13 2002 8 ERINA

1 2 1 1. 1956 1960 19561960 1960 1970 197174 197579 1980 1980 1990 1980 1984 1980 1986 1990 2 1 199192 1 8 2 2000 9 11 2000 3

3 1 2 3

1 21 2001 2000 10 3 1995 2000 6 2001 2000 6 11 2000 7 15 2001 1 2001 EU 1999 MD 2001 9 11 911 Preemptive attack 5 2 2002 3,310 2007 4,510 5 4,080 2002 1 1 2 2002 3 9 2002 3 10 2002 3 13 1

2001 11 3 2002 3 ODA 2004 2006 ODA 50 ODA New Compact for Development 2002 25 3 911 2 5 1996 97 99 2001 2002 3 1994 KEDO 10 (JBIC) 1995 50 35 15 1996 1.5 1997 3 2002 6 9 2001 10 2002 5 6 7 10 2

6.7 2000 10 2001 50 2001 10 2002 4 2002 4 7 31 2002 6 11 1990 4 2002 3 22 3

2 12 1991 1 2 3 4

1963.9 1 1 1950 1960 2 1 1956 1960 1956 9 1961 19561960 1955. 1 1955. 2.25 1955.10.15 3 1955.10.24 1956.3.6 1956.9.27 1957.9.27 1958.5.10 1959.6.25 1961.4.1 1962.11 1963.2.27 5

1950 1952 4 53 7 5 Containment deterrence 1954 12 1955 2 25 6 1956 2 5 6 1955 2 26 6

20 71956-58 1950 1955 3 8 1955 10 15 3 23 10 19 60 10 20 7 1956 8 1958 8 1955 3 4 7

9 1955 10 24 11 61,000 5,800 10 11 1955 11 12 9 1955 10 21 10 1970 p54 11 1990 p47 12 1951 6 8

1956 3 6 1993 1956 4 1955 10 24 1956 6 9 27 1 3,000 1956 11... 1957 2 1 1957 9 27 3 600 1,200 3,360 9

1958 4 22 1,200 700 5 10 1956 9 1956 60 57 413 58 405 131958 9 26 1 1959 5 9 3 1959 1959 6 1959 12 15 13 1958 7 19 10

14 1959 12 31 1960 309 185 494 1960 196165 1960 1960 7 15 4 1959 1960 4 3 20 4 17 16 1960 10 3000 1961 3 1961 1962 11 14 1959 12 15 8 13 15 16 11

1962 11 1963 9 1964 6 1963 2 27 17 1964 2 1 3 12 2 1965 2 7 3 3 2 18 1962 4 1960 1961 5 1961 900 1965 3,100 1961 500 1965 1,650 19 17 1965 8 22 1967 1 11 18 1965 6 19 1963 36,000 12

1964 1965 1965 5 78 20 360 98 2 5,000 1 196670 3 1964 11 1965 6 1966 10 3 2 1965 1 8,000 1968 6 300 2 1965 1,650 1967 637 20 21 1966 10 2 1968 B52 1964 35 1965 42 20 1965 6 8 1967 8 31 21 1970 p38 13

1969 3 1969 22 1966 8 1971 1968 1966 2,770 1968 5,500 1967 637 1968 2,075 1970 2,334 1960 1-1. 1960 22 271984 p250 14

1968 35.6 1969 48.9 1969 1967 10.2 68 10.4 69 5.6 1-2. 1971 12 1970 197174 1970 1971 9 1971 7 15

23 1971 6 1971 11 234 1972 1 24 1976 1976 1.52 8 1957 9 5 25 1972 2 11 3 3 26 1972 7 74 1972 7 1972 23 5 1971 8 10 24 1972 1 25 1972 2 p6-7 25 1972 4 p4-5 26 1972 4 p3 16

