1970 1980 1991 91 target 1970 80 1980 90 1980 targeting 1
J.Hills 1 2 1995 29,930 9.8 11,310 3.7 48,410 15.3 40,250 13.2 33,320 10.9 3,730 1.2 137,750 45.2 304,710 100 Edited Neil Gilbert, Targeting Social Benefits, International 1979 80 1996 97 Perspectives & Trends, 2001, p.68. a Ken Judge, Targeting Social Provisions in Britain, edited by Neil Gilbert, Targeting Social Benefits, International Perspective & Trends, 2001, pp.66-7. s Ibid., p.67. 2
PSS Focus File 01. 1998. Stephen Mckay & Karen Rowlingson, Social Security in Britain 1999. p.93. 17 Poverty Trap mixed economy 80 1990 1992 New Deal welfare to work enabling authority 18 24 3
1970 80 70 1966 1959 61 1966 1971 Family Income Supplement 1795 1972 1972 3 1975 1975 State Earnings Related Pension Schemes - SERPS contracting out 1980 70 d Stephen Mckay & Karen Rowlingson, Social Security in Britain, 1999, p.65. 4
1970 1979 1980 1991 80 1982 1986 Maternity Benefit Statutory Maternity Pay 1980 1980 400 1985 Norman Fowler 1986 targeting 1986 Income Support Premiums Family Credit 30 24 domestic rates 20 100 4 f Mckay and Rowlingson op.cit., p.68. 5
SERPS SERPS SERPS 25 20 20 1995 SERPS money purchase 1986 5 16 17 Disability Living Allowance Disability Working Allowance 1992 65 6 1989 1974 80 80 10 2.5 80 1990 1990 A.Enthoven g h Ibid.,p.68. Ibid.,p.69. 6
internal market 7 core services 1990 NHS Executive 8 1993 j Judith Allsop, Health Care, edited by Pete Alcock, Angus Erskine and Margaret May, The Student's Companion to Social Policy, 1998, p.289. k Allsop, op.cit.,p.289. 7
9 1970 1979 1000 1980 board and lodge 10 11 1979 1000 1993 26 85 Special Transitional Grant 85 l Peter Sharkey, The Essentials of Community Care, a guide for practitioners, 2000,p.1. 0 Ibid.,p.10. 1 J.Lewis and H.Glennerster, Implementing the New Community Care, 1996,p.8. 8
12 13 1970 1980 1982 EOC 125 1984 73 40 20 1990 1990 1993 1995 Carers Recognition and Services Act 1996 Community Care Direct Payments Act 91 1992 472 low take up rate targeting 2 Ibid., p.9. 3 Ibid., pp.16-7. 9
1980 90 dependency culture 1979 440 1995 980 14 1995 Incapacity benefit Invalidity benefit 1982 83 737,000 1995 96 170 22 15 15 16 all work test 1997 18 Working Families Tax Credit lone parent premium 1997 One 4 Pete Alcock, Poverty and Social Security, edited by Robert M. Page and Richard Silburn, British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century, 1999,p.211. 5 Ken Judge, Targeting Social Provisions in Britain: Who Benefits from Allocation Formulae edited by Neil Gilbert, Targeting Social Benefits. International Perspectives and Trends, 2001, p.82. 6 Ken Jduge, op.cit., pp.82-3. 10
parent Benefit 1997 1971 60 1991 130 1996 170 20 90 1979 48 40 17 never-married mothers 1970 44 1990 70 40 1979 1989 1/4 50 step-families 12 100 18 2/3 1986 18 19 1989 1991 Child Support Act 1993 1993 Child Support Agency 7 Mckay and Rowlingson, op.cit., pp.113-4. 8 Vic George and Paul Wilding, British Society and Social Welfare, 1999, pp.61-3. 11
