1p 76p 12 2 4 80238
1 1 7 1.1... 8 1.1.1... 8 1.1.2... 8 1.1.3... 9 1.2... 10 1.3... 10 2 11 2.1... 12 2.2... 13 2.2.1 (SEM)... 13 2.2.2... 14 2.2.3... 17 2.2.4 SEM 3... 17 2.3... 19 2.3.1... 19 2.3.2... 20 2.3.3... 21 2.4... 23 2.4.1... 23 2.5... 25 2.5.1... 25 2.5.2... 25
2 2.5.3... 25 3 28 3.1... 29 3.2... 30 3.3 SEM... 33 3.4... 34 3.4.1... 34 3.4.2... 35 3.5... 38 4 39 4.1... 40 4.2... 41 4.2.1... 41 4.2.2... 48 4.3... 52 4.3.1... 52 4.3.2... 53 5 62 5.1....... 63 5.2... 67 6 68 6.1... 69 6.2... 70 71... 73
3 1.1... 9 2.1... 14 2.2... 15 2.3... 16 2.4... 18 2.5... 19 2.6 ( )... 20 2.7... 26 2.8... 27 3.1... 29 3.2 (JIS Z 2202-1980) 4... 30 3.3... 31 3.4... 32 3.5 SEM... 33 3.6... 34 3.7.................. 36 3.8... 38 4.1 400... 42 4.2 400... 42 4.3 600... 42 4.4 600... 42 4.5 800... 42 4.6 800... 42
4 4.7 1000... 43 4.8 1000... 43 4.9 1200... 43 4.10 1200... 43 4.11 1500... 43 4.12 1500... 43 4.13 2000... 44 4.14 2000... 44 4.15 3000... 44 4.16 3000... 44 4.17 5000... 44 4.18 5000... 44 4.19 400... 45 4.20 400... 45 4.21 600... 45 4.22 600... 45 4.23 800... 45 4.24 800... 45 4.25 1000... 46 4.26 1000... 46 4.27 1200... 46 4.28 1200... 46 4.29 1500... 46 4.30 1500... 46 4.31 2000... 47 4.32 2000... 47 4.33 3000... 47 4.34 3000... 47 4.35 5000... 47 4.36 5000... 47 4.37... 48 4.38... 49
5 4.39....... 50 4.40....... 51 4.41 X 1.................. 53 4.42 Y 1.................. 54 4.43 line100 1... 54 4.44 line250 1... 55 4.45 line400 1... 55 4.46 X 1.................. 56 4.47 Y 2.................. 57 4.48 line100 2... 57 4.49 line250 2... 58 4.50 line400 2... 58 4.51 X 1.................. 59 4.52 Y 3.................. 60 4.53 line100 3... 60 4.54 line250 3... 61 4.55 line400 3... 61 5.1... 64 5.2... 64 5.3 R a... 65 5.4 RMS... 65... 73
6 3.1 (mass )... 30 3.2... 30 3.3... 31 3.4... 37
7 1
1.1. 8 1.1 1.1.1 (Fractgraphy) (SEM) [15] 3 2 1.1.2 2.3 [4]
1.1. 9 1.1.3 [16] ( 1.1) 1.1:
1.2. 10 1.2 1.3 1 2 3 4 5 6
11 2
2.1. 12 2.1 3,
2.2. 13 2.2 2.2.1 (SEM) SEM ( CRT ) 880 1152 880 1152 = 1.000.000 1 SEM SEM 5000 CRT 100mm 100 1/5000 = 20µm 880 1152 1 20µm 1/1152 = 20nm 5000 20nm 20nm CRT 100mm 880 1152 CRT 1 100 1/1152 = 0.1mm 0.1 0.2mm CRT ( 10KV) ( ) CRT CRT
