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12 IQ

13 American Association on Mental Retardation / American Psychiatric Association

14 % % % 30.7% 29.5% 24.1% 12.5% 2001 a b 14

15 c a 15

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20 20 Drotar Solnit & Stark 1961 Kennedy 1970 Olshasky 1962 Olshasky 1962

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23 Erikson Wolfensberger

24 Schwartz WHO ICIDH handicap Gӧransson & Wallgren 24

25 Mizutani, Hiruta, & Yanagimoto, 2002) 2003 People First People First Andrew % 25

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40 Gӧransson & Wallgren 1982 A M The National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare 1985 Erikson 1964 Mayeroff

41 Wolfensberger 1992 Schwartz 1992 Figure 1 Figure 41

42 I I Abe, Sato,& Kabe(2003) (2003) 42

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44 I [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] 44

45 45 [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 1] [ 12]

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47 Figure 2 Figure 2 47

48 Table % 7 47% Table 3 48

49 Table Table

50 Table ID

51 4 9 Table

52 Table % 1 6.6% 1 6.6% 1 6.6% 80% Table 6 52

53 Table 6 ID

54 % 1 6.6% Table 5 Table

55 7 47% 3 20% 2 13% 2 13% 1 7% 10 67% 2 13% 3 20% Table 8 Table 9 Table

56 Table 9 ID

57 Table 10 Table

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107 Abe, A., Sato, M., Kabe, K A study on psychological transformation of parents of children with a learning disability anxious about how their progeny will cope after they die. The British Psychological Society, Annual Conference. Bournemouth. (Abstract) ( ) ( ) 2002 American Psychiatric Association 2000 Quick reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-4-TR. American Psychiatric Association. ( ) 1999 American Association on Mental Retardation 1992 Mental retardation: definition, classification, and systems of supports. American Association on Mental Retardation. Drotar, D., Baskeiwicz, A., Irvin, N., Kennel, J. H., & Klaus, M. H The adaptation of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: A hypothetical model. Pediatrics, 56,

108 E. H. ( ) 1971 Erikson, E.H Insight and Responsibility. New York: Norton.) K. & A Gӧransson K. & Wallgren A Vem ӓr Peter? and other 5 titles. Stockholm, Sweden: Stiftelsen ala A. & K Johansson, A. Lundgren, K Åkes bok. Ӧrebro, Sweden: Bokförlaget Libris ( ) 2003 Kennedy, J Maternal reactions of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: A hypothetical model. Pediatrics, 56(5), E Kűbler-Ross, E On death and dying. Macmillan. 108

109 M Mayeroff, M On Caring. New York: Harper & Row. Mizutani, Y. Hiruta, T., and Yanagimoto, Y A nationwide investigation of individualized plan in Japanese special high schools: Implications for the collaborative practices of individualized transition support plans. The Japanese Association of Special Education, 39, ( ) , 11(3), Olshansky, S Chronic sorrow: A response to having mentally defective child. Social Casework, 43, D. B

110 Schwartz, D. B Crossing the river. Brookline Books.) Solnit, A. J. & Stark, M. H Mourning and the birth of a defective child. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, A. & Strauss, A. & Corbin, J Basics of qualitative reseach: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications (3), , 9, , 10, ( ) 1998 The National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare 1985 Human dignity-respect and consideration for mentally disabled adults. Stockholm, Sweden. IEP

111 Meijer, C. J. W., Pijl, S. J., & Hegarty, S. (eds) 1994 New perspectives in special education, A six-country study of integration. Routledge. W Wolfensberger, W A brief introduction to social role valorization. New York: Syracuse University. E Elisabeth Badinter 1980 L amour en plus frammarion, Paris 1992 E. H Erikson, E.H The life cycle completed. New York: Norton V ( Jankēlēvitch, V Penser la mort? Paris: Liana Levi.)

112 1990 & 2000 Mansell, J. & Ericsson, K Deinstitutionalization and community living. Chapman&Hall (1), , 20(1), , 14(4), R QOL Schalock, R. ed Quality of life: perspectives and issues. Washington D. C.: American Association on Mental Retardation , 20(1), ( ) P Watzlawick, P The Situation is Hopeless, But Not Serious. 112

113 New York: Norton ( )

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