20 60 120 10 1995 1998 Children First 19 10 1/3 1982 1995 Jobseekers Act 1996 10 Job center 20 180 1997 1996 9 Mckay and Rowlingson, op.cit.,p.115. 0 Martin Barnes and Richard Poynter, Jobseeker s Allowance Handbook, (2nd ed.) 1997.p.17: winter 1998 No.125 56-72 12
2/3 74 34 63 46 36 34 40 1995 14 1/3 1/4 25 34 21 22 70 80 90 18 25 target 1990 1997 1992 1997 1 Mckay and Rowlingson, op.cit.,p.116. 2 Valerie Symes, Job, Unemployment and the EU,edited by Helen Jones and Susanne MacGregor, Social Issues and Party Politics, 1998, p.58. 13
1970 1990 1983 Neil Kinnock Tony Blair Gordon Brown 1992 1992 12 John Smith 50 1994 the Institute for Public Policy Research IPPR Social Justice: Strategies for National Renewal 23 20 24 25 26 1992 3 Edited by Jane Franklin, Social Policy and Social Justice, 1998, pp.1-2 4 Mirian E. Oavid. 'Education, education, education,' Edited by Helen Jones and Susanne MacGregor, Social Issues and Party Politics, 1998, p.81. 5 Ibid.,p.81. 6 Susanne MacGregor, 'A new Deal for Britain,' edited by Jones and MacGregor, op.cit.,p.253. 14
skill 27 28 29 1992 1990 1997 17 150 11 140 90 50 2/5 1/5 30 7 Occasional Report 1999 12 8 Susanne MacGergor, op.cit.,pp.254-5. 9 Ibid.,p.259. 0 Ibid.,p.259. 15
1990 100 31 30 32 excess 40 pathfinder 1998 1880 90 Social Exclusion 1980 EU 1 Valerie Symes, edited by Jones and MacGregor., op.cit.,p.61. 2 Ibid.,p.60. 16
EU Social Cohesion enterprise EU 33 EU 1994 EU 34 1997 housing estate disadvantage poor skills 35 36 37 3 Edited by Persy-smith, Policy Responses to Social Exclusion towards Inclusion., 2000, p.1. 4 MacGregor, A new deal for Britain, op.cit.,p.261. 5 Edited by Persy-smith, op.cit., p.2. 6 Anthony Giddens, The Third Way and its Critics, 2000, p.105. 7 Edited by Persy-Smith, op.cit., p.5. 17
1997 Social Exclusion Unit truancy 2002 2/3 estate) 38 1997 20 Frank Field 39 40 relief 41 Stakeholder Welfare altruism self interest 42 8 Sharkey, op.cit., p.122. 9 Carey Oppenheim, Poverty and social security, edited by Jones and MacGregor, op.cit., p.143. 0 Oppenheim, Poverty and social security, op.cit., p.143.(commission on Social Justice 1994;p.96) 1 Oppenheim, op.cit., p.143. 2 Frank Field., Stakeholder Welfare, 1996,p.19. 18
43 strand 44 45 dependency culture proactive corporation 46 47 48 enabler 49 enabling authority 1990 1997 3 Ibid.,p.20. 4 Oppenheim, op.cit., p.144. 5 Ibid.,p.144. 6 Ibid.,p.144-5. 7 Ibid.,p.145. 8 Ibid.,p.145. 19
streamline 39 50 16 1997 Anthoney Giddens 2 30 51 52 inclusion 9 Ibid.,p.146. 0 Ibid.,p.146. 1 Anthony Giddens, The Third Way, The Renewal of Social Democracy, 1998. 1999 55 2 Hannah Reed and Simon Deakin, United Kingdom, edited by Joos P.A. van Vugt and Jan M.Peet, Social Security and Solidarity in the European Union, 2000, p.185. 20
EU 53 opt out 1988 1980 New Steps responsiveness Benefits Agency 1999 54 1998 New ambitions for our country: A New Contract for Welfare a 3 4 Anthony Giddens, The Third Way and its Critics, 2000, p.104. Reed and Deakin, United Kingdom, op.cit., pp.186-7. 21
