45 2013 2014 3 49 63 ブータンにおける大学入学者選抜に関する一考察

51 ブータンにおける大学入学者選抜に関する一考察 1 Gross National Happiness GNH 1997 1998 2006 189 200910 5 Gross National Happiness Commission 2009 pp.78-79 2000 1990

52 45 2012 2006 1999 202008 1 2 3 tertiary education 19601970 1 Sherubtse College 1968 1976 1978 1983 19863 30 2 1Institute of Language and Culture Studies, ILCS 1961

2013 53 1989 Rigzhung College 1997 35 Dzongkha 3 2011 Samtse College of Education 1968 Paro College of Education 1975 Jigme Namgyel Polytechnic 1972 National Institute of Traditional Medicine 1971 Royal Institute of Health Sciences 1974 4 4 1981-198619992020 Bhutan 2020 National University 2007 2020 Planning Commission, 1999, p.60, p.71 200310 Royal University of Bhutan Royal University of Bhutan, 2010, p.2 2011Royal Civil Service Commission 2011 10 2013 30

54 45 2013 6 5,300 10 3 1 1.58 2013 9 118 220 12 7 5 Royal University of Bhutan 2012 pp.1-10 Association of Indian Universities AIU AIU 150 45 195 6 2 8 391 118 509 105 25 130 50 10 60 265 79 344 330 99 429 240 48 288 92 30 122 533 232 765 2,162 688 2,850 Royal University of Bhutan, Admission into Tertiary Education Programmes for 2013 Academic Year http://www.rub.edu.bt/images/admission/criteriarub.pdf 2013/05/20 2009 Royal Thimphu College 6 Affiliated Colleges 4 20137 10 4,800 16 6 7 3,600 35 8 2013

2013 55 Bhutan Qualification Framework 1 PP6 7 12 6 2 36 8 1012 12 Bhutan Higher Secondary Education Certificate examinations BHSEC-XII examinations 12 Bhutan Council for School Examinations and Assessment BCSEA 1978Council for Indian School Certificate Examination CISCE 34 25 Ministry of Education 2005 p.17 1993 Bhutan Board of Examinations BBE 2006 2011 BCSEA AIUCouncil of the Boards of School Education in India COBSE 8 ILCS Higher Secondary School HSS 9 12 LCSCE XII 1996 BBE 12 BHSEC-XII examinations Rigzhung 15 LCSCE XII

56 45 Choenjug Sumtag Nyengag Dazhung 12 8 100 40 10 2003 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 11 12 BHSEC-XII examinations LCSCE XII 212 12 4 4 10 12 2013 10050 40 1 5 4 1 3 1 100 1,400 12 2013 2013 3 4 12 12 4 50 50 2

2013 57 1 B.Sc. 12 50 40 5 B.Sc. 12 55 7 B.A. 10 B.A. 12 B.A. 12 55 BHSCE 12 60 40 12 60 4 1 3 1 1 5 3 2 1 5 3 2 1 5 3 3 1 ILCS 12 ILCS 4 3 3 55 3 60 5 12 60 55 60 12 65 55 49 21 42 18 Royal University of Bhutan, Admission into Tertiary Education Programmes for 2013 Academic Year http://www. rub.edu.bt/images/admission/criteriarub.pdf 2013/05/20 5 3 3 1 1 4 5 2 1 5 3 1 49 34 BHSCE 15 ILCS 21 49 21 24 11

58 45 20132013 3 11 13 2,605 ID HSS 14 2,6051,480 56.8 1,125 43.2 2012 12 48 HSS 7,858 4,284 3,574 15 54.5 73.2 71.6 42.4 Regular Supplementary Past-year 16 2,562 17 1,908 654 74.5 6 90.8 88.1 86.0 63.2 68.9 2,6052,157 82.8 448 17.2 688 24.1

