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1 Comparison of the event-related potentials between REM sleep and the sleep onset period Madoka Takahara, Nao Kataoka, Hiroshi Nittono and Tadao Hori Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, JAPAN Abstract : During the tonic period of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, deviant stimuli elicited a P200 and a late positive wave peaking at 380 ms after stimulus onset. The P200 was more anteriorly and the late positive wave was more posteriorly distributed than the P300 in wakefulness. The amplitude of the late positive wave was larger in the attend condition than in the passive condition. During the sleep onset period, deviant stimuli elicited a P200 and a P400. The P400 was more posteriorly distributed than the P300 in wakefulness. The amplitude of the P400, however, did not differ between the attend and the passive conditions. Our findings suggest that the late positive wave in the REM tonic period resembles the P400 in the sleep onset period but these components are modulated differently by attention. Key words : REM sleep, sleep onset period, event-related potentials, P300, P400, P200

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4 4 REM tonic REM phasic Fz Cz Pz P200 P200 O1 P300 P400 P ms 5 V

5 5 REM tonic ( ) () () P200-5 V -8 V P400 5 V 8 V -12 V P V

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8 8 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 () 5 () Fz Cz Pz P200 O1 P300 P ms 5 V 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 () 5 () Fz Cz Pz P200 O1 P400

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10 10 Aserinsky, E. & Kleitman, N Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 118: Bastuji, H., Garcia-Larrea, L., Franc, C. & Mauguiere, F Brain processing of stimulus deviance during slow-wave and pradoxical sleep: A study of human auditory evoked responses using the oddball paradigm. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 12(2): Braun, A.R., Balkin, T.J., Wesensten, N.J., Carson, R.E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Selbie, S., Belenky, G. & 15 Herscovitch, P Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H 2 O PET study. Brain, 120: Cote, K. & Campbell, K. 1999a P300 to high intensity stimuli during REM sleep. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110: Cote, K. & Campbell, K. 1999b The effects of varying stimulus intensity on P300 during REM sleep. NeuroReport, 10: Dement, W. & Kleitman, N Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 9: Duncan-Johnson, C.C. & Donchin, E On quantifying surprise: The variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology, 14: ERP 41(10): Harsh, J., Voss, U., Hull, J., Schrepfer, S. & Badia, P ERP and behavioral changes during the wake/sleep transition. Psychophysiology, 31: Hori, T., Hayashi, M., & Morikawa, T The topographical changes of EEG and the hypnagogic experience. In R.D. Ogilvie, & J.R. Harsh (Eds.), Sleep Onset, Normal and Abnormal Process. Washington: American Psychological Association. Pp Hyllyard, S.A, Squires, K.C., Bauer, J.W. & Lindsay, P.H Evoked potential correlates of auditory signal detection. Science, 172: Jouvet, M., Michel, F. & Courjon, J Sur un stade d'activite electrique cerebrate rapide au cours du sommeil physiologique. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie, 153: Michida, N. Hayashi, M. & Hori, T Comparison of event related potentials with and without hypnagogic imagery. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52: Moruzzi, G Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. Harvey Lecture. 58: Nielsen-Bohlman, L., Knight, R., Woods, D. & Woodward, K Differential auditory processing continues during sleep. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 79: Niiyama, Y., Fujiwara, R., Satoh, N. & Hishikawa, Y Endogenous components of event-related potential appearing during NREM stage 1 and REM sleep in man. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 17: 165-

11 Niiyama, Y., Fushimi, M., Sekine, A. & Hishikawa, Y K-complex evoked in NREM sleep is accompanied by a slow negative potential related to cognitive process. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 95: Nordby, H., Hugdahl, K., Stickgold, R., Vronnick, K. & Hobson, A Event-related potentials (ERPs) to deviant auditory stimuli during sleep and waking. NeuroReport, 7: Rechtschaffen, A. & Kales, A A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Los Angels: Brain Information Service, U.C.L.A. Salisbury, D., Squires, N.K., Ibel, S. & Maloney, T Auditory event-related potentials during stage 2 NREM sleep in humans. Journal of Sleep Research, 1: Sallinen, M., Kaartinen, J. & Lyytinen, H Processing of auditory stimuli during tonic and phasic periods of REM sleep as revealed by event-related brain potentials. Journal of Sleep Research, 5: Williams, H.L The problem of defining depth of sleep. In S.S.Kety, E.V.Evarts & H.L.Williams (eds.) Sleep and altered states of consciousness. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Pp Winter, O., Kok A., Kenemans, L. & Elton, M Auditory event-related potentials to deviant stimuli during drowsiness and stage 2 sleep. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 96:

12 Relationship between choice of timing process and temporal information memory in rats Keiichi Onoda 1 and Shogo Sakata 2 Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University 1 Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University 2 Abstract: The effect of the interruption of the timing stimulus (gap) in rats was examined by using the duration discrimination task. Rats trained to discriminate the duration of light stimulus (2 or 8s), then breaks of stimulus (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8s) were inserted. They may restart the entire timing process called reset or they may stop timing for the duration of the gap. The reset had selected by the expansion of the gap duration. The selection rate of the stop increased in the processing at the gap after having trained the temporal information maintenance task. These results suggested that the choice of timing processes, reset or stop, depend on the memory of the temporal information. Keywords: rat, gap, timing, duration bisection task

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14 15 2s ITI 8s ITI 2s ITI gap ITI delay ITI delay ITI delay Figure 1

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16 First day Last day 0.9 Correct response rate Delay (s) Figure Pre Post Response rate of long lever s 4s 2s Duration of gap (s) Figure 3

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18 19 Buhusi, C. V. & Meck, W. H Timing for the absence of a stimulus: The gap paradigm reversed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 26, Buhusi, C. V. & Meck, W. H Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116, Catania, A. C Reinforcement schedules and psychophysical judgements: A study of some temporal properties of behavior. In Schoenfeld, W. N. (Ed), The theory of reinforcement schedules, New York, Apleton- Cenrury-Crofts. Church, R. M The internal clock. In Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H., & Honing, W. K. (Eds), Cognitive processes in animal behavior, Hillsdale, Erlbaum. Church, R. M Short-term memory for time intervals. Learning and Motivation, 11, Gibbon, J., Church, R. M. & Meck, W. H Scalar timing in memory, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 423, Meck, W. H., Church, R. M. & Olton, D. S Hippocampus, time, and memory. Behavioral Neuroscience, 98, Olton, D. S Frontal cortex, timing and memory, Neurophychologia, 27, Roberts, S Isolation of an internal clock. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 7,