3 27 28 1972 10 21 7 25 22 1973 4050 1974 1 1972 11 12 29 500600 30 31 1970 32 1961 1966 1969 27 1973 1 21 28 1972 10 18 1972 10 19 29 25 1997 11 2002 17 30 1974 657 571 86.9 1975 31 1955 1972 32 17

1970 1973 2 12 1975 3 6 1973 8 1974 3 6,000 1971 6 1972 1986 1973 1974 50 300 1 1974 735 2.5 40 1974 317 43 13 23.6 80 33 1974 317 31 16 14 13 8.5 7.6 1-3. 1970 33 1975 3 p2-9 18

197579 1970 1973 8 9 34 1974 8 1975 1975 6 1975 8 1969 1976 12 35 1973 10 1 1975 46.5 1.7 1974 1974 12 12 1976 12 36 1978 23 7.5 1977 3 16 34 148 1973 9 p2-5 35 1977 5 36 1977 1 1 130 p14-15 19

1979 10 2 800 1980 89 10 LIBOR+1.25% 1983 4 3 1983 6 0.9 100 300 371983 7 6.1 38 1-3 1974 1,050 76 500 1978 600 1979 1980 1,260 1978 2 7 1979 138 22 105 17 86 14 114 35 86 26 68 21 1-4. 1980 4 1 37 1983 38 90 10 20

1980 1980 1980 1990 1980 1980 1980 10 6 1983 圳 1984 1 7 3 (1984 9 ) 1982 11 1983 1 40 1983 10 1984 1 21

1984 56 1961 23 39 1985 1 27 3 40 1985 1 1986 7 41 1970 1980 1980 2 7 197884 1980 1,000 4 1986 41 1987 39 1984 10 1984 12 1984 11 9 40 1985 2 1 p2 41 1986 7 p4 22

1985 1985 9 42 43 198586 1986 1987 1996 56 44 1986 30 1986 9 300 1980 1985 1986 12 198790 1985 1988 8.9 19.2 45 1991 1990 42 1985 9 G5 5 1 260 1 120 43 1987 2 p1-2 44 1986 1990 45 Valentin I. Moiseyev, USSR-North Korea Economic cooperation, a paper presented at the International Symposium on the North Korean Economy, Sep. 30- Oct.2, 1991, Seoul 23

1-1. KOTRA 1990 1990 1991 2 46 1993 2000 1990 1991 4 471992 5 10 7 1992 5 14 1993 7 46 1992 12 47 1991 4 p6-7 24

1980 1990 1999 2000 1980 1980 1985 1986 1980 1-2. 19702001 2001 50 1,122 25

26 1.5. 19802001 2001 50 1,122 1-3. 19802001

27 1986 1980 48 1980 1990 1980 1994 1992 1-4. 48 1986

49 1983 7 6.1 2000 7.1 6.3 19.5 936 1995 76.53 OECD 1988 41.8 95 78.52 98 74.3 1-6 1995 120 98 121 50 1987 8 1-6. OECD, External Debt Statistics, Historical Data 1988-1999, 2000 49 1989 8 p169-175 50 GDP 28

IMF 2.2 GDP 695 51 IBRD KOTRA GDP DSR 1-7 1998 1999 GDP GDP 714 700 1999 DSR 10 1-7. DSR GDP DSR(Debt Service Ratio) KOTRA IBRD,External Debt Statistics, Historical Data 1988-1999KOTRA GDP 2 51 IMF 1998 29

1995 321 9 5,000 52 1968 1-8. 1996 2001 1996 2001 1996 2001 8/kg 8/kg 6.52/kg 4.30/kg 3.9% 3.9% 3.1% 1.2% 5.0% 5.0% 4.3% 3.0% 16.8% 15.7% 7.8% 15.6% 12.7% 10.0% 10.0% 4.6% 9.2% 8.3% 4.3% 4.3% 4.1% 3.4% 11.2% 11.2% 5.6% - 10.6% 9.0% 9.0% 4.5% - 8.5% 11.2% 11.2% 5.6% - 10.6% 11.2% 11.2% 5.6% - 10.6% WTO 3 5 1996 2001 COCOM 1996 52 1996 2 30