2013 59 23.1( 45/ 195) 197 150 47 23.9 25.0( 2/ 8) 6 6 0 0.0 23.2(118/ 509) 505 391 114 22.6 19.2( 25/ 130) 136 109 27 19.9 16.7( 10/ 60) 59 49 10 16.9 23.0( 79/ 344) 313 262 51 16.3 23.1( 99/ 429) 365 331 34 9.3 16.7( 48/ 288) 270 231 39 14.4 24.6( 30/ 122) 124 92 32 25.8 30.3(232/ 765) 630 536 94 14.9 24.1(688/2,850) 2,605 2,157 448 17.2 75.5 69.4 Ugyen Academy 1 258Nima 167Yangchenphug 150 ILCS 123 Rinchen 117Kuengaa 105 Yangchenphug ILCS 2 4 64 1050.7 201212 2012 12 98.1 Nangkor 3.2 Prince Namgay Wangchuk

60 45 85.6 75.3 71.1 74.8 67.4 54.2 80.4 79.1 77.9 - - - 88.3 75.0 70.6 70.5 67.4 64.9 76.5 64.3 59.8 66.5 58.2 52.8 68.3 63.4 61.2 56.9 55.3 54.0 71.4 61.9 56.9 56.9 51.8 43.1 79.3 64.0 54.9 61.2 56.8 52.3 81.6 65.2 53.0 70.7 62.6 59.2 75.7 64.9 61.7 62.2 58.8 54.5 87.2 66.9 53.7 68.7 59.4 51.7 GNH 12

2013 61 1 1978 2 Sherubtse History http://www.sherubtse.edu.bt/?q=sherubtse-history 2013 9 12 3 2000ILCS http://www.ilcs.edu.bt/index.php/aboutus 2013 9 12 4 http://www.rub.edu.bt/index.php/colleges/constituent-colleges 2013 9 12 51 GNI 2,4202012 47,8802012 20 1 6 http://www.rtc. bt/ 2013 9 12 7 South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation; SAARC 8 9 Higher Secondary School 12 8 Lower Secondary School 10 Middle Secondary School Higher Secondary School 10 2012 9 24 ILCS Ngawang Dean, Research & External Linkages 11 The Wheel of Academic Law http://www.rub.edu.bt/regulation/ 2013 9 13 12The Wheel of Academic Law 13http://www.rub.edu.bt/ index.php/news-a-events/156-results 2013 5 20 Ngawang 14 Ngawang

62 45 15 Policy and Planning Division 2012 48 7,858 16 Ngawang 17Private 38 4 3 1 1 2006 2000 7 11-31 R. P. 1978 2012 183-195 Gross National Happiness Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan. (2009). Tenth Five Year Plan: 2008-2013, Gross National Happiness Commission (http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/five-year-plan/ 2013 9 12 ). Ministry of Education, Royal Government of Bhutan. (2005). General Statistics 2005, Ministry of Education. Planning Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan. (1999). Bhutan 2020 (PartII), Planning Commission (http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/2011/05/bhutan-2020-a-vision-for-peace-prosperity-happiness-2/ 2013 9 12 ). Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Education. (2012). Annual Education Statistics 2012, Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Education. Royal University of Bhutan. (2010). Prospectus 2010-11, Royal University of Bhutan. Royal University of Bhutan. (2012). Annual Report 2011, Royal University of Bhutan (http://www.rub.edu.bt/ images/key-documents/annual-reports/annual_report_2011.pdf 2013 9 12 ).

2013 The University Admission System in Bhutan 63 Hirotaka NANBU The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in South Asia, four decades ago adopted Gross National Happiness (GNH) as the principle of nation building. It has started building a modern nation and has strengthened links with global networks, especially since the end of the 20 th century. In this process, priority has been given to the expansion of tertiary education by establishing the Royal University of Bhutan in 2003; approving the University to admit self-finance students; and approving building a private college as an affiliated college of the University. The purpose of this article is to clarify the framework of the university admission system in Bhutan and to analyze the actual results of selection under this system in the changing social circumstances. Bhutan has a national examination system, including examinations for classes six, eight, ten, and twelve. The examination for class twelve is now conducted by the Bhutan Council for School Examinations and Assessment. Admission of students to the University is generally based on the results of the examination for class twelve. All programs in the colleges have their own special admission requirements on the basis of common minimum requirements set by the University. Analysis of the 2013 admission selection reveals that the male-female ratio of selected students; the ratio of new graduates from higher secondary schools to selected students; and a range of examination results vary between colleges, and that all of 48 higher secondary schools have produced many or some selected students, while the graduates from only 10 higher secondary schools have occupied over 50% of all selected students. Associate Professor, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University