19 20 Roberts, S. & Church, R. M Control of an internal clock. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 4, Roberts, W. A. Cheng, K. & Cohen, J. S Timing light and tone signals in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Process, 15,

20 Relations of nostalgia with music to emotional response and recall of autobiographical memory Asami Kobayashi 1), Makoto Iwanaga 2) and Hidetoshi Seiwa 3) 1) Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University 2), 3) Faculty of Integrated Arts and Science, Hiroshima University Previous researches suggest that musical mood and preferences affects on emotional response, and that context of music also affects on musical-dependent memory. We often feel nostalgia when listening to old familiar tunes. Nostalgia is related to eliciting positive emotions, recall of autobiographical memory and positive evaluations for recall contents. The present study aimed to examine effects of musical mood, preference and nostalgia on emotional responses, the amounts of recall of autobiographical memory, and evaluations to contents of them. Participants were 50 undergraduates. They were presented with 4 music pieces that have listened when they were about ten-years-old. All participants listened to all pieces. As the results, the influences of nostalgia elicited greater positive emotion and amounts of recall of autobiographical memory than musical mood and musical preference. Regardless of musical mood and preference, the more feeling nostalgia, the more elicits positive emotion and autobiographical memory recall. Keyword: music, nostalgia, emotion, autobiographical memory

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22 23 Table 1 Average rating of music moods and preference of each music Title Singer Ganre brightness activity preference WANS

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24 25 Table 2 Change of R 2 and B coefficient on 3 step in subjective emotional responses cheerfulness tenderness nagativity relaxedness step change of R 2 B change of R 2 B change of R 2 B change of R 2 B 1 musical mood brightness * * activity * 2 preference * nostalgia ** ** ** ** * p <.05, ** p <.01 Table 3 Change of R 2 and B coefficient on 3 step in physiological response heart rate blood flow step change of R 2 B change of R 2 B 1 musical mood brightness activity preference nostalgia ** p <.1, ** p <.01

25 26 Table 4 Change of R 2 and B coefficient on 3 step in amounts of recall and evaluation amount positive evaluation negative evaluation reevaluation step change of R 2 B change of R 2 B change of R 2 B change of R 2 B 1 musical mood brightness * activity preference * nostalgia 0.075* ** p < 1, * p <.05, ** p <.01

26 27 Balch, W. R., Bowman, K. & Mohler, L. A Music-dependent memory in immediate and delayed recall. Memory & Cognition, 20, Batcho, K. I Personal Nostalgia,World view,memory,and Emotionality. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, Cavanaugh, J. C I have this feeling about everyday memory aging... Educational Gerontology, 15, Eich, E., & Metcalfe, J Mood-dependent memory for internal vs. external events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition, 15, Holbrook, M. B Nostalgia and consumption preference : Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes. Journal of consumer research, 20, , , , , Scartelli, J. P The effect of EMG biofeedback and sedative music, EMG biofeedback only, and sedative music only on frontalis muscle relaxation ability. Journal of Music Therapy, 21,

27 28 Smith, S. M Background music and context-dependent memory. American Journal of Psychology, 98, , , , , Thaut, M. H., & de I'Etoile, S. K The effect of music on mood state-dependent recall. Journal of Music Therapy, 30,

28 Mem. Fac. Integrated Arts and Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Ser. IV, Vol , Dec ON 3-DIMENSIONAL CONTACT METRIC MANIFOLDS YOSHIO AGAOKA *, BYUNG HAK KIM ** AND JIN HYUK CHOI ** *Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan **Department of Mathematics and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Suwon , Korea Abstract Let M be a 3-dimensional almost contact metric manifold satisfying (*)-condition. We denote such a manifold by M *. We prove that if M * is η-einstein, then M * is either Sasakian or cosymplectic manifold, and is a space of constant curvature. Consequently M * is either flat or isometric to the 3-dimensional unit sphere if M * is complete and simply connected. 1. Introduction The conformal curvature tensor C is invariant under conformal transformations and vanishes identically for 3-dimensional manifolds. Using this fact many authors [1, 3, 4, 6] studied 3-dimensional almost contact manifolds. In [5], they introduced a new class of almost contact manifold M * containing quasi-sasakian and trans-sasakian structure. Moreover they constructed non-trivial examples. In this paper, we study a 3- dimensional η-einstein manifold M * by use of the fact that C vanishes identically and the special form of Ricci curvature. Consequently, we prove that the 3-dimensional η-einstein manifold M * becomes either Sasakian or cosymplectic manifold, and is a space of constant curvature. In the cosymplectic case, M * is flat, and if M * is Sasakian, complete and simply connected, then M * is isometric to the 3-dimensional unit sphere, that is M * is either flat or isometric to S 3 (1) under this topological condition. 2. Almost contact metric structure Let M be an m-dimensional real differentiable manifold of class C covered by a system of coordinate neighborhoods { Ux ; h }, in which there are given a tensor field φ of type (1,1), a vector field ξ and a 1-form η satisfying (2.1) 2 φ X = X + η( X) ξ, φ ξ = 0, η( φx)= 0, η( ξ)= 1 ( ) for any vector field X on M. Such a set of φξη,, is called an almost contact structure and we call a manifold with an almost contact structure an almost contact manifold. In an almost contact manifold, if there is given a Riemannian metric g such that Key words: Conformal curvature tensor, almost contact metric manifold, space of constant curvature. ** This work was supported by ABRL Grant Proj. No. R from KOSEF and Engineering Foundation. Received October ; Accepted November

