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1 version 0.01 : 2004/04/ , 2, 5, 10,
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) PID PID PID PID *1 1.1 r y *1 p.465 2
3 1.2(b) r u y C P H D D C 3
4 D C D C (1.1) f(a 1, a 2, a 3, ) a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 + a 1 a 1 f *2 f a 1 f a 1 S = f f a 1 a 1 (1.2) S 1 % % S 1 (1.2) a 1 0 S 0 = f f a 1 a 1 = (ln f) (ln a 1 ) (1.3) *2 1kg 4
5 (a) r + u y C P r C u y P 1+ PCH H (a) (b) 1.2 r y T T y r = P C 1 + P CH (1.4) P P + P T T 1.2(a) P T = 1 + (P + P )CH T P / S T T P = 1 P 1 + (P + P )CH 1 S 0 = 1 + P CH (1.5) (1.6) (1.7) * 3 *3 5
6 (1.7) S 0 PCH (1.6) T T = S P P (1.8) S 1 % % (a) 1.2(b) (a) (b) r y T (a) P P + P y B y B = P C {1 + (P + P )CH} (1 + P CH) r (1.9) (b) P P + P P y F y F = P C 1 + P CH r (1.10) (1.9) (1.10) (1.6) y B = S y F (1.11) S S < 1 6
7 PCH (1.7) S < d n d r + C u + P y + n H 1.3 (1.17) 7
8 1.3 L = P CH T ry y r = P C 1 + L T dy y d = P 1 + L T ny y n = L 1 + L S 0 (1.7) S 0 = L T dy = S 0 P (1.12) (1.13) (1.14) (1.15) (1.16) S 0 + T ny = 1 (1.17) (1.17) (1.13) T dy (1.16) S 0 (1.17) T ny T ny T dy 1.3 H H L (1.14) L (1.15) (1.16) H (1.17) H H (1.17) S 0 T ny (1.17) 8 S 0
9 1 S
10 (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) A A A (a) 0 *4 *5 (b) *4 *5, p.79, 10
11 (a) 2.2 (2.1) (2.2) } d x(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) dt (2.1) y(t) = Cx(t) x(0) x(t) x(t) = ε At x(0) + t 0 ε A(t τ) Bu(τ)dτ (2.2) *6 (2.2) (2.1) ε At 2.3 (2.1) u(t) = 0 x(0) lim x(t) = 0 (2.3) t (1981) *6, p.63, (1981) 11
12 A Re {λ i (A)} < 0 ( i) (2.4) u(t) = 0 (2.2) *7 x(t) = ε At x(0) = T ε λ1t ε λ2t... ε λnt T 1 x(0) (2.5) T A (2.3) 3 x(0) t 0 3 t 0 (2.4) 2.4 A (2.1) 1 sx(s) x(0) = AX(s) + BU(s) *7, p.126, (1992.1), p.63, (1981) 12
13 X(s) x(0) = 0 (2.1) 2 Y (s) = C(sI A) 1 BU(s) U(s) Y (s) G(s) G(s) = C(sI A) 1 B = Cadj(sI A)B det(si A) (2.6) A =0 (2.6) 3 =0 det(si A) = 0 (2.7) s A A (2.4) 2.5 G(s) 1 1 G(s) = N(s) D(s) = β ns n + β n 1 s n 1 + β 1 s 1 + β 0 s n + α n 1 s n 1 + α 1 s 1 + α λ i z i 13
14 λ i G(s) ε λit z i ε z it { K1 Y (s) = G(s)U(s) = + K K } n U(s) s λ 1 s λ 2 s λ n U(s) = 1 y(t) = K 1 ε λ 1t + K 2 ε λ 2t + + K n ε λ nt u(t) = ε zit U(s) = 1 G(s) s z i Y (s) = N(s) D(s) 1 = s z i (s z i)ñ(s) D(s) 1 = Ñ(s) s z i D(s) ε zit 14
15 G(s) = N(s) D(s) -K Y (s) U(s) = N(s) D(s) + KN(s) (a) ω : 0 G(jω)H(jω) 2.2(b) (-1+0j) *8 1 + G(s)H(s) = 0 ω : 0 (-1+0j) ( 1 + 0j) k *8 pp (1997.9) 15
16 2.2(a) 0 A A A B B B (b) 180 ω 1, ω (a) B A 1 A 2 A 180 A (-1+0j)
17 (-1+0j) Im + A B G( jω ) H( jω ) ω 2-1 ω 1 Re (a) (b) 図
18 3.2 d x(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) dt y(t) = Cx(t) } (3.1) x(t) u(t) u(t) = F x(t) (3.2) (3.1) 1 (3.2) d x(t) = (A BF )x(t) (3.3) dt (A BF ) A * , 2, 5, 10,... 1, 2, 5, 10,... 1, 2, 5, 10,... *9, p , (1981) 18