53 2002 1980 1980 1990 1984 1980 1984 9 1979 54 1990 1984 55 53 33 110 54 1984 10 15 1984 10 15 297 p9-13 55 31

1 50 56 1985 1 6 5 9 1987 3 7 57 1-9 3 1-9. 1985 9 16 1991 JETRO 56 1987 4 8 57 ARC 1987 p32 32

1989 9 5 58 1989 10 59 1-10. 1989 9 27 9 2 1 1 2 1 10 53 1989 9 15 1986 1984 1986 2 28 40 1986 6 60 9 58 1989 9 4 5 59 1989 10 p6 60 1987 4 33

1986 11 120 61 30 62 10 1989 4 1992 120 1 70 58.3 63 100 64 1990 65 1995 1 61 1986 9 p7-9 62 1994 10 63 1993 8 p42 64 1994 65 1992 11 9 3 1 1994 34

2001 8 2 1-11. 7 8 10 8 37 5.5 5.5 19 2002 3 1990 1990 1991 12 35

2 1991 UNIDO 83 15 6,130 8 8.700 UNDP 1992 1994 1994 10 1990 1990 50 1998 8,800 66 1998 20 Emperor Group 6 Loxley Pacific Co.,Ltd 2,800 1998 20 1,000 2000 7 5 2 2 2 67 2,400 4,600 2,000 1 2001 66 UNDP Tumen Secretariat, Tumen Update, Issue 2, Jan.2000 67 2000.7 36

1990 1994 KEDO 2 10 1995 1995 ODA 15 35 10 20 10 2 20 3 50 11 1996 1996 WFP 1996 1.5 600 1997 6.7 2,700 2000 10 3,500 2001 50 1 600 9 2,292 1,122 2000 10 1990 1991 7 22 68 1991 12 1324 1992 2 7-8 92 1991 12 1980 1990 1996 68 3 1991 7 23 37

69 199092 19956 1995 11 96 2 4 70 1996 7 101 64 1996 9 163 100-1998 10 2001 2002 2001 2001.5.710 10 712002 2002.5.6-9 72 18 1-12. 2002 IT 2002 6 69 1996 1998 70 1996 6 7 71 2001 5 p4-9 72 2002 5 p4-6 38

1950 1970 1956 1961 1970 1980 1985 1980 900 2000 1990 1999 1984 1991 39

40

2 1 199192 1 8 1991 1980 1988 7 7 1989 1 25 1990 9 73 45 74 3 75199192 8 73 1990 1991 1 10 74 1990 10 5 75 1991 1 25 41

2-1. 1 8 1990 11 12 1 1991 1 45 IAEA 2 1991 3 3 1991 5 4 1991 8 5 1991 11 36 45 1991 1 26 42

6 1992 1 7 1992 5 8 1992 11 199192 2-2. 199192 1989 1990 3 1990 3 45 199192 43

3 5 45 1992 1 76 3 1965 3 195 1948 12 12 195 77 38 38 1951 9 21 Korea 78 76 1991 12 1992 1 1991 9 1992 1 IAEA IAEA 77 Resolution on Korea for the United General Assembly Establishing the U.N. Commission on Korea, December 12, 1948 78 21 44

79 1991 5 3 3 3 3 8 1992 8 9 10 1992 11 1993 1993 3 NPT 2 2000 9 11 1993 1999 1993 3 NPT 5 2930 1994 10 1993 8 1996 1 1995 3 79 45

1995 8 15 50 1995 50 1996 1 80 81 1996 82 1995 2 EASR Joseph S. Nye 10 1995 11 1996 10 1997 9 1999 5 80 1997 ARF APEC 1997 11 81 1996 1 1 1999 6 Trilateral Coodination and Oversight Group, TCOG 82 1996 8 p22 46