29 30 YOSHIO AGAOKA, BYUNG HAK KIM AND JIN HYUK CHOI for all vector fields X and Y on M, we say M has an almost contact metric structure and g is called a compatible metric. Setting Y = ξ, we have immediately η( X)= g( X, ξ). The fundamental 2-form Φ is defined by Φ( XY, )= g( φxy, ). It is known that the almost contact structure φξη,, is normal if and only if the Nijenhuis tensor ( ) g ( φx, φy )= g ( X, Y ) η( X) η( Y) NXY, φφ, ( X,Y)+ 2dη( X, Y) ξ ( )= [ ] vanishes, where [, ] is a bracket operation and d denotes the exterior derivative. An almost contact metric structure ( φξη,,,g) on M is said to be (a) Sasakian if Φ = dη and ( φξη,, ) is normal, (b) cosymplectic if Φ and η are closed and ( φξη,, ) is normal. In [5], one of the present author defined a new class of almost contact metric structure on M which satisfies (*) d Φ = 0, ξ = λφx X and ( φξη,, ) is normal for a smooth function λ on M and denotes the Riemannian connection for g. Briefly, we denote such a manifold by M *. It is easily seen that M * is cosymplectic if λ = 0, and Sasakian if λ is a non-zero constant. Theorem 1 [5]. On M *, we have (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) ( φ)( YZ, )= λ η( Y) g( XZ, ) η( Z) g( XY, ), X { } ( ) = ( )( )+ 2 { ( ) ( ) } RX, ξ Y Xλ φy λ η YX g XY, ξ, ξλ = 0, ( )= ( ) + S ξ, X φx λ ( m 1) λ 2 η( X), where S is the Ricci curvature tensor and R is the curvature tensor defined by [ X Y] [ XY, ] RXYZ (, ) =, Z Z dimensional almost contact manifolds Let M * be a 3-dimensional manifold satisfying (*). It is well known [2] that the conformal curvature tensor of Weyl vanishes identically for 3-dimensional manifolds. Therefore the curvature tensor R of a 3- dimensional manifold M * is given by (3.1) RXYZ (, ) = SXZY (, ) + SYZX (, ) g( XZQY, ) { } + g( YZQX, ) + r g( XZY, ) g ( YZX, ), 2

30 ON 3-DIMENSIONAL CONTACT METRIC MANIFOLDS 31 where r is the scalar curvature and Q is defined by g( QX, Y)= S( X, Y). Using (2.3), (2.5) and (3.1), we have (3.2) ( )= ( )( ) + ( )( ) SXY, η X φyλ η Y φxλ r r + g XY, X Y. λ 2 ( )+ λ η( ) η( ) If we substitute (3.2) into (3.1), then we get (3.3) ( ) RXYZW (,,, )= g RXYZW (, ), = η( X) (( φz) λ) g( Y, W) η( Z) (( φx) λ) g ( Y, W) + η( Y) (( φz) λ) g( XW, )+ η( Z) (( φy) λ) g( XW, ) η( Y) (( φw) λ) g( X, Z) η( W) (( φy) λ) g( X, Z) + η( X) (( φw) λ) g ( Y, Z)+ η( W) (( φx) λ) g ( Y, Z) r + 2 2λ g( XZ, ) g( YW, ) g( YZ, ) g( XW, ) 2 r + 3λ 2 η( X) ( Y W) η( Y) ( X W) η Z { g, g, 2 + η( Y) g( X, Z) η( X) g( Y, Z) η( W)}. { } ( ) ( ) ( ) If we put Y = ξ in (3.3), then by (2.3) we obtain that is (3.4) (3.5) or in local components (3.6) where λ = λ and the indices i, j, k, t run over the range {1,2,...,m}. From (3.5) or (3.6), we can calculate k (3.7) k k where λ = g ik λ i 2 ( Xλ) Φ( Z, W)+ λ { η( Z) g( X, W) η( W) g( X, Z) } 2 = λ { η( Z) g( X, W) η( W) g( X, Z) } + (( φw) λ) { η( X) η( Z) g( X, Z) } (( φz) λ) { η( X) η( W) g ( X, W) }, ( Xλ) Φ( Z, W)= (( φw) λ) { η( X) η( Z) g( X, Z) }. Moreover we can easily see that (( ) ){ ( ) ( ) ( )} φz λ η X η W g X, W, λ φ λ ( ηη ) φ λ ( ), kφih= h t t i k gik i t t ηη h k ghk 2 k ij kφij =( λkφij) λ Φ i t 2 2 t = t φλ λ. 2 2 ( )= 4 λ 2φ λ, t ( ) = 0 Lemma 2. In a 3-dimensional manifold M *, the function λ is constant if and only if φx λ for all X. i t t

31 32 YOSHIO AGAOKA, BYUNG HAK KIM AND JIN HYUK CHOI If the Ricci curvature S on M is of the form (3.8) SXY (, )= ag( XY, )+ bη( X) η( Y), then M is called an η-einstein space [1,6,7]. If M * is η-einstein, then we have (3.9) 3a+ b = r and (3.10) a+ b = r 4λ 2 by use of (2.1), (3.2) and (3.8). Hence we get a = 2λ 2 and b = r 6λ 2. Therefore the Ricci curvature S becomes (3.11) ( )= ( ) ( )+( ) ( ) ( ) SXY, 2λ 2 g XY, r 6λ 2 η X η Y. If we put Y = ξ in (3.11), then we get (3.12) ( ) = ( 6 2 ) ( ) φx λ r λ η X from (2.5) and (3.11). If we set X = ξ in (3.12), then it gives (3.13) r =, 6λ 2 that is (3.14) ( φx) λ = 0 and that (3.15) (, )= 2λ 2 g( XY, ) SXY from (3.11). We see that λ is constant from Lemma 2 and (3.14). Since 3-dimensional Einstein space is a space of constant curvature, we obtain the following theorem by using Lemma 2, (3.14) and (3.15). Theorem 3. Let M * be a 3-dimensional η-einstein manifold. Then M * is a space of constant curvature. Moreover M * is either Sasakian or cosymplectic manifold. In case λ = 0, since M * is a space of constant curvature, we have r = 0 and hence RXYZ (, ) = 0, that is M * is flat. On the other hand, E. M. Moskal obtained the following result (cf. [7]). Theorem 4. Let M be a complete and simply connected Sasakian manifold. If M is Einstein and of positive curvature, then it is isometric to the unit sphere. If λ is non-zero constant, then M * is Sasakian. Therefore this fact and Theorems 3 and 4 reduce

