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1 Benjamin Rush and the Binth of American Psychiatry Yasushi TAKANO Benjamin Rush was evaluated again as the Father of American Psychiatry, when Americans have begun to lead psychological studies around In the late 1960s, however, such historians of psychology as Michel Foucault, Thomas Szasz, and David Rothman criticized the medical approach to mental illness as not being the liberation but rather the oppression of the afflicted. Such torchbearers as Rush were attacked in spite of the acclaim they had received. The aim of this paper is to reevaluate Rush as one of the physicians interested in psychiatry when it was in its infancy, and as one of the republicans who made great efforts in the course of American Independence. American colonies, in the midst of 18th-century, redefined lunatics as the mentally ill, and medical professionals began to treat mental illness as something that could or must be cured. Institutions such as the Pennsylvania Hospital where Rush worked later specializing in mental illness were therefore established. Rush himself made various proposals to reform both the environment of the patients in the hospital and the methods of treatment of mental illness. Rush published his pioneer work in psychiatry, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, in This book shows his pathological views of mental illness as being connected closely to physical diseases. Under the influence of the faculty psychology, Rush defined mental illness as the misfunction of mental faculties. He recognized the mind-body interrelationship and claimed that the proximate cause of mental illness was a disorder in cerebral blood vessels which he called morbid excitement. For mental illnesses, Rush prescribed cold and hot baths as well as bleeding. He seemed to think that treatment, confinement and punishement were the same. But that did not mean he was not a humanitarian. Rather, it tells us what Rush saw as sanity, in other words, how he thought republican citizens should be. As a staunch republican he believed in the liberty and the right of self-control for human beings. Rush s clinical view of American society and his new consciousness of human beings resulted in new ideas regarding mental illness. Yasushi TAKANO Department of English Language and English and American Culture
2 American Psychiatric Association Father of American Psychiatry psychology Philippe Pinel distracted lunatick
3 Pennsylvania Hospital Benjamin Franklin Bedlam Bethlehem Hospital John Morgan
4 occupational therapy
5
6 tranquillizer
7 gyrater torpor madness William Cullen Hermann Boerhaave nosology stimulus morbid excitement nervous system
8 somatist David Hartley intellectual derangement Bicêtre derangement associationism
9 Thomas Reid faculty psychology faculties operations understanding memory imagination passions principle of faith will moral faculty conscience sense of Deity perception association judgement reasoning volition tristimania hypochondriasis amenomania melancholia mania manicula manalgia dissociation moral derangement remote cause proximate cause
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15 Clifford B. Farr, Benjamin Rush and American Psychiatry, American Journal of Psychiatry, rpt., June supplement, Richard H. Shryock Adolf Meyer, Revaluation of Benjamin Rush, American Journal of Psychiatry, Oliver W. Holmes, Currents and Counter-Currents in Medical Science. In Medical Essays, Boston, pp. Charles K. Mills Mills, Benjamin Rush and American Psychiatry, Medico-Legal Journal, Norman Dain, Concepts of Insanity in the United States, New Brunswick, psychiatrypsychology Thomas S. Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement New York, ; David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic Boston, Gerald N. Grob, The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America s Mentally Ill Cambridge, Mass., ; Lynn Gamwell and Nancy Tomes, Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness Before Ithaca, Grob, Grob, Rothman, Dr. Thomas Bond
16 Dain, Benjamin Franklin, Some Account of the Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, Thomas G. Morton and Frank Woodbury, The History of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Benjamin RushList of Lunatics in Pennsylvania Hospital, BR-MSS quoted in David Hawke, Benjamin Rush: Revolutionary Godfly Indianapolis, To the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Dec. Lyman Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush vols, Princeton, Letters vol II, To John C. Lettsom, September th, vol. I, To Ashton Alexander, Dec. ; To John Redman Coxe, April vol II, To the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Dec. th, vol. I, Morton and Woodbury ; George W. Corner, ed., Autobiography of Benjamin Rush Princeton, Auto Nathan Goodman, Benjamin Rush: Physician and Citizen, Philadelphia, To Samuel Coates, April th, Letters, vol. II, Morton and Woodbury, Auto, To the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, September th, Letters, vol., Morton and Woodbury, To the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, December To John Redman Coxe, September Philadelphia Medical Museum Albert Deutsch, The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times New York, ; To Timothy Pickering, March Letters, vol. II, ; Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind ; rpt., New York, Diseases of the Mind John C. Lettsom, Recollections of Dr. Rush London, Lisbeth Haakonsson, Medicine and Morals in the Enlightenment: John Gregory, Thomas Percival and Benjamin Rush Atlanta, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Woodbridge Riley, Benjamin Rush, as Materialist and Realist. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, March Dain, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Rush, An Inquiry into the Cause of Animal Life, In Michael Meranze, ed, Essays--Literary, Moral and Philosophical ; rpt., Scheneatady, N.Y., Richard H. Shryock, The Psychiatry of Benjamin Rush, American Journal of Psychiatry, Jan. Fritz Wittels, The Contribution of Benjamin Rush to Psychiatry, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, July
17 ; Eric T. Carlson, and Meribeth M. Simpson. The Definition of Mental Illness: Benjamin Rush American Journal of Psychiatry, Sept. Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Eric T. Carlson, J. L. Wolock and P. S. Noel, eds., Benjamin Rush s Lectures on the Mind Philadelphia, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, James Beattie Rush, An Enquiry into the Influence of Physical Causes upon the Moral Faculty Philadelphia, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, catatonia Carl Binger, Revolutionary Doctor: Benjamin Rush, New York, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Rush, Lecture on the Medical Juriprudence of the Mind, In Auto, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, To John C. Lettsom, September, Letters, vol. I, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Rush, Lecture on the Medical Juriprudence of the Mind, In Auto,
18 Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, Rush, An Account of the Influence of the Military and Political Events of the American Revolution upon the Human Body American Revolution upon the Human Body In Medical Inquiries and Observations Philadelphia, Rush, Diseases of the Mind, ; Rush, American Revolution upon the Human Body,
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