October 2013 A 13 2 c 1 1979 A 13 2 b c 1 2012 9 160 2 33 2 OECD 1 2 35.3 OECD 34 29 70.0 50.426 64.7 OECD 30.0 2.2 OECD GDP 2 0.5 31 31 OECD 1.1 45 3 3 1 1 2 200 400 2 1 2 400 600 600 800 13 2 c 2013 OECD 2010
117 1 OECD 2009 1 96.1 3.9 3.0 m m 2 95.8 4.2 n 3 95.4 4.6 m 4 92.0 8.0 7.4 0.6 5 89.8 10.2 n 10.2 6 89.7 10.3 5.5 4.8 3.9 7 87.7 12.3 2.9 9.4 8.8 8 85.1 14.9 10.8 4.2 9 84.4 15.6 m 10 83.8 16.2 13.8 2.4 m 11 83.1 16.9 9.7 7.3 m 12 80.2 19.8 18.2 1.6 13 79.9 20.1 8.8 11.3 m 14 79.1 20.9 16.8 4.1 1.7 15 72.0 28.0 14.9 13.1 0.4 16 70.9 29.1 22.3 6.8 m 17 70.0 30.0 11.7 18.3 2 18 69.7 30.3 22.8 7.5 m 19 68.7 31.3 30.9 0.4 1.8 20 68.6 31.4 23.8 7.6 8.5 21 67.9 32.1 32.1 m m 22 62.9 37.1 20.2 16.9 m 23 58.2 41.8 27.3 14.6 5 24 45.4 54.6 39.1 15.4 0.5 25 38.1 61.9 45.3 16.6 m 26 35.3 64.7 50.7 14.1 m 27 29.6 70.4 58.1 12.3 10.8 28 26.1 73.9 49.2 24.8 1.4 29 23.4 76.6 68.1 8.5 9.3 OECD 70.0 Education at a Glance 2012 : OECD Indicators 1 2 m 2 OECD GDP 2009 No. GDP No. GDP No. GDP No. GDP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 31 0.5 OECD 1.1
October 2013 2,500,000 2,400,000 2,300,000 2,200,000 2,100,000 2,000,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 60 % 50 40 30 20 1 2,378,000 2,049,000 1,846,000 2,255,000 1,982,000 1,961,000 1,787,000 2,302,000 1,747,000 1,667,000 1,683,000 1,704,000 H22 H23 H24 56.5 37.7 30.0 27.2 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 2011 2012 2 57.5 36.6 29.0 25.7 H22 H23 H24 1 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 58.4 35.7 28.6 26.1 3 1 2800 3 1 2 3OECD a 2010 b b a 1 96.5 1 83.3 2 110.3 27.0 2 93.2 3 74.1 1 113.1 39.0 3 89.3 2 78.3 3 100.7 22.4 4 84.2 4 73.1 4 95.7 22.6 5 79.6 7 65.8 5 93.3 27.5 6 76.7 9 63.8 6 90.5 26.6 7 76.2 10 63.6 7 89.3 25.7 8 75.9 8 65.0 8 87.3 22.3 9 74.3 6 66.7 9 82.2 15.6 10 71.1 5 70.8 13 71.4 0.5 11 68.1 11 61.3 12 75.3 14.0 12 65.5 12 61.0 16 70.1 9.1 13 65.4 18 53.2 10 78.2 25.0 14 65.2 16 54.8 11 76.2 21.4 15 63.1 13 56.5 15 70.1 13.7 16 63.1 15 55.8 14 70.6 14.8 17 60.3 19 51.6 17 69.6 18.0 18 59.7 17 53.4 18 66.2 12.8 19 55.9 20 50.7 19 61.1 10.4 20 53.8 21 49.7 21 58.1 8.4 21 51.5 22 43.6 20 59.9 16.4 22 50.7 14 56.1 25 45.1 11.0 23 49.1 25 41.8 22 56.9 15.1 24 46.6 23 42.8 23 50.5 7.6 25 43.7 24 42.5 26 45.0 2.5 26 42.6 28 35.4 24 50.1 14.7 27 42.5 26 41.7 27 43.4 1.7 28 40.1 27 39.8 28 40.5 0.7 29 32.7 30 31.5 29 33.9 2.4 30 32.6 29 32.9 30 32.4 0.5 31 27.6 31 26.1 31 29.3 3.2 OECD 61.7 54.8 68.9 14.1 1 1 35.3 3 50.7 OECD 31 22 25
117 4 3,421,264 31,977,938 8,209,331 26,960 287,004 43,922,497 2.4 22.6 5.8 0.0 0.2 31.0 36,629,655 13,484,399 44,925,326 19,560 2,620,628 96,679,568 25.9 9.5 31.7 0.0 1.8 68.2 208,528 333,793 482,167 2,600 30,900 1,057,988 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 39,259,447 45,796,130 53,616,824 49,120 2,938,532 141,660,053 27.7 32.3 37.8 0.0 2.1 100.0 22 5 2011 2010 100 200 2,538 63.1 2,747 71.3 200 400 1,231 30.6 969 25.2 400 255 6.3 136 3.5 4,024 100.0 3,852 100 23 1 2 2 2010 1 10.7 2012 2.5 4 7 3 3 OECD!! 1998 2,005 650 24.52013 2,912 4 9,070 75.9 4.5 14.0 5 400 96.5200 71.3 33 3 25
October 2013 2 1 13 2 b c 1979 33 4 2 12001 8 2006 6 30 6 3 2009 12!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2009 2010 1 10 2012 2 9 21 1 9 1979 11 13 2 b c 13 1 2 b c 7 5 2008 3 12 2 52 13 1 2 16 1 17 2 2013 337
117 1. 16 17 2 13 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 2 bc 16 17 3 13 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 2 bc HP 2 2 1998 3 2009 1 8 35.3 6 50.7 6 2 1 1 2 13 2 c 1970!! 12,000 82,000 40,000 536,000 851,000 9 3 ibid.5. 2013 20 5647
October 2013 6 OECD 5 2009 25 26 27 28 29 25 28 26 27 29 38.1 26.1 35.3 29.6 23.4 61.9 73.9 64.7 70.4 76.6 45.3 49.2 50.7 58.1 68.1 16.6 24.8 14.1 12.3 8.5 m 1.4 m 10.8 9.3 1 1.OECD 2009 210.8 3 m 4 5 75 80 90 00 04 7 A B A B 36,000 180,000 339,600 478,800 520,800 182,677 355,156 615,486 789,659 817,952 5.1 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 3 1975 1.0 15.0 14.5 14.0 13.0 13.3 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 9.4 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.3 3.0 2.0 3.4 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.0 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 A B B / A 7 3 1975 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 10 2. 50 61 4 2 1 2 1984 1984
117 3. 1975 7 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 3 3 1 3 13 2 c 4 4. 2 1 13 1 2 1 a b c 2009