32 ON 3-DIMENSIONAL CONTACT METRIC MANIFOLDS 33 Theorem 5. Let M * be a 3-dimensional η-einstein manifold. Then M * is either flat or isometric to S 3 (1) if M * is complete and simply connected. Acknowledgement. The authors would like to express their thanks to the referee for his careful reading and helpful suggestions. References 1. D. E. Blair, Riemannian geometry of contact and symplectic manifolds, PM203, Birkhäuser, Berlin (2002). 2. B. Y. Chen, Geometry of submanifolds, Marcel Dekker, New York (1973). 3. F. Gouli-Andreou and P. J. Xenos, On a class of 3-dimensional contact metric manifolds, J. Geom., 63 (1998), J. B. Jun, I. B. Kim and U. K. Kim, On 3-dimensional almost contact metric manifolds, Kyungpook Math. J., 34 (1994), J. H. Kwon and B. H. Kim, A new class of almost contact Riemannian manifolds, Comm. Korean Math. Soc., 8 (1993), S. Sasaki, Almost contact manifolds, Lecture notes, Mathematical Institute, Tohoku Univ. 1 (1965). 7. S. Tanno, Promenades on spheres, Tokyo Inst. Tech., Tokyo (1996).

33 Relationship between slope failure occurrence and precipitation in the areas affected by a strong motion of earthquake Masaru NISHIMURA * and Masahiro KAIBORI ** * Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan ** Department of Natural Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan Abstract: The number of collapses of slope induced by the Geiyo-earthquake occurred in March, 2001 was overwhelmingly small to compare with the number by other same degree earthquakes before. However, collapses of slope are prone to occur relatively in a smaller amount of precipitation after the earthquake. The effect of seismic motion in the Geiyo-earthquake in 2001 was firstly evaluated by the maximum seismic acceleration, duration time of strong seismic motion and the direction of both strong motion and collapses of slope. And then, the amount of precipitation that was related to collapses of slope before and after the Geiyo-earthquake by examining hourly rainfall and working rainfall (half-value period 72 hours) was considered. As a result, it was found that 60 to 80 percentage of precipitation, in which collapses of slope had been prone to occur before the earthquake, would be related to the phenomena such as slope failure and/or stone wall destruction, and landslides might occur to all direction regardless of the direction of strong motion over 250 gal in seismic acceleration. Keywords: Geiyo-earthquake, seismic motion, precipitation, collapse of slope

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46 Consideration of the natural factors in which the flow behavior of debris flows could be controlled Hideo FURUSAWA * and Masahiro KAIBORI ** * Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University. Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan ** Department of Natural Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan Abstract: It is very important for the disaster prevention to analyze the factors which influenced on the fluidity of debris flow. We investigated such factors in debris flows occurred around Higashi-Hiroshima in We adopted equivalent coefficient of friction and dynamic coefficient of friction to evaluate the fluidity of the debris flows. As the result of consideration with obtained data, the following things were elucidated: (1) Debris flow which occurred in the torrent with larger catchment area tends to have large fluidity. (2) In case of each torrent, as debris flow moved downwards, dynamic coefficient of friction became smaller. (3) Debris flows tended to lose their fluidity at the places where there were trees, agricultural ponds and tortuosity of the channel etc. (4) The proportion of area occupied by trees is more suitable than the number density of trees as factors influenced on the fluidity of the debris flow. When the proportion of area occupied by trees would become greater than some per mills, debris flows at such site could be controlled by the trees. KeyWords: coefficient of friction, debris flow, fluidity

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49 52 (km 2 ) (m 3 ) (m 3 ) (m 3 ) (m 3 ) A ,090 1, , B , C ,050 2, ,730 1, D ,200 2, ,050 2,500 1,200 F ,740 3, ,000 3,200 1,700 H ,440 1, ,240 1, I ,270 1, ,150 1, K ,770 2, ,570 1, L ,430 1, ,270 1, M ,220 1, ,100 1, Körner

50 (km 2 ) (km 2 ) A B C A D A B I v z v 2 /(2g) l

51 54 h = 2bv 2 /(rg) h m b m vm/s r m g m/s B A K L M A D (km 2 )

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53 M B D L A km 2

54 57 50 : :4127cm (%) (%) (%) (%) cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm (a)a 0 0 1cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm 50 : :3550cm (%) ( (%) ( cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm (b) 0 0 1cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm :1641cm (%) (%) (%) (%) cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm (c)a 50 : :2001cm (%) (%) (%) (%) cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm (d)f 0 0 1cm 2 3cm 4 5cm 10 15cm 1 2cm 3 4cm 5 10cm 15cm

55 58 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm 1cm 1 2cm 2 3cm 3 4cm 4 5cm 5 10cm 10 15cm 15cm (e)l (%) (%) : (%) (%) :2359cm (f)m (%) (%) : (%) (%) :4112cm (g)d (%) (%) : (%) (%) :3708cm (h) (%) (%) (%) (%) : 1816cm 2

56 B M 0.24 B 0.22 D D L L A

57 60 Körner, H.J. (1980) : Model Conception for the Rock Slide and Avalanche Movement, INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSION INTERPRAEVENT 1980, BAD ISCHL, BAND2, p.15-55

58 Rainfall properties in Setouchi region, Hiroshima ; rainfall time, seasonality and intensity Shin-ichi ONODERA * and Tomohiro NARUOKA ** * Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University ** Graduate School of Biospheric Sciences, Hiroshima University Abstract : For predicting the timing or intensity of nitrate loss, sediment yield and flood in Seto Inland Sea catchments, we confirmed rainfall properties there by using hourly rainfall data at Shimo-Kamagari Island and Miyajima Island. The average annual precipitation is about 1100 mm and 1600 mm at both islands, respectively. Total rainfall at the events of more than 30 mm exceeded 50 % of the total annual rainfall at both sites. From the results analyzed rainfall time, the peaks of rainfall intensity were found around 6 AM and 5 PM. Timing of rainfall was controlled by rainfall mechanisms and landform characteristics. Maximum hourly rainfall intensity was similar at both sites during a big event of more than 70 mm. Keywords : rainfall, Setouchi region, time, seasonality, intensity Likens and Bormann Burt et al.,

