできない し [0.4, 0.1, 0.1, ] [0.4, 0.1, 0.2, ] [0.4, 0.2, 0.1, ] たがって 環境地図作成用の画像は十分に高密度 広範囲 で撮影する必要がある 一方 SfM では環境地図中の撮影 位置以外の場所も求めることができるが SfM は特徴点の (a) まず クエリ画像上の特徴点と環境地図中の 3 次元点を対応付け る 次に 対応付けられた 3 次元点の復元に使用された画像全てに 1 誤対応のようなノイズに弱い [13] 本研究が目的としてい る情報利用 探索行動調査のためであればそれほど高精度 票投票する の位置推定を行う必要は無いため 提案手法のような大ま かな位置推定手法を用いても構わない また SfM による 検索結果 [X2, Y2, Z2] 手法とは異なり 提案手法では投票の際に対応付けた特徴 [X1, Y1, Z1] [X2, Y2, Z2] [X3, Y3, Z3] 写っているかどうか のみを考慮する そのため 図書館 特徴量 [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ] [0.1, 0.2, 0.4, ] 内の本の位置が移動した場合でも 安定した位置推定を行 [X4, Y4, Z4] [X5, Y5, Z5] [X6, Y6, Z6] [X7, Y7, Z7] [X8, Y8, Z8] [X9, Y9, Z9] [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, ] [0.1, 0.3, 0.4, ] クエリ画像 [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.5, 0.6, ] [0.2, 0.4, 0.7, ] 点が どこにあるか という幾何学的配置を考えず ただ うことができる 3.2 パーティクルフィルタによる誤推定の抑止 [0.4, 0.1, 0.1, ] [0.4, 0.1, 0.2, ] [0.4, 0.2, 0.1, ] (b) クエリ画像上の全ての特徴点に関して投票を行い 最終的に最も多 画像検索による位置推定を行った場合 特徴点の誤対応 によって 被験者の位置が突然離れた場所にジャンプした ような誤推定が起きる可能性がある 特に図書館には 類 似した見た目を持つ棚や机が 複数の離れた場所に存在す くの票を得た画像を画像検索結果として出力する 得られた検索結果 ることがある そのため クエリ画像が棚や机を多く含ん 画像の撮影位置をクエリ画像の撮影位置とすることで自己位置推定を でいる場合に 自己位置の誤ったジャンプが起こりうる 行う そのような誤推定は クエリ画像の時系列性を利用するこ 図 4 画像検索による自己位置推定の概念図 とで抑止できるはずである そこで パーティクルフィル タ [11] と呼ばれる時系列フィルタを導入する 3.1 画像検索による自己位置推定 環境地図中の画像の撮影位置の集合を L R3 とする 画像検索による自己位置推定法の概要を図 4 に示す ま また クエリ画像全体の集合を Q とする 本研究では 位 ず クエリ画像上の SIFT 特徴点を検出 記述し 環境地 置推定対象者の位置を 環境地図中の画像の撮影位置で近 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

5 t x t L y t Q Y t = {y 1, y 2,..., y t } Y t p(x t Y t ) p(x t Y t ) p(x t Y t ) = p(y t x t )p(x t Y t 1 ) p(y t Y t 1 ) (2) p(y t x t ) x t y t p(y t Y t 1 ) x t p(x t Y t )dx t = 1 p(x t Y t 1 ) t x t x t p(x t Y t 1 ) = p(x t x t 1 )p(x t 1 Y t 1 )dx t 1 (3) p(x t x t 1 ) t 1 t x t 1 x t x t 1 r S (x t 1, r) t x t x t U (S (x t 1, r)) (4) (4) S (x t 1, r) 1 x t p(x t x t 1 ) p(x t x t 1 ) = 1 S (x t 1, r) (5) S (x t 1, r) S (x t 1, r) 3 k-d x t y t x t y t x t y t SIFT M(x t, y t ) p(y t x t ) p(y t x t ) exp(m(x t, y t )) (6) (2) 3 (6) ( 1 ) N { x (i) 0 }N i=1 t 1 ( 2 ) N { x (i) t } N i=1 (4) ( 3 ) x (i) t i = 1,..., N (6) w (i) t ( 4 ) w (i) exp(m( x (i) t, y t )) t = N i=1 exp(m( x(i) t, y t )) (7) N 0 t t MMSE MAP SfM Point Grey Ladybug3 SfM c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 5

