takeishi@fri.fujitsu.com 2004 500kW 2005 50kW 26% 2000 3 2004 4 2005 6 9 74 2005 75 2005 2002 1
2002 7 2005 2002 2008 5
2004 500kW 2005 50kW 26% 2000 3 2004 4 2005 6 9 74 2005 75 2005 9 2000 1
3 2
2003 2000 3 a b c a 2002 3
ab c 2002 9 7 8 2002 a b Reserve Margin kwh 4
2000 4 1 2,000W 2000 4/1 2000 10/1 2001 4/1 2001 10/1 2002 4/1 9/30 2001 9/30 3/31 2002 9/30 3/31 6,586 6,586 6,610 6,548 7,008 5,653 5,959 5,851 6,136 5,958 85.8 90.5 88.5 93.7 85.0 2002 4 2 kwh 2000 10 2002 7 9 50 2002 9 2002 7 9 16 14 2 2002 7 9 2 12 8 5
ln( ) ln GDP ln ln ( ) ln GDP ln 2000 4 2001 79 6
2000 4 2001 9 2001 9 1 2002 79 4 2000 4 2002 79 3 2000 4 2001 79 2000 4 2002 79 2000 4 2001 79 1 2000 4 2002 79 7
70 80 ln( ) lngdp ln ln( ) lngdp ln 8
3 9
2000 3 2004 2005 10
8 2002 8 2000 2002 5 7 11
2002 12 27 2010 2002 12 2005 2009 RTO Regional Transmission Organization PXPower Exchange 12
10 2004 2005 2 500kW 2000kW B 500kW 2 4 2005 A50kW 500kW 50kW 500kW A 27 50kW 500kW 43 A B 10 2002 2000kW 13
26 25 2000 2002 2 6 14
11 1975 100 2001 1975 3 1.5 2.5 12 12 2000 23 2011 14 3 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 12 2 2 15
kwh H14.03 13 13 14 18 23 23 13 16
202 kw 435 kw 62 kw 50 kw 30 kw 10 kw 23 2011 98 2 3 90 90 5.3%4.2% 3 1989 1999 3% 1999 2010 1.6% 10 10 1989 1999 3%1999 2010 1.7% 10 17
14 2000 1995 7% 19% 2002 2003 15 2 70 90 2002 2003 TW 18
4 12 10 410 LNG 40 45% 80% 5.9 kwh LNG 6.4 kwh 6.5 kwh 10.2 kwh13.6 kwh 4 40 LNG 15 16 LNG 9 kwh 10 kwh 13 kwh 1kW 60 6 kw 19 9 31 kw 12 12 3 10 128.02 19
10 1992 10 1992 20
16 1984 2 21
6 1981 2000 1.99% 1.57% 1.48% 1.39% 0.170.26 0.70 80 90 1.4 1.5 80 1 90 7 5 1981 2000 3 8 5 2,625 1,299 1,096 16 5 22
2000 17 1 15 500 50 60 1 1 2 23
9 2002 kwh 2001 2002 ) 9 24
2001 2002 9 18 19 10 20 11 13 3 1 5 25
10 26
21 22 21 22 1999 100 21 9 9 1999 100 27
2002 3 23 (2002 3 (2002 3 ) 28
23 24 70 57 25 2 29
2000 12 5 5 26 9 30
90 90 2000 13 9.8 4.5 4.3 2 10 34 2000 31
14 5 6 20 5 3 5 15 2003 7,500 1999 1 4 3 3,100 2006 8 1,000 3 4 3,000 1 2 60 877 4,000 32
16 2001 17 30 NTT 2 1 4 5 6 13 17 23 33
34
18 2000 9 1.82 2.2 1 35
19 2001 9 9.9 3 4.6 4 4.4 11 2.6 13 2.6 19 2 20 30 5.5 4 2.3 5 2.1 6 1.4 8 1.2 9 1.1 36
21 6 2001 3 21 2002 3 10 37
2002 3 10 2001/08/08 22 2,000 2002/01/07 23 30 2000 3,700 4 1,500 5 1,400 7 1,000 8 880 9 660 14 400 16 380 23 320 38
2001/08/01 2000 27 70 2001 39
28 40
kwh kwh 29 30 kwh 29 30 30 30 kwh 1 24 41
24 2 kwh2.6 kwh 2 kwh3.6 kwh 4.5 kwh 1kWh 16 1 400 24 2000 1 80 10 11 8 kwh 6 kwh kwh 2 kwh 1.5 kwh 1 kwh 4 kwh 80 2000 42
25 12 12 kwh 19.47 kwh 23.54 2000 10 17.66 22.99 H 26 26 30 30 43
2000-2010 44
30 2010 19 kwh 14 kwh 2002 7 2005 2009 5 2005 2008 10 31 31 Wh 27 45
Wh 27 kwh 2000 46
33 2010 2010 kwh 34 2005 5 2009 5 2002 5 2004 5 47
2010 5 2002 2008 5 48
WG WG 2002 12 2004 500kW 2005 50kW 2005 2000 2000 3 2004 2005 2002 1 2002 7 2005 2002 2008 5 49
50
2002 pp.12-332002 13 51 2002 13 2002 2002 Richard Mattoon, The Electricity System at the Crossroads---Policy Choices and Pitfalls, Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1Q/2002. Stefan Stern, David Harding, Profits and Perils of Public Private Partnerships, Euromoney, February 2002. Stoft, Steven, 2002, Power System Economics Designing Markets for Electricity, IEEE Press http://www.energy.gov/ http://www.ferc.gov/ http://www.meti.go.jp/ http://www.fepc.or.jp/ http://www.hepco.co.jp/japanese/index.html http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/ http://www.tepco.co.jp/ http://www.rikuden.co.jp/ http://www.chuden.co.jp/ http://www.kepco.co.jp/indexj.htm http://www.yonden.co.jp/ http://www.energia.co.jp/japanese/index_j.html http://www.kyuden.co.jp/ http://criepi.denken.or.jp/ 51
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