59 62 Oki and Mushiake Dairaku et al. Hiroshima M S N 30km

60 ,Moldan and Cerny,,,,, Nishimune et al., rainfall (mm/day) rainfall (mm/day) 01/1/1 frequency frequency Shimo-Kamagari (annual 885mm) Miyajima (annual 1680mm) /2/1 01/3/1 01/4/1 01/5/1 01/6/1 01/7/1 a) daily rainfall (mm day-1) b) freq. mm daily rainfall (mm day-1) 01/8/1 01/9/1 01/10/1 01/11/1 01/12/1 freq. mm rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm)

61 (a) (a) rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm) (b) hour (b) hour rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm) hour hour,

62 65 20 (a) 8 (a) rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm) hour hour (b) M (b) M rainfall (mm) rainfall (mm) hour hour

63 66 (a) intensity(mm h -1 ) (b) intensity(mm h -1 ) hour hour

64 67 Burt, T.P., Heathwaite, A.L. and Trudgill, S.T. (1993) Nitrate; Processes, Patterns and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 444pp. Dairaku, K., Kuraji, K., Suzuki, M., Tangtham, N., Jirasuktaveekul, W. and Punyatrong, K. (2000) The effect of rainfall duration and intensity on orographic rainfall enhancement in a mountainous area: a case study in the Mae Chaem watershed, Thailand, Jour. Japan Soc. Hydrol. and Water Resour., 13, Graf, W.L. (1988) Fluvial Processes in Dryland Rivers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 349pp (3) 69, 27, Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. H. (1995) Pattern and Process in a Forest Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York. 395pp Moldan, B. and Cerny, J. (1994) Biogeochemistry in Small Catchments. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Nishimune, N., Onodera, S., Naruoka, T. and Birmano, M.D. (2002) Comparative study of bedload sediment yield process in small mountainous catchments covered by secondary and disturbed forest, western Japan,

65 68 HydroBiologia, (submitted) 352pp Oki, T and Mushiake, K. (1994) Seasonal change of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over Japan and Malaysia, Jour. Applied Meteorology, 33, M.D.Birmano 63, 31, 9pp 154, 334pp 77pp

66 Qualitative evaluation of surface water in Saijo basin, using the geographic information on 250m mesh map Tsutomu TAKEI *, Shin-ichi ONODERA *, Tomohiro NARUOKA **, Naoyuki NISHIMUNE ** and Mitsuyo SAITO * * Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University ** Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University Abstract : To evaluate water pollution with reference to conservation of water resources in rural area, we measured electric conductivity and nitrate concentration of surface water at 65 sites in Saijyo basin. In addition, we evaluated the spatial distribution of water pollution, using geographic information on 250m mesh map. Interrelations between the altitude in geographic information and water quality were represented under three conditions, farmland in land use, lowland in landform and altitude of lower than 300m. On the basis of these relationships and geographic information, we estimated electric conductivity at the each factor on 250m mesh map. We confirmed the water pollution at the central area of the basin with the estimated 250m mesh map. Keywords : surface water, water pollution, geographic information Burt et al., Burt et al., Freeze and Cherry,

67 70 (a) Hiroshima C. Hiroshima Univ. Saijyo Basin N 0 30km (b) 280m 230m 280m 230m

68 NO3-N mgl (a) EC NO (b) EC Scm (c) (d) EC: y = x R 2 = Altitude m NO 3-N

69 Cl - mgl y = x R 2 = Altitude m Cl -

70 NO3-N mgl ECScm (a) (b) y = x Altitude m NO 3-N EC(µScm-1)

71 74 Burt, T.P., Heathwaite, A.L. and Trudgill, S.T. (1993) Nitrate; Processes, Patterns and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 444pp. 21 Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A. (1979) Groundwater, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 604pp. 8 21

72 75

73 NO 3 - -N Flux of Streams in the Setouchi Region: Effects of Fruit-Farmland Area, Water Reservoir, and Alluvial Fan Mitsuyo SAITO *, Shin-ichi ONODERA *, Tsutomu TAKEI * and Naoyuki NISHIMUNE ** * Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University ** Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University Abstract : To confirm the effects of fruit-farmland area, water reservoir, and alluvial fan on nitrate load in short streams, we measured runoff and collected water samples at five or eight sites in each of four streams, Seto Inland Sea catchment. Nitrate load of the streams increased with increasing ratio of fruit-farmland area. At a downstream site of water reservoir, nitrate concentration showed a slight decrease. On the area widely dominated by alluvial fan, it assumed that groundwater pollution by nitrate-nitrogen is accelerated with groundwater recharge of stream water. It is necessary for conservation of water resources to consider function of these effects as well as river-groundwater mixing. Keywords : Setouchi region, NO 3 - -N flux, Fruit-farmland area, Reservoir, Alluvial fan Burt et al.,

74 78 Harvey and Bencala, N Hiroshima.C a)takehara.c (TR) Higashi-Hiroshima. 0km 30km b)ikuchi-island (IF, IB, IKS) 1 a)takehara.c (TR) b)ikuchi-island N km N IF IKS IB 1km Water sampling point Stream Divide

75 79

76 80 (ha) (ha) (%) IF IF IF IF IF IB IB IB IB IB IKS IKS IKS IKS IKS TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR

77 81 a IF b IB c IKS d TR

78 82

79 83 Burt, T.P., Heathwaite, A.L. and Trudgill, S.T. (1993) Nitrate; Processes, Patterns and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 444pp. 21 Harvey, J.W. and Bencala, K.E The effect of streambed topography on surface-subsurface water exchange in mountain catchments, WaterResour. Res., 29, Harvey, J.W., Wagner,B.J. and Bencala, K.E Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange, WaterResour. Res., 32,