19 2 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, *10 1, 3, 10,... 1, 10, 100, /10 1/ bit 2 10 = 1024 A/D 0.1% 8bit A/D D/A 12bit =0.025% D. G. Luenberger *
20 1960 R. E. Kalman 4.2 d x(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) : A (n n), B(n m) (4.1) dt y(t) = Cx(t) : C(l n) (4.2) x(t) A, B, C u(t), y(t) (4.1) x(0) = x 0 (initial values) (4.3) x(t) = ε At x 0 + t 0 ε A(t τ) Bu(τ)dτ (4.4) x 0 x(t) x 0 20
21 4.3 y(t) x(t) (4.2) t (4.1) y(t) = Cx(t) ẏ(t) = Cẋ(t) = CAx(t) + CBu(t) ÿ(t) = CAẋ(t) + CB u(t) = CA 2 x(t) + CABu(t) + CB u(t). y (n 1) (t) = CA n 1 x(t) + CA n 2 x(t) + + CBu n 2 (t) Y (t) = Ox(t) + T U(t) (4.5) y(t) ẏ(t) Y (t) = ÿ(t). y (n 1) (t) O = C CA CA 2.. CA n 1 (4.6) (4.7) 21
22 U(t) = u(t) u(t) ü(t).. u (n 1) (t) CB T = CAB CB CA n 2 B CA n 3 B CB 0 (4.8) (4.9) x(t) (4.5) O T x(t) x(t) = (O T O) 1 O T (Y (t) T U(t)) (4.10) (O T O) 1 (4.7) O n l ranko = n (4.11) (4.10) x(t) x 0 (4.11) (4.1) (4.2) 0 t u(t) y(t) x 0 (4.6) 4.4 ( ) (4.1) (4.1) 22
23 4.1 u(t) x(t) (4.1) d dt ˆx(t) = ˆx(t) + ˆBu(t) (4.12) ˆx(0) = ˆx 0 (4.13)  = A ˆB = B (4.1) (4.12) ˆx(t) x(t) (4.13)  = A ˆB = B (4.12) (4.1) d (ˆx(t) x(t)) = A(ˆx(t) x(t)) (4.14) dt e(t) e(t) ˆx(t) x(t) (4.15) (4.14) d e(t) = Ae(t) (4.16) dt (4.16) e(t) = ε At e(0) (4.17) 23
24 (4.17) (4.15) x(t) = ˆx(t) ε At (ˆx(0) x(0)) (4.18) A t ε At 0 2 ˆx(t) x(t) A 4.1 K = 0 u(t) x(t) y(t) B + C A K + - Plant Observer Bɵ + x(t) ɵ Cɵ y(t) ɵ Aɵ ( ) u(t) y(t) y(t) 24
25 (4.12) y(t) ŷ(t) = C ˆx(t) d dt ˆx(t) = ˆx(t) + ˆBû(t) + K(y(t) C ˆx(t)) (4.19) 4.1  = A ˆB = B (4.19) (4.1) (4.2) (4.15) d e(t) = (A KC)e(t) (4.20) dt (4.16) K K A KC C, A A KC C, A 4.6 ( ) n m y(t) y(t) n m x(t) [ ] y(t) (m) thorder ˆx(t) = (4.21) ẑ(t) (n m) thorder (4.1) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] d y(t) A11 A = 12 y(t) B1 + u(t) (4.22) dt ẑ(t) A 21 A 22 ẑ(t) B 2 25
26 2 z(t) 1 dtẑ(t) d = A 22ẑ(t) + A 21 y(t) + B 2 u(t) estimation + K (ẏ(t) A 11 y(t) A 12 ẑ(t) B 1 u(t)) correction (4.23) ẏ(t) d dtẑ(t) = (A 22 KA 12 )ẑ(t)+(a 21 KA 11 )y(t)+(b 2 KB 1 )u(t)+kẏ(t) (4.24) 4.2 ẏ(t) K y(t) A21 KA11 +. z(t) ɵ + z(t) ɵ u(t) B2 KB1 A22 KA ( ) 26
27 (C, A, B) (Ĉ, Â, ˆB) (4.1) u(t) = F ˆx(t) + Gv(t) (4.25) (4.1) (4.19) d x(t) = Ax(t) + BF ˆx(t) + BGv(t) (4.26) dt d ˆx(t) = KCx(t) + (A KC)ˆx(t) + BF ˆx(t) + BGv(t) (4.27) dt (4.26) (4.15) ˆx(t) d x(t) = (A + BF )x(t) + BF e(t) + BGv(t) (4.28) dt (4.27) (4.26) (4.15) d e(t) = (A KC)e(t) (4.29) dt (4.28) (4.29) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] d x(t) A + BF BF x(t) BG = + v(t) (4.30) dt e(t) 0 A KC e(t) 0 A + BF A KC 27
28 A + BF (4.28) F A KC (4.29) K (C, A,B) (Ĉ, Â, ˆB) (4.30) PID LQ LQG 28
29 H PID PID 1922 *11 * H *13 PID 5.1 PID 84% * PID PID PID G C (s) 1 G C (s) = K P + K I s + K Ds = K P (1 + 1 T I s + T Ds) K I K P /T I, K D K P T D (5.1a) (5.1b) *11 PID p.7, 6 (1992.7) *12 *13 * pp , (1990) 29