1995 83 1996 84 85 1996 1997 1998 8 31 1 KEDO KEDO 10 1999 11 2 1997 1997 8 9 1 1997 11 12 2 1998 6 7 10 8 1999 3 20 1999 8 1999 12 2 83 1995 12 5 84 1996 2 4 85 1996 7 26 47

1999 86 1999 5 5 1999 12 2000 3 2000 4 7 9 2000 9 19912 55 199192 9 2000 1995 86 1999 10 12 1999 3 (TCOG) 48

2000 3 2-3. 9 11 9 2000 4 4 10 2000 8 11 2000 10 2-4.2000 49

199192 11 2001 12 27 3 2002 3 22 2002 87 2002 4 2930 3 2002 7 9 ARF 2002.7.31 87 2002 4 5 50

88 88 1996 8 p23 51

3 1 1961 1980 1970 1972 11 1980 89 1998 7 2000 7 22 NGO BOT 89 2002 7 30 8 1 2002 8 7 52

ADB APEC WTO IMF 90 8 2 91 90 2000 7 31 91 2 53

1975 1986 9 300 3-1 3-1. L/C 500 L/C L/C www.nexi.go.jp 2001 4 54

3-2. www.nexi.go.jp 3 92 ILC 93 92 1. 2. ILC 10 93 55

2 OOFOthe Official Flows 94 JBIC 95 3-1. S/C B/L B/C http://www.jbic.go.jp 3-3 1. 2. 10 94 OOF ODA 95 1999 10 56

3-3. http://www.jbic.go.jp 96 1980 96 1976 15 2000 284 1997 57

1984 1999 2000 2000.5.13 35 2000.12.26 1978 2001.4.19 1504 2001.8.24 44 2002.3.27 10 5 24 97 7 10 3 50 98 9 11 1977 97 18 95 2001 4 26 98 58

< > 3-2. 2002 5 < > ( 92.12.11 ) ( 99.3.4 ) ( 99.1.28 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 94. 5.25 ) ( 95. 2. 2 ) ( 00.3.11 ) < ( 99.2.4 ) ( 02.3.27 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 00.3.11 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 94.6.27 ) ( 01.5.17 ) ( 94. 2.21 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 94.12.24 ) ( 99.5.8 ) ( 99.7.21 ) ( 98.12.10 ) ( 94. 9. 7 ) ( 99.2.26 ) ( 00.10.27 ) ( 99.3.13 ) 00.2.19 ( 99.3.21 ) ( 99.12.4 ) 00.10.27 ( 00.12.26 ) ( 00.4.19 ) < > ( 99.2.26 ) 99.3.6 99.3.21 00.4.29 00.9.23 00.10.27 00.10.27 00.5.13 00.12.8 ( 01.8.24 ) 59

2 2 1 50100 99 50 1965 5 GDP35.7 14 2001 GDP 50 GDP157 32 1 (a) 1 2 1 6 99 1965 2 2000 8 67.2 2000.10.18 90 2000.10.26 50 30 10 50100 2000 6 60

ODA 100 10 9 2000 3-4 101 ODA 3-4. 196675 3 2 391 197075 884 3.45 7,432 3 9,600 138.3 10 20 75 360 63.3 196675 8.24 FDI 196675 3.97 FDI 61.7 1976 30 1993 100 2001 10 ODA ODA 2001 10 http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/seisaku_3/sei_3f.html 101 12 2001 4 61

102 104 73.8 103 2000 5,214km 80.3 98 40 15 13 5 4 63.4km/ 3040 km/ 23,963km(2001 ) 8 724km(2000 ) 50km 3,530 (2000 85 3-5. (t/) ( ) 800 (300) 2 300 1.5 (110) 200 400 (320) 2 169 1 (40) 750 2.5 (300) 240 1 (100) 100 1.5 1999 12 102 2000 103 2001 1 147 104 2001 12 62