80

81 Endangered plants in flora of Taishaku-kyo Gorge, Japan Shingo KANEKO 1, Nobukazu NAKAGOSHI 2 and Yuji ISAGI 2 1 Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hirosima , Japan Abstract : The Taishaku-kyo is a gorge between a limestone plateau and a limestone outcropping. Study of the various flora that complete Taishaku-kyo s unique landscape, as well as their preservation, have been raised as important topics. This research focuses on endangered plants that inhabit Taishaku-kyo, analyzes the distribution throughout Japan of endangered plants indegenous to Taishaku-kyo, and examines endangered plants currently growing in Taishaku-kyo. From an analysis of the distribution of plants throughout Japan, we can see that while 15 species such as Acer mono var. taishakuense and Agropyron yezoense var. tashiroi are distributed in only a very limited region, 5 other species showed remarkable spacial distribution, such as Rhodotypos scandens and Lonicera vidalii. Further, survey of the Taishaku-kyo confirmed that at present 10 species, including Youngia yoshinoi and Lonicera vidalii, thrive in the valley. Based on these results we can hypothesize that the peculiarities of the flora in Taishaku-kyo can be attributed to the fact that many species which could not grow in other regions still are conserved here. These results also suggest that when it comes to preserving biological diversity, Taishaku-kyo is a very important ecosystem with its many endangered plant species. Keyword : Endangered plants, flora, refugia, relict species, Taishaku-kyo

82 86

83 87

84 88

85 89 Agropyron yezoense var. tashiroi Lychnis kiusiana Paeonia obovata Rhodotypos scandens Echinops setifer Gnaphalium hypoleucum Youngea yosinoi Lilium concolor var. partheneioni Adonis ramosa Clematis patens Pulsatilla cernuna Shibateranthis pinnatifida Chloranthus fortunei Paeonia japonica Lespedeza tomentosa Acer mono var. taishakuense Buxus microphilla var. insularis Rhamnus yoshinoi Bupleurum scorzoneraefolium var. stenophyllum Primula sieboldii Swertia diluta var. tosaensis Cynanchum paniculatum Lamium ambiguum Veronica polita var. lilacina Lonicera cerasina Lonicera vidalii Zebelia integrifolia Platycodon grandiflorum Eupatorium japonicum Ixeris chinensis ssp. Strigosa Saussurea pulehella Senecio flammeus var. glabrifolius Calanthe discolor Cephalanthera falcata Cypripedium japonicum Habenaria radiata Pogonia japonica

86 90

87 91

88 92

89 93 Grime, J. P Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. 222 pp. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Terao, S An ecological note on the calcicolous plants in Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University B, 9 :

90 94 SPERMANTOPHYTA GYMNOSPERMAE Pinaceae Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria japonica (Linn. Fil.) D. Don var. japonica Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Sieb. et Zucc. Juniperus chinesis Linn. Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc. Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus harrirgtonia (Knight) K. Koch var. harringtonia Taxaceae Taxus cuspida Sieb. et Zucc. Torreya nucifera Sieb. et Zucc. var. nucifera ANGIOSPERMAE Juglandaceae Juglans ailantifolia Carr. Platycarya strobilaceae Sieb. et Zucc. Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb. et Zucc. Salicaceae Populus sieboldii Miq. Salix alopechroa Kimura Salix chaenomeloides Kimura Salix gracilistyla Miq. Salix koriyanagi Kimura Salix sieboldiana Blume Betulaceae Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. var. japonica Alnus serrulatoides Callier Betura grossa Sieb. et Zucc. Carpinus cordata Blume Carpinus japonica Blume Carpinus laxiflora (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume Carpinus tshonoskii Maxim. var. tschonoskii Carpinus turczaniovii Hance Corylus heterophylla Fischer var. thungbergii Blume Corylus sieboldiana Blume Ostrya japonica Sarg. Fagaceae Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Fagus japonica Maxim. Quercus acutissima Carruth. Quercus aliena Blume Quercus dentata Thunb. Quercus mongolica Fischer ssp. crispula (Blume) Menitsky Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume Quercus salicina Blume Quercus serrata Thunb. Quercus variabilis Blume Ulmaceae Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch. Celtis biondii Pampan. var. biondii Celtis jesoensis Koidz. Celtis sinensis Pers. var. japonica (Planch.) Nakai Ulmus japonica (Rehd.) Sargent Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Zelkova serrata (Thumb.) Makino Moraceae Broussonetia kazinoki B. papyrifera Broussonetia papyrifera (Linn.) Vent Ficus oxyphylla Miq. Fatoua villosa (Thumb.) Nakai Humulus japonica Sieb. et Zucc. Morus australis Poir. Morus cathayana Hemsley Urticaceae Boehmeria nivea (Linn.) Gaudich. ssp. nipononivea (Koidz.) Kitam. Boehmeria platanifolia Franch. et. Savat. Boehmeria spicata (Thymb.) Thunb. Boehmeria sylvestris (Pamp.) Wot. Wang Elatostema laetevirens Makino Elatostema umbellatum Blume var. majus Maxim. Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Wedd. Laportea macrostachya (Maxim.) Ohwi Nanocnide japonica Blume Pilea japonica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. Pilea pumila (Linn.) A. Gray Urtica thunbergiana Sieb. et Zucc.