2.2. 14 2.1: ( 2.1) ( 2.2) 2.2.2 1
2.2. 15 2.2: A B θ A B a b a n b n K 2.1 θ 75 tan θ = K a2 b 2 (a n + b n ) 2 (2.1) 2.1 SEM ( 1 25KV) 2 a n b n a b x z θ x 2.3
2.2. 16 2.3:
2.2. 17 2.2.3 ( ) 2.4 2.2.4 SEM 3 SEM
2.2. 18 2.4:
2.3. 19 2.5: 2.3 2 ( 2.6) [7] 2.3.1 1/a a D D 1/a b b = a D (2.2) D D = log b log a (2.3) 0 1 2 3 2.5 2 2 1/2 4 8 1 2 3
2.3. 20 2.6: ( ) ( 2.6) 1/3 4 2.3 D = log 4 =1.2618... (2.4) log 3 2 [7] 2.3.2 2 L = C 1 d f (2.5) L C d f 0 log L L 0 =(1 d f ) log 0 (2.6) d f d f =1 d f =1 ( ) P dt d f = (2.7) P 0 0
2.3. 21 P d f 0 d f < 1 d T =0 1 d f < 2 d T =1 2 d f < 3 d T =2 3 d f < 4 d T =3 2.3.3 1. 2. 3. 3 P S d f d f = slope +1 (2.8) S f S(f) f β (2.9) β d f β =5 2d f (2.10)
2.3. 22 (2.10) L ɛ L(ɛ) =C 0 ɛ (d f 1) (2.11) 3.4.2
2.4. 23 2.4 2.4.1 R a L a X L RMS R a = L a L (2.12) RMS σ n (h i h) 2 i=1 RMS = n 1 Rt h max h min (2.13) Rt = h max h min (2.14) R sk
2.4. 24 R sk = n (h i h) 3 i=1 (2.15) (n 1)RMS 3 R ku R ku n (h i h) 4 i=1 R ku = (2.16) (n 1)RMS 4
2.5. 25 2.5 2.5.1 [3] 1. - 2. 2.5.2 (ductile fracture) (brittle fracture) 1. 2. ( ) 3. (shear lip) 2.7 45 2.5.3 [1]
2.5. 26 2.7: (1) B( ) B = C 100 (2.17) A C A (2) S( ) S = F A = 100 B (2.18) F (J) E = WR(cosβ cosα) L (2.19)
2.5. 27 100 2.8: W: (N) R: (m) α : β : L: (J) ( 2.8) ( ) 0 100 50
28 3
3.1. 29 3.1 ( 3.1) 3.2 3.3 SEM 3.4 3.5 3.1:
3.2. 30 3.2 4 3.2 3.2: (JIS Z 2202-1980) 4 SM490B(SM50B) SM490B 3.1,3.2 3.1: (mass ) C Si Mn P S 0.18 0.55 1.60 0.035 0.035 3.2: N/mm 2 N/mm 2 % 325 490-610 17
3.2. 31 ( 3.3) ( 3.3,3.4) 3.3: C J kgf.m/cm 2 mm % 1-48.1 30.5 3.1 0.65 68.8 2-17.5 188.9 19.2 2.35 18.4 3.3:
3.2. 32 3.4:
3.3. SEM 33 3.3 SEM SEM SEM x y X Y ( 3.5) 3.5: SEM X 420 Y 560
3.4. 34 3.4 3.4.1 SEM 3.6 N 3.6: η N(η) =Cη D (3.1) N η D D 2.3.3 PC
3.4. 35 3.4.2 3.4.2 η N N η ( 3.7) N(η) =Cη D (3.2) η N ( 3.7) D η 800 100 N η
3.4. 36 100000 10000 boxnum 1000 100 10 Data Interval 1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 boxsize( ) 3.7: SEM 1, / ( 3.4)
3.4. 37 3.4: / 5 0.999935 10 0.999751 15 0.999539 20 0.999341 30 0.998985 40 0.385618 30 10 10 SEM X 420 Y 560 SEM 1. 2.