Single Gateway to Welfare 1998 99 993 4,900 30 15 GDP 1979 80 94 95 13 98 99 11 55 JSA 1992/3 1998/99 47 70 98/99 1/4 1/5 56 Invalid Care Allowance 1971 1986 1988 1999 10 Working Families Tax Credit Child Care Tax Credit 2000 2000 2001 5 6 Ibid.,p.187. Ibid.,pp.187-8. 22
67.50 450 1999 25 12.2 57 entry fee threshold 2000 76 2001 87 90 64 rate 64 2001 67.50 250 58 1975 1980 1980 1985 1975 1978 1986 money purchase 1998 1,050 7 8 Ibid.,pp.188-9. Ibid.,p.190. 23
335 32 20 60 30 1986 1992 1994 1995 59 1996 97 20 68 205 1/5 170 130 100 1997 1992 1997 SERPS 1998 11 24 12 A New Contract for Welfare: Partnership in Pensions 1980 1/5 1993 15 10 1999 75 116.60 75 79 77.39 119.85 60 9 1995 17 1997 1998 20-26 0 Reed and Deakin, op.cit., p.194. 24
SERPS a new State Second Pension value for money SERPS 61 18,500 9,000 SERPS 9,000 20,000 530 250 62 1999 Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 11 2001 9,000 2001 all work test Incapacity Benefit Severe Disablement Allowance 20 a new Disability Income Guarantee Disability 1 A New Contract for Welfare: Partnership in Pensions, CM 4179, 1998, pp.23-24. 2 19 1999 2000 13 25
Living Allowance 63 2000 11 2001 92.15 2000 11 2001 92.15 2003 100 154 135 200 18 18 24 25 1999 10 Working Families Tax Credit WFTC pay packet 64 2000 an integrated children s and employment tax credit ICETC Child Care Tax Credit CCTC 2001 WFTC 2003 16 100 150 70 15 12 26 65 3 Reed and Deakin, op.cit., p.211. 4 Ibid.,p.213. 5 Ibid.,pp.213-4. 26
1999 97 12 The New NHS: Modern, Dependable 1998 Partnership in Action 1999 3,600 GP fundholding 100 500 primary care group PCG 1997 50 10 66 99 481 2000 60 freestanding 67 1999 Primary Care Trust PCT PTC 2000 PCG 2004 PCT Clinical Standards 6 1990 31 2000 43-46 7 Kirstein Rummery and Caroline Glendinning, Access to Services as a Civil and Social Rights Issue: The Role of Welfare Professionals in Regulating Access to and Commissioning Services for Disabled and Older People under New Labour, Social Policy & Administration, Vol.34.No.5. December 2000, p.534. 27
Clinical Governance National Service Frameworks NSFs PTC 68 2000 The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, a plan for reform 6.3 69 1990 1997 12 1999 With Respect to Old Age, A Report by The Royal Commission on Long Term Care 70 1999 Caring about Carers: A National Strategy for Carers 1999 2001 71 1998 Children First : a new approach to child support 72 backlogs 8 Ibid.,p.535 9 2001 239 0 With Respect to Old Age: Long Term Care-Rights and Responsibilities. A Report by The Royal Commission on Long Term Care, 1999. 1 Linda Bauld, John Chesterman, Bleddyn Davies, Ken Judge and Roshin Mangalore, Caring for Older People, An assessment of community care in the 1990s, 2000, pp.385-8. 2 Children First: a new approach to child Support, 1998, p.43. 28
targeting making work pay Targeting Social Benefits Social Exclusion Social Exclusion winter 1998, No.125. 56-72 19 1999 2000 15 1990 31 1999 21 51 1990 31 2000 35 72 90 32 2000 33 66 90 32 2001 39 66 2001 173 225 29