33 IATA 2000 71.7 16.2 7.1 105 UNESCO 1991 3,600 TOE 2000 1,600 TOE 3-3. 19912000 Nguyen Xuan Luong, Ralph Wahnschafft(2002) 147 1990 3,315 2001 2,310 106 105 2001 12 27 106 1989 2001 GDP 2002.5.14 63

1997 450 8 107 108 200 峴 150 350 70 1989 300 1990 100 1996 KEDO 50 1997 50 2001 125.1 2000 755.2 kw 60.8 39.2 194 kwh 102 kwh 92 kwh 29 109 1944 179 kw 81.4 kwh 110 111 KEDO 200 kw 2002 7 23 2008 2030 112 113 107 1998 1 7 108 2002 8 3 400 109 2001 12 29 1997 630 kw 320 310 70 kw 95 kw 1997.7.4 110 1986 362 111 160 kw 50 kw 6.16 20 kw 20 kw 15 112 3050 30 2000 58 kw IEA 16 IEA, Energy Balance of Non-OECD Countries, 1996~97, 1999 Edition 1994p49-50 113 1996 6 60Hz 59.8 Hz 64

1998 110 4.8 1980 1,400km 21 COCOM 1946 23.2 59.1 1964 62.3 19.3 114 1970 115 56.7 Hz 220V 200V 177V 5.8 24.3 302 1996.10.19 114 1986 124 115 1970.11.12 65

6.4 2.2 11.4 19.4 15.3 3-6. 1949 1956 1965 1975 1980 1.6 5.1 8.1 11.0 8.1 9.5 2.5 0.3 1.3 4.0 6.8 21.3 5.4 5.9 2.9 2.6 16.8 13.2 16.6 0.3 1.1 2.8 9.8 29.0 7.2 6.3 - - 16.8 10.4-1985 0.4 - - - 31.4 9.0 - - - 16.0 13.0-0.7 1.5 8.0 12.0 33.7 9.5 9.5 1.0 1.0 15.0 10.0 6.4 30 1945 1950 197080 90 1990 336.4 2001 106.2 116 3-7. / 1999 1954 216.7 240.0 147.0 1938 5 1999 98km 1958 114.2 144.5 75.0 1918 1 1999 1955 48.0 72.6 41.5 1945 7,500 1999 542.1 600.2 403.7 2000 116 2001 GDP 2002 5 14 66

1945 1950 9 8.8 29.5 1915 1938 1987 3-8. / 41.4 45 7080 35 110 100 1981 1982 25.0 1983 20.0 1984 1974 1999 90.4 87.5 295 20 2000 20 117 1950 117 2000 88 67

510 kw 26 LG 5 1970 1980 1985 351.4 1990 119.5 2001 54.6 1970 6 68

3-9. 1999 18 t 35 1927 133 t 7.7 6 10 1933 5 15 1940 10 20 1943 7.5 5 2 1919 3 3 2.8 1935 5 t 10 3 5 1938 1989 1979 2000 5 7 40 6 1 3 118 2.8 1999 17.7 10 2.7 119 60 1948 1.4 118 1956 119 2000 393 69

70 1980 3-10 3-10. KEDO

2002 3 27 10 5 2002 120 1998 9 116 3-11 109 3-11. UNDP,UNIDO, 1998 7 120 1960 4 7 1963 9 5 71

2000 3-12 3-12. EU EU KOTRA EU 2001 11 21 EU 2002 5 121 5 3-13 121 12 ERINA 2001 4 72

3-13. 1976 IBRD ADB ODA 1995 3 122 50 9 122 1995 United Nations (1995), World Summit for Social Development, 6-12 march 1995 73

60 3-14 3-14. 6 300 1 50 3 150 8 400 12 kw 2 100 20 1,000 3 150 CNC 3 150 3 150 6 300 15 750 5 250 IT 5 250 10 500 10 500 10 500 5 250 5 250 5 250 45 2,250 3 150 2 100 5 250 5 250 100 5,000 74