91 95 Santalaceae Buckleya lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq. Thesium chinense Turez. Loranthaceae Taxilus kaempferi (DC.) Danser Viscum album Linn. ssp. coloratum Komar. Polygonaceae Antenoren filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty et Vautie Antenoron neo-filiforme (Nakai) Hara Bistorta tenuicaulis (Bisset et Moore) Nakai Persicaria aestiva Ohwi Persicaria hastato-sagittata (Makino) Nakai Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Spach Persicaria lapathifolia (Linn.) S. F. Gray Persicaria longiseta (De Bruyn) Kitagawa Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross Persicaria nipponensis (Makino) H. Gross Persicaria orientale (Linn.) Assnov Persicaria pubescens (Blume) Hara Persicaria scabra (Moench) Mold. Persicaria senticosum (Franch et Savat) H. Gross Persicaria sieboldii (Meisn.) Ohwi Persicaria thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) H. Gross var. thunbergii Persicaria vulgaris Webb. et Miq. Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Turcz. Reynoutria japonia Houtt. Rumex acetosa Linn. Rumex acetosella Linn. Rumex japonicus Houtt. Rumex obtusifolius Linn. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana Linn. Phytolacca japonica Makino Molluginaceae Mollugo pentaphylla Linn. Mollugo verticillata Linn. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Linn. Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia Linn. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Cerastium holosteoides Fries var. angustifolium (Franch.) Mizushima Cucubalus baccifer Linn. var. japonicus Miq. Dianthus superbus Linn. var. longicalycinus (Maxim.) Williams Lychnis kiusiana Makino Lychnis miqueliana Rohrb. Sagina japonica (Sw.) Ohwi Silene firmum Sieb. et Zucc. Silene firmum Sieb. et Zucc. f. pubescens (Makino) Ohwi et Ohashi Silene gallica Linn. var. quinquevulnera (Linn.) Rohrb. Stellaria alsine Grimm var. undulata (Thunb.) Ohwi Stellaria aquatica (Linn.) Scop. Stellaria media (Linn.) Villars Stellaria sessiflora Yabe Stellaria uchiyamana Makino Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album Linn. var. album Chenopodium album Linn. var. centrorubrum Makino Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. var. ambrosioides Chenopodium bryoniaefolium Bunge Amaranthaceae Achyranthes bidentata Blume var. japonica Miq. Achyranthes bidentata Blume var. tomentosa (Honda) Hara Achyranthes longifolia (Makino) Makino Amaranthus lividus Linn. Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni Amaranthus retroflexus Linn. Amaranthus viridis Linn. Magnoliaceae Magnolia obovata Sieb. et Zucc. Magnolia praecocissima Koidz. Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. Schisandraceae Kadsura japonica (Thunb.) Dunal Schisandra repanda (Sieb. et Zucc.) Radlk. Illiciaceae Illicium anisatum Linn. Lauraceae Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb. ex Nakai Lindera erythrocarpa Makino Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume Lindera obtusiloba Blume Lindera sericea (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume var. glabrata Blume Lindera umbellata Thunb. Machilus japonica Sieb. ex Seib. Et Zucc. Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. Parabenzoin praecox (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai Eupteleaceae Euptelea polyandra Sieb. et Zucc. Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc.

92 96 Ranunculaceae Aconitum napiforme Lev. et Van Adonis ramosa Franch. Anemone flaccida Fr. Schm. Anemone hepatica Linn. var. pubescens Hiroe Anemone hupehensis Lemoine var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles et Stearn Anemone keiskeana T. Ito Anemone nikoensis Maxim. Aquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Ohwi Cimicifuga acerina (Sieb. et Zucc.) C. Tanaka Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. Clematis apiifolia DC. Clematis japonica Thunb. Clematis lasiandra Maxim. Clematis patens Morren et Decne. Clematis stans Sieb. et Zucc. Clematis terniflora DC. Clematis tosaensis Makino Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino Pulsatilla cernuna (Thunb.) Spreng. Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. Ranunculus nipponicus (Makino) Nakai var. submersus Hara Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. Ranunculus silerfolius Lev. Ranunculus tachiroei Franch. et Savat. Shibateranthis pinnatifida (Maxim.) Satake et Okuyama Thalictrum actaefolium Sieb. et Zucc. Thalictrum minus Linn. var. hypoleucum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq. Berberidaceae Berberis thunberigii DC. Caulophyllum robustum Maxim. Epimedium sempervirens Nakai Epimedium setosum Koidz. Nandina domestica Thunb. Lardizabalaceae Akebia pentaphylla Makino Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne. Menispermaceae Cocculus orbiculatu (Linn.) Forman Menispermum dauricum DC. Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd et Wilson Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Saururaceae Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. Chloranthaceae Chloranthus fortunei (A.Gray) Solms-Laub. Chloranthus japonicus Sieb. Chloranthus serratus (Thunb.) Roem. et Schult. Sarcandra glaber (Thunb.) Nakai Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. Asarum caulescens Maxim. Paeoniaceae Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe et Tatewaki Paeonia obovata Maxim. Actinidiaceae Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. Actinidia polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. Theaceae Camellia japonica Linn. Cleyera japonica Thunb. Eurya japonica Thunb. Stewartia pseudo-camellia Maxim. Thea sinensis Linn. Hypericaceae Hypericum ascyron Linn. Hypericum erectum Thunb. Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Hypericum laxum (Blume) Koidz. Hypericum pseudopetiolatum R. Keller Triadenum japonicunm (Blume) Makino Droseraceae Drosera rotundifolia Linn. Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus Linn. var. asiaticum (Hara) Ohwi Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Corydalis lineariloba Sieb. et Zucc. Corydalis pallida (Thunb.) Pers. var. pallida Corydalis raddeana (Regel) Nakai Hylomecon japonicum Thunb. Brassicaceae Arabis flagellosa Miq. Arabis glabra (Linn.) Bernh. Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linn.) Medic.