October 2013 33 13 bc 11 24 9 11!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5 1 13 2 c 6 15 13 12 26 2 13 13 1 4 5 13 2 c http : //www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kiyaku/tuukoku_120911.html 2013.06.26. 1966 A B 1948 12 10 3
117 5. 1948 12 10 3 26 1 2 3 4 2 13 1 2 13 26 1 13 1 2 1!!!!!!!!!! 13 2 c 1 1 13 1 2 c 1 2 c 13 2!!!! 1 2 c 1 2 c 2 c 1 2 1 14 2 c 13 1 2 1 4 2 c 2 c 2011 9 2012 12
October 2013 1 2 1 2 1 13 1 19 15 13 1 13 2 c!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 79 2 13 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 19 c 13 2 c 13 2 c!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 13 13 16 1999 12 13 13 1 2 1 2 13 2 17 18 2 19 a b cab E/C. 12/1999/10. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6. ibid. 17.
117 1 13 13 1 4 4 4 4 19 20!!!!!!!!!! 21 23 22 3 13 6 1 General legal obligations 13 General legal obligations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 24 25 E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 a. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 b. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 c. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 d. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.14., they also have an obligation to take concrete steps towards achieving free secondary and higher education. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.43. ibid.24.
October 2013 26 27 30 3 3 2 1!!!!!! 2 Specific legal obligations 13 1 3 1990 31!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32 to take steps 28 13 2 4 29 33 34 national educational strategy 1 2 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! all appropriate means 35 E/C. 12/1999/10, para.44. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.45. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.49. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.50. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.52. E/1991/23. E/C. 12/1990/8. E/1991/23, Annex, para.1. E/1991/23, Annex, para.2. E/1991/23, Annex, para.3. E/1991/23, Annex, para.7.
117 13 3 36 2 1!!!!!!!!!!! 37 7 2013 5 2 2013. 4 13 2 c OECD 2013 2,000 36,000 1,000 2 2013. 6. 14 OECD OECD 13 2 c 1975 2 1 33 13 2 c Economic and Social Council, 2001, Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights : Japan. Concluding Observations/Comments, 24 September 2001, UN Doc. E / C. 12 / 1 / Add.67. Economic and Social Council, 1998, Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant in accordance with the programmes established by Economic and Social Council E/1991/23, Annex, para.9. E/1991/23, Annex, para.11.
October 2013 resolution 1988/4 Addendum Japan, 15 October 1998, UN Doc. E/1990/6/Add.21. Economic and Social Council, 1990, Annex III General Comment No.3 1990The nature of States parties obligations Art. 2, para. 1 of the Covenant. UN Doc. E/1991/23. Economic and Social Council, 1999, The right to education Art.13 General Comments, 8 December 1999, UN Doc. E/C. 12/1999/10. Status of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Reservations, Withdrawals, Declarations and Objections under the Covenant, 18 July 1993, UN Doc. E/C. 12/1993/3/Rev.1. 2001 No.37 2011 2013 337 2013 2 163 2012 2011
117 Implications of the Withdrawal of the Reservation to the Art.13 (2) (c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ABSTRACT When Japan ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1979, it reserved the right not to be bound by in particular by the progressive introduction of free education in applying the provision of subparagraph (c) of paragraph 2 of article 13 of ICESCR. Although Japan withdrew the reservation 33 years later, on September 11, 2012, the percentage of household expenditure in the total of public and private expenditure for tertiary education has significantly increased. This situation is a result of government policy, The beneficiary payment principle. The Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education, which was approved by the Japanese cabinet on June 14, 2013, did not include increasing public expenditure to the average of OECD countries, despite a recommendation in the draft of the Basic Plan by the Central Education Council. In this article, through researching General Comments of Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) and ICESCR, I argue that the Japanese government is obligated to take steps to fully implement article 13 (2) (c). Key Words: CESCR s General Comment, progressive introduction, withdrawal of reservation.