75 3-4. ODA 1999 ODA 153.9 ODA 68.2 123 TRADP 123 1999 2000 10

3-14 TRADP TRADP Aid Cordination Group EU UNDP ODA 124 3-15 ADB ADB ADB 124 KIEP INKDAGInterim North KoreaDevelopment Assistance Group KIEP 00-052000 12 76

ADB ADF IDA 125 ODA ADB Engagement Policy NEADB 126 1991 127 10 NGO 2000 7 6 128 NEADB 125 ADF IDA 0.51 35 40 80 126 NEADB 2002 7 127 128 2001.7.6 203 77

3-15. ~ EU 3 3-162001 12 23 16 2.9 1.8 1.4 129 2000 9 18 2000 12 4 200 kw 50 kw 129 50 10 / / 78

3-16. 2001 12 95.5.17 512 512.0 97.5.22 580 552.7 97.11.14 311 191.2 98.3.13 47 6.4 98.6.18 1,660 410.0 LG / 98.8.28 65 1.3 Korea Land 98.8.28 60 20.0 98.9.7 18,739 14,243.0 98.11.11 13 11.9 00.1.7 5,403 1,440.5 S/W 00.3.13 154 98.7 HanaBiz.Com S/W 01.7.8 200 32.4 Entrac S/W 01.8.22 400 28.5 G-Hanshin 01.10.16 290 58.0 01.11.21 48 - Hun Net 01.12.29 20-28,702 17,606.6 100 10 79

2002 7 130 2002 3 10 5 9 131 130 1kg 80 8 40 44 100 / 2,0006,000 / 1980 131 1992 5 80

3-5 3-5. 3-17 81

3-17. 1994 3-18. 7 1997 1997 82

132 1984 133 Positive Process 134 1950 1960 132 1970 133 12 1984.10.20. 134 1965 9 23 1965 9 23 83

1997 4 ADB 2000 8 1999 Positive Process 2002 3 84

1 2 3 85

1. 1 1976 50 1995 5 2001 12 GDP 30 1993 1986 1986 1994 2001 4 26 2000 10 1993 1998 12 KOTRA EU 2001 11 21 1979 194519821983 1996 12 25 2 1992 1998 3 1 1994 2000 4 2001 1985 KOTRA 92-20 1992 2000 1999 1994 12 2001 4 Research Paper 98-01 1998 86

KIEP 00-052000 12 34 2 1994 2 1961 1970 1970 11 12 3 1975 3 3 1978 1992 12 1984 10 1984 12 2. 1970 1987 1987 2 1975 8 1969 8 3 1972 7 1996 8 1999 2000 10 1975 www.nexi.go.jp 87

1966 8 1972 1967 25 1997 11 ARC 1987 p32 1993 1997 1988 194519922001 1993 8 1994 10 1991 JETRO 2002 7 2001 1 40 1996 5,6,7 1997 JETRO 3. IBRDExternal Debt Statistics, Historical Data 1988-1999 IEA, Energy Balance of Non-OECD Countries, 1996~97, 1999 Edition Nguyen Xuan Luong, Ralph Wahnschafft(2002) North-East Asia:Perspectives for Inter-Country Cooperation in Energy Sector Development, prepared for the International Workshop on Energy Security and Sustainable Development in Northeast Asia, co-organized by the ERINA(Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia) and the KEEI(Korea Energy Economics Institute), March 29-31, 2002 UNDP Tumen Secretariat, Tumen Update, Issue 2, January 2000, p 5 UNDP,UNIDO, 1998 7 United Nations (1995), World Summit for Social Development, 6-12 march 1995 UNDP, Human Development Report 2001 Valentin I. Moiseyev, USSR-North Korea Economic cooperation, a paper presented at the International Symposium on the North Korean Economy, Sep. 30- Oct.2, 1991, Seoul 88