6 情報処理学会研究報告 図 5 全方位カメラ Ladybug3 図 6 ウェアラブルカメラ CONTOUR (a) 実際のルート (b) SfM によって求めた撮影位置 て bundler[6] によって行った 環境地図は 755 枚の画像か ら作成され Intel Core i7-970 プロセッサ 3.20GHz 主記 憶 12GB の計算機でおよそ 65 時間を要した その約 7 週間後 つまり本が自然に移動したあとに 環 境地図を作成した範囲を歩きながらクエリ画像を撮影した 撮影には図 6 に示したウェアラブルカメラ CONTOUR と 通常のデジタルカメラ PENTAX *ist DS を用いた 撮影したクエリ画像の撮影位置を 環境地図作成時の 3 次元復元データにクエリ画像を追 加し SfM を行う 提案手法において パーティクルフィルタを用いる (c) 提案手法で求めた撮影位置 パーティクルフィルタ無し (d) 提案手法で求めた撮影位置 パーティクルフィルタあり 図 7 実際のルートと各位置推定結果の比較 赤い点が推定された 撮影位置を表す パーティクルフィルタを用いず 全範囲を探索する といった 3 通りの方法で計算し 結果を比較した 式 (1) 図 8 は 提案手法によって画像検索を行った例である におけるしきい値 T は 環境地図作成時と同様の 0.6 を使 検索の際はパーティクルフィルタを用いず 全探索した 用した 式 (4) (5) における半径 r の値は パーティクル 図 8 で示したクエリ画像 2 枚は SfM による方法でも成功 が棚をまたいで移動しない値として実験的に求めた 14pixel した 2 枚のクエリ画像である 同じ場所を写した正しい画 を使用した 像が出力されているのがわかる 得票数はそれぞれ であった また表 1 は 各クエリ画像から検出された 4.2 結果と考察 まず 通常のデジタルカメラ PENTAX *ist DS を用い て撮影したクエリ画像で行った実験結果を示す 図 7 は 特徴点の数と 各クエリ画像に対して出力された検索結果 画像が獲得した票数である 図 9 は実際のパーティクルフィルタの動作を表す 赤く クエリ画像の撮影位置を各手法で求めた結果である 図書 示された点がその時点での検索範囲で 黄色く示した点が 館内部を真上から見下ろしたもので 求まった撮影位置が その時点で最も高い票を得た撮影地点である 過去の情報 赤い点で示されている 図 7(a) は実際にクエリ画像を撮 に基づいて探索範囲を適切に限定できているのがわかる 影したルートである 図 7(b) は SfM によって求められた 画像検索が正しく行えているため 特徴点の対応付け自 クエリ画像の撮影位置である 図 7(c) は提案手法におい 体は成功しているといえる しかし 提案手法における各 てパーティクルフィルタを導入せずに求めた位置推定結果 画像の得票数は 10 票程度に留まるものが多かった これ で 同票 1 位になった点は全て表示している 図 7(d) は は 全方位カメラと通常のカメラの間の画質の違いによる パーティクルフィルタを導入して求めた結果である SfM 影響であると思われる そこにエピポーラ拘束等を用いた による方法ではクエリ画像 19 枚中 2 枚の撮影位置しか求 SfM における幾何学的な検証を行えば 特徴点の対応点数 めることができなかったが 提案手法では 19 枚すべての はさらに減少する そのため SfM による手法では位置推 撮影位置を求めることができている また パーティクル 定に失敗したものと考えられる フィルタを導入する前は撮影位置にジャンプが見られる 次に ウェアラブルカメラ CONTOUR で撮影した が パーティクルフィルタ導入後はジャンプが解消されて 動画をフレーム毎に切り出し 25 フレーム毎に間引いた いる ものをクエリ画像を用いて 同様の実験を行った 各パラ c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 6