30 (5.1a) 2 (Proportional) (Integral) (Differential) PID (5.1a) 2 (5.1a) 3 r + e 1 u y + K P + G P ( s) T I s d T s D GC ( s ) 5.1 PID (K P ) e (K I, K P /T I ) e 0 (K D, K P T D ) e e u : u(s) = K P (1 + 1 T I s + T Ds)e(s) (5.2) u e : e(s) r(s) y(s) = r(s) G P (s)u(s) (5.3) (5.2) (5.3) 3 e(s) (5.2) 2 e(s) u(s) (5.3) e(s) (5.2) e(s) 0 e(s) 30
31 (5.2) 3 u(s) u(s) (5.3) 3 e(s) PID P PI PID 3 * G P (s) G P (s) = ε Ds 1 (1 + T 1 s)(1 + T 2 s) T 2 /D (5.4) T 1 =T 2 つまり 二 重 根 の 付 近 4 PID 5 PD I PI P T 1 /D 定 常 偏 差 をと 取 る くらいしかできない D が 小 さいので,ゲイン を 大 きくしても 大 丈 夫 5.2 PID *15, p.149, (1976), p.131, (1997) 31
32 5.3 PID PID *16 Ziegler Nichols P T I T D 0 K P K P K C T C K P T I T D P 0.5K C PI 0.45K C 0.83T C PID 0.6K C 0.5T C 0.125T C K P *16 PID 2 (1992), pp , (1997) 32
33 5.3 R L 5.2 y 1 R 0 L t K P T I T D P 1/RL PI 0.9/RL 3.33L PID 1.2/RL 2L 0.5L 25% 33
34 5.4 PID 5.1 PID D P D PD D PID PI-D PD PID I-PD D PD 2 PID PID PID 34
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3.4.7 [.] =e j(t+/4), =5e j(t+/3), 3 =3e j(t+/6) ~ = ~ + ~ + ~ 3 = e j(t+φ) =(e 4 j +5e 3 j +3e 6 j )e jt = e jφ e jt cos φ =cos 4 +5cos 3 +3cos 6 =.69 sin φ =sin 4 +5sin 3 +3sin 6 =.9 =.69 +.9 =7.74 [.]
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II 2014 1 1 I 1.1 72 r 2 72 8 72/8 = 9 9 2 a 0 1 a 1 a 1 = a 0 (1+r/100) 2 a 2 a 2 = a 1 (1 + r/100) = a 0 (1 + r/100) 2 n a n = a 0 (1 + r/100) n a n a 0 2 n a 0 (1 + r/100) n = 2a 0 (1 + r/100) n = 2
1.1 ft t 2 ft = t 2 ft+ t = t+ t 2 1.1 d t 2 t + t 2 t 2 = lim t 0 t = lim t 0 = lim t 0 t 2 + 2t t + t 2 t 2 t + t 2 t 2t t + t 2 t 2t + t = lim t 0
A c 2008 by Kuniaki Nakamitsu 1 1.1 t 2 sin t, cos t t ft t t vt t xt t + t xt + t xt + t xt t vt = xt + t xt t t t vt xt + t xt vt = lim t 0 t lim t 0 t 0 vt = dxt ft dft dft ft + t ft = lim t 0 t 1.1
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II 1 II 212 II Gauss-Bonnet II 1 1 1.1......................................... 1 1.2............................................ 2 1.3.................................. 3 1.4.............................................
m d2 x = kx αẋ α > 0 (3.5 dt2 ( de dt = d dt ( 1 2 mẋ kx2 = mẍẋ + kxẋ = (mẍ + kxẋ = αẋẋ = αẋ 2 < 0 (3.6 Joule Joule 1843 Joule ( A B (> A ( 3-2
3 3.1 ( 1 m d2 x(t dt 2 = kx(t k = (3.1 d 2 x dt 2 = ω2 x, ω = x(t = 0, ẋ(0 = v 0 k m (3.2 x = v 0 ω sin ωt (ẋ = v 0 cos ωt (3.3 E = 1 2 mẋ2 + 1 2 kx2 = 1 2 mv2 0 cos 2 ωt + 1 2 k v2 0 ω 2 sin2 ωt = 1
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IA [email protected] Last updated: January,......................................................................................................................................................................................
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福岡大学人文論叢47-3
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