93 97 Cardamine dentipetala Matsum. var. longifructa (Ohwi) Hayama Cardamine flexuosa With. Cardamine impatiens Linn. Cardamine leucantha (Tausch) O.E. Schulz Cardamine tanakae Franch. et Savat. Draba nemorosa Linn. Eutrema japonica (Miq.) Koidz. Eutrema tenuis (Miq.) Makino Lepidium virginicum Linn. Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Rorippa indica (Linn.) Hochr. Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borlbas Sisymbrium lateum O.E. Schulz Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis japonica Sieb. et Zucc. var. bitchuensis (Makino) Ohwi Crassulaceae Hylotelephium erythrosticum (Miq.) H. Ohba Hylotelephium verticillatum (Linn.) H. Ohba Orostachys japonicus (Maxim.) Buerger Sedum bulbiferum Makino Sedum lineare Thunb. Sedum makinoi Maxim. Saxifragaceae Astilbe microphylla Knoll Astilbe thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq. var. congesta H.Boiss Cardiandra alternifolia Sieb. et Zucc. Chrysosplenium grayanum Maxim. Chrysosplenium japonicum (Maxim.) Makino Chrysosplenium macrostemon Maxim. var. macrostemon Chrysosplenium pilosum Maxim. var. sphaerospermum (Maxim.) Hara Deinanthe bifida Maxim. Deutzia crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Deutzia gracilis Sieb. et Zucc. Hydrangea hirta (Thunb.) Sieb. Hydrangea serrata (Thumb.) Ser. var. serrata Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. Hydrangea petiolaris Sieb. et Zucc. Mitella furusei Ohwi var. subramosa Wakabayashi Mitella pauciflora Rosend. Parnassia foliosa Hook. fil. et Thoms. var. nummularia (Maxim) T..Ito Parnassia palustris Linn. var. multiseta Ledeb. Philadelphus satsumi Sieb. ex Lindl. et Paxt Ribes fasciculatum Sieb. et. Zucc. Rodgersia podophylla A. Gray Sasifraga cortusaefolia Sieb. et Zucc. Saxifraga fortunei Hook. fil. var. suwoensis Nakai Saxifraga stolonifera Meerb. Schizophragma hydrangeoides Sieb. et Zucc. Rosaceae Agrimonia japonica (Miq. ) Koidz. Amelanchier asiatica (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. Duchesnea chrysantha (Zoll. et Mor.) Miq. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke Geum japonicum Thunb. Kerria japonica (Linn.) DC. Malus toringo (Sieb.) Sieb. ex Uriese Malus tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K. Schn. Potentilla fragarioides Linn. var. major Maxim. Potentilla freyniana Bornm. Potentilla riparia Murata var. riparia Potentilla sundaica (Blume) O. Kuntze var. robusta (Franch. et Savat.) Kitagawa Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. villosa Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. laevis (Thunb.) Stapf Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. zollingeri (Decne.) Nakai Prunus apetala (Sieb. et zucc.) Franch. et Savat. Prunus buergeriana Miq. Prunus grayana Maxim. Prunus incisa Thunb. ex Murray var. kinkiensis (Koidz.) Ohwi Prunus jamasakura Sieb. et Zucc. Prunus pendula Maxim. f. ascendens (Makino) Ohwi Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch Prunus verecunda Koehne Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. fil.) Nakai Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino Rosa multiflora Thunb. var. multiflora Rosa paniculigera Makino ex Momiyama Rosa sambucina Koidz. Rosa wichuraiana Crep. Rubus corchorifolius Linn. fil. Rubus crataegifolius Bunge Rubus hakonensis Franch. et Savat. Rubus hirsutus Thunb. Rubus palmatus Thunb. var. palmatus Rubus parvifolius Linn. Rubus peltatus Maxim. Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Rubus yoshinoi Koidz.

94 98 Sanguisorba officinalis Linn. Sorbus alnifolia (Sieb. et zucc.) C. Kock Sorbus commixta Hedl. var. rufo-ferruginea C.K. Schn. Sorbus japonica (Decne.) Hedl. Spiraea nervosa Franch. et Savat. Stephanandra incisa (Thunb.) Zabel Fabaseae Aeschynomene indica Linn. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Amphicarpaea bracteeata (Linn.) Fernald ssp. edgeworthii (Benth.) Ohashi var. japonica (Oliver) Ohashi Apios fortunei Maxim. Astragalus reflexistipulus Miq. Astragalus sinicus Linn. Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth.) Alst. var. japonica (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ohashi Cassia mimosoides Linn. ssp. nomame (Sieb.) Ohashi Cladrastis platycarpa (Maxim.) Makino Cladrastis sikokiana (Makino) Makino Desmodium oldhamii Oliver Desmodium podocarpium DC. ssp. podocrpium Desmodium podocarpium DC. ssp. oxyphyllum (DC.) Ohashi Desmodium podocarpium DC. var. mandshuricum Maxim. Dumasia truncata Sieb. et Zucc. Dunbaria villosa (Thunb.) Makino Gleditsia japonica Miq. Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum. Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindler Lathyrus davidii Hance Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. Lespedeza buergeri Miq. Lespedeza cuneata (Du Mont. d. Cours ) G. Don Lespedeza cuneata (Du Mont. d. Cours ) G. Don var. serpens (Nakai ) Ohwi Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. Lespedeza pilosa (Thunb.) Sieb. et Zucc. Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. ex Maxim. Lespedeza virgata (Thunb.) DC. Lotus corniculatus Linn. var. japonicus Regel Maackia floribunda (Miq.) Takeda. Millettia japonica (Sieb. et Zucc.) A. Gray Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. Sophora flavescens Ait. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Trifolium pratense Linn. Trifolium repens Linn. Vicia angustifolia Linn. Vicia hirsuta (Linn.) S. F. Gray Vicia nipponica Matsum. Vicia pseudo-orobus Fish. et Mey. Vicia tetrasperma (Linn.) Schreb. Vicia unijuga A. Br. Wisteria brachybotrys Sieb. et Zucc. Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Linn. Oxalis corymbosa DC. Oxalis griffithii Edgew. et Hook. fil. Geraniaceae Geranium shikokianum Matsum. Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. Geranium wilfordii Maxum. var. wilfordii. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha australis Linn. Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Euphorbia maculata Linn. Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. Euphorbia pseudochamaesyce Fish. Mey. et Lallem. Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr. et Decne. Euphorbia supina Rafin. Mallotus japonicus (Thunb.) Muell.-Arg. Mercurialis leiocarpa Sieb. et Zucc. Phyllanthus flexuosus (Sieb. et Zucc.) Muell. Phyllanthus matsumurae Hayata Phyllanthus urinaria Linn. Sapium japonicum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Pax Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd. var. japonica (Muell.-Arg.) Hurusawa Daphiniphyllaceae Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. var. macropodum Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. var. humile (Maxim.) Rosenthal Rutaceae Boenninghausenia japonica Nakai Orixa japonica Thunb. Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Skimmia japonica Thunb. Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. et Zucc. Zanthoxylum armatum Roxb. var. subtrifoliatum DC. Zanthoxylum piperitum (Linn. ) DC. Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. Simaroubaceae Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. Polygalaceae Polygala japonica Houtt. Anacardiaceae Rhus ambigua Lavallee et Dippel