7 情報処理学会研究報告 (a) クエリ画像の例その 1 (c) クエリ画像の例その 2 (a) t=0 (b) t=1 (c) t=2 (d) t=3 (e) t=4 (f) t=5 (g) t=6 (h) t=7 (i) t=8 (j) t=9 (b) 図 8(a) の検索結果 (d) 図 8(c) の検索結果 図 8 提案手法によるけ画像検索の例 ここで示した 2 枚のクエリ 画像は SfM による方法でも位置推定できた 2 枚である 正 しい検索結果が出力されている 得票数はそれぞれ 表 1 通常のデジタルカメラで撮影した各クエリ画像から検出され た特徴点の数と 各クエリ画像に対して出力された検索結果画 像が獲得した票数 クエリ画像 特徴点数 得票数 ラブルカメラから得られた画像は 元が動画データである ことやブレの影響等によって画質が悪く 特徴点の対応付 けに失敗する事が多い そのため 通常のカメラでの実験 時以上に対応点が少なくなり SfM による位置推定が行 えなかったものと考えられる 票が広く浅く散らばってし パーティクルフィルタのリサンプリングが正しく動作しな かったものと思われる 図 9 パーティクルフィルタの動作の様子 赤い点がその時刻での 検索範囲 黄色い点がその時点で最も多い票を得た撮影位置で ある て出力された検索結果画像が獲得した票数である ウェア まった結果 少ない票数で同着 1 位となる画像が多くなり 5. おわりに 本研究では 画像検索技術を用いた自己位置推定の方法 メータはすべて同様の値を用いた 図 10 は 実際に撮影 を提案した 局所特徴点の対応付けによって類似画像検 を行ったルートと 提案手法によって求められた撮影位置 索を行い 位置推定が行える事を実験によって確かめた を示したものである ウェアラブルカメラから得られたク SfM による方法ではクエリ画像 19 枚中 2 枚しか位置推定 エリ画像を用いた場合 SfM による手法では撮影位置が 1 できなかったのに対して 提案手法では 19 枚すべての位置 つも求まらなかった また 提案手法においてもパーティ を推定することができた また 状態空間モデルを定義し クルフィルタが正しく動作していない 表 2 は 各クエ パーティクルフィルタを用いることで 自己位置のジャン リ画像から検出された特徴点の数と 各クエリ画像に対し プを防ぐことができた c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 7

8 (a) SfM (b) (c) SIFT [1] S. Arya, D.M. Mount, N.S. Netanyahu, R. Silverman, and A.Y. Wu. An optimal algorithm for approximate nearest neighbor searching fixed dimensions. Journal of the ACM (JACM), Vol. 45, No. 6, pp , [2] A.J. Davison. Real-time simultaneous localisation and mapping with a single camera. In Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Vol. 2, pp , [3] D.G. Lowe. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Vol. 2, pp , [4] David Nistér. An efficient solution to the five-point relative pose problem. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Vol. 26, pp , June [5] N. Snavely, S. M. Seitz, and R Szeliski. Modeling the world from Internet photo collections. International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp , November [6] Noah Snavely. Bundler: Structure from motion (sfm) for unordered image collections., cs.washington.edu/bundler/. [7]. 3. CVIM, 1., [8],,,,,,... D,, Vol. 90, No. 8, pp , [9]. Gradient : SIFT HOG.. PRMU,, Vol. 107, No. 206, pp , [10],,. 3.. CVIM, Vol. 2011, No. 1, pp. 1 22, [11]. ( ).. CVIM, Vol. 2007, No. 1, pp , [12]..., [13],,,,.. 11 (MIRU2008 ), pp , c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 8

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