3.5. 38 3.5 3.1 4 X Y 2 X SEM X 4 420 4 1640 Y 3.8 Y ( 3.8) 3.8: 4 X X Y Y
39 4
4.1. 40 4.1 3 4.2 4.3
4.2. 41 4.2 4.2.1 3.2 1 SEM 3D
4.2. 42 2D 4.1: 400 4.2: 400 4.3: 600 4.4: 600 4.5: 800 4.6: 800
4.2. 43 4.7: 1000 4.8: 1000 4.9: 1200 4.10: 1200 4.11: 1500 4.12: 1500
4.2. 44 4.13: 2000 4.14: 2000 4.15: 3000 4.16: 3000 4.17: 5000 4.18: 5000
4.2. 45 3D 4.19: 400 4.20: 400 4.21: 600 4.22: 600 4.23: 800 4.24: 800
4.2. 46 4.25: 1000 4.26: 1000 4.27: 1200 4.28: 1200 4.29: 1500 4.30: 1500
4.2. 47 4.31: 2000 4.32: 2000 4.33: 3000 4.34: 3000 4.35: 5000 4.36: 5000
4.2. 48 4.2.2 400 5000 5 90 X 420 5 Fractal dimension of brittle fracture Fractal dimension 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 average 1.01 1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Observation magnification 4.37:
4.2. 49 1.06 Fractal dimension of ductile fracture Fractal dimension 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 average 1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Observation magnification 4.38: [7] SEM 12 m
4.2. 50 1 5000 6 m X Fractal dimension Fractal dimension of brittle fracture 1.06 average 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 mag400 mag1500mag1000mag800 mag3000 mag600 mag1200 mag5000 mag2000 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of facet in observation range 4.39:
4.2. 51 Fractal dimension Fractal dimension of ductile fracture 1.06 1.05 mag1000 1.04 mag400 mag2000 mag800 mag600 1.03 mag3000 mag1200 1.02 mag1500 average 1.01 mag5000 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Number of minimum size of dimple in observation range 4.40: 400 1000
4.3. 52 4.3 (FATT) [16] 4.2 4.3.1 1 2 ( 800 1200 ) 2 1 3 4 3.5 X Y 2 Y 560 100 250 400 3
4.3. 53 4.3.2 1 (800 ) 2 800 112.5 m 150 m 4 X ( ) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 Fractal dimension 4.41: X 1
4.3. 54 Y AB=112.5( m) OA=Y( m) 100 250 400 Y( m) line400 line250 line100 0 450( ) A B Y 4.42: Y 1 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.43: line100 1
4.3. 55 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.44: line250 1 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.45: line400 1 3 1 1.03 1.1 1.2
4.3. 56 1 (1200 ) 1 1200 75 m 100 m 4 X 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 Fractal dimension 4.46: X 1 800 50 100 m 0 50 m
4.3. 57 Y AB=75( m) OA=Y( m) 100 250 400 Y( m) Y A B 4.47: Y 2 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Y(m) 4.48: line100 2
4.3. 58 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Y(m) 4.49: line250 2 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Y(m) 4.50: line400 2 800 3 1 1.03 1.1 1.2
4.3. 59 2 (800 ) 1 2, 800 112.5 m 150 m 4 X ( ) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 Fractal dimension 4.51: X 1
4.3. 60 Y 1 AB=112.5( m) OA=Y( m) 100 250 400 0 450( ) 4.52: Y 3 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.53: line100 3
4.3. 61 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.54: line250 3 1.2 Fractal dimension 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Y(m) 4.55: line400 3 Y X 3
62 5
5.1. 63 5.1 4.37,4.38 SEM [3] (cleavage) ( 5.1) (facet) (void) 2 ( 5.2) (dimple) 2 4.37,4.38 4.37,4.38 5
5.1. 64 4.39 X 4.40 400 1000 5.1: 5.2:
5.1. 65 2.4.1 R a RMS RMS m RMS h i h = h i h min h max h min (5.1) 5 R a RMS,R a RMS 1.08 brittle fracture Ra roughness 1.06 1.04 ductile fracture 1.02 1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Observation magnificant 5.3: R a 0.3 0.28 RMS roughness 0.26 0.24 0.22 brittle fracture ductile fracture 0.2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Observation magnificant 5.4: RMS
5.1. 66 R a RMS 3
5.2. 67 5.2 1 Y 1 1.03 1.1 1.2 Y 2
68 6
6.1. 69 6.1 1. (a) (b) (c) R a RMS 2. (a) 1 1.03 1.1 1.2 (b) SEM
6.2. 70 6.2 SEM Y
71
72 4
73
74 [1]..., 1994. [2]. Era-4000. [3].., 1993. [4] A.J.Paullay B.B.Mandelbrot, D.E.Passoja. Fractal character of fracture surfaces of metals. Nature, Vol. 1308, pp. 721 722, 1984. [5].. Master s thesis,, 1998. [6].., 1988. [7].., 1986. [8].., 1987. [9].., 1975. [10].., 1970. [11].., 2, 1986. [12].. PhD thesis,, 1998. [13].. I., 1991. [14] Benoit B.Mandelbrot.., 1985. [15] C.R.Brooks. -., 1999.
75 [16]..
76 1 76 11 2 4 80238