X 1896 X 1896 1896 29 Berlin 18651950 Röntgen X 18541931 18691918 1896 29 3 1862194418621945 18471929 10 X X X 16 25 1896 29 5 15 X 1896 29 4 18621906 Julius Scriba18481905 X 18661924 X 5 31 X 1,300 1896 29 6 18511916 Röntgen X 23 18531929 X 1853 10 14 1870 1878 Strasbourg August A. E. E. Kundt 18391894 Röntgen 22 Isotope News 2005 4
1886 1891 1 1893 1896 Röntgen X 18691926 2 1869 195118771955 Crookes X 18641913 Crookes 1m Wimshurst 1896 10 10 X 11 Crookes 7 9 X X X 8 31 Röntgen 1901 12 1 Nobel München München Nobel 1 Röntgen 1897 30 6 1913 1905 1 1923 X 3 1898 31 J. Scriba X Siemens X X 1909 42 2 1911 44 X 1896 X 10 Isotope News 2005 4 23
P. Curie M. S. Curie Po Ra 1898 P. Curie M. S. Curie Po Ra 1898 Rutherford Pierre Curie18591906Paris Dr. Eugène Curie 1859 5 15 2 3 Jacques SorbonneParis Pierre 1878 Sorbonne 1 1880 Curie 1882 École de physique et de chimie industrielle Curie Curie M me Curie 2 Marie Sklodowska18671934 Warszawa Vladiska Sklodowska 4 1867 11 7 1891 10 Sorbonne Paris 1893 1 1894 2 Pierre Curie 1895 7 Sorbonne Gabriel Lippmann 184519211896 2 Becquerel U Curie M me Curie 2 Th G. C.Schmidt 2 1898 Curie Bohemia 16 19 St. Joachimsthal Upitch- 20 Isotope News 2005 5
blende U 45 2 1 Bi U 7 18 Académie des Sciences poloniumpo Pierre Curie et M me Curie : Sur une substance nouvelle radioactive, contenue dans la pechblende, Compt. rend., 127, 1751781898 Gustave Bémont18571932 1 U pitchblende Ba M me Curie Ba Eugène Anatole Damargay18521904 radiumra Ra G. Bémont Curie 3 12 26 Académie des Sciences Pierre Curie, M me Curie et G. Bémont : Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende, Compt. rend., 127, 121512171898. radio-active Curie 1901 1903 1899 1900 Curie M me Curie 5 3 1900 Paris Po Ra M me Curie et Pierre Curie : Les nouvelles substances radioactives et les rayons qu elles émettent, Rapports présentés au Congrès international de Physique, t. III, 791141900. 2 Ra 1898 12 26 Ra pitchblende pitchblende St. Isotope News 2005 5 21
Joachimsthal U 1898 9 P. Curie Wien Wien Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften pitchblende Wien Eduard Suess1831 1914 pitchblende Curie 1898 100 kg Paris 1898 11 7 P. Curie Ed. Suess 1899 12 1 1900 2 5 1902 8 1904 6 1905 10 5 1902 Paris Académie des Sciences pitchblende 20,000 Fr 1903 Edmond de Rothschild P. Curie 1904 Sorbonne 1906 4 19 49 12 2.5 pitchblende M me Curie 1898 12 Ra Ra pitchblende Ra 2 M me Curie P. Curie Paris 42 Rue Lhomond pitchblende 2 1902 3 0.1 g Ra RaCl2 Ba 225.93 Ra 1903 Sorbonne P. Curie 1g Ra M me Curie P. Curie Ra 1907 André Louis Debirnne18741949 Ra P. Curie Po, Ra 1906 4 10 Ra H. Becquerel Ra M me Curie P. Curie Sorbonne 1908 1911 8 Ra RaCl2 21.99 mg 1912 Académie des Sciences X 1914 Paris Rue PierreCurie Paris Institut du Radium Curie Laboratoire 1934 7 4 M me Curie Mont Blanc St. Gervars RadioactivitéSorbonne H. Becquerel 1903 Nobel Pierre Curie, Marie S. Curie Henri Bec- 22 Isotope News 2005 5
querel 1903 Nobel Becquerel Becquerel 12 11 Nobel Lecture P. Curie 1905 6 6 M me Curie Nobel Lecture M me Curie Ra Po Ra 1911 Nobel Nobel Lecture 1911 12 11 1 Nobel 1937 Eve Curie M me Curie 3 1 2M me Curie M me Madame 3MADAME CURIE1938 1938 1988 Isotope News 2005 5 23
α β γ 18991900 Ra γ 19001901 Ernest Rutherford 19011903 α β γ 18991900 Röntgen X Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson X Becquerel U U Becquerel J. J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford18711937 1898 Becquerel Al 0.005 mm Al U Al 0.02 mm Al 0.06 mm 2 Al α Al 0.1 mm β Rutherford Schmidt Th Th β U Rutherford 1899 1 54 Uranium Radiation and Electrical Conduction Produced by It, Phil. Mag. v, 47, 109 163 1899. Rutherford 4 As far, however, as the experiments have gone, the results seem to point to the conclusion that the β radiation is approximately homogeneous, although it is possible that other types of radiation Isotope News 2005 6 21
of either small intensity or very great penetration power may be present. 1 1900 4 Paris École Normal Supérieure Paul Villard Académie des Sciences 18601934 Ra γ Sur la réflexion et la réfraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons deviables du radium, Compt. rend., 130, 101010121900; Sur le rayonnement du radium, ibid., 130, 117811791900. Ra γ 19001901 F. O. Giesel 0.27 g RaBr2 2 23 2 Ra γ γ F. O. Giesel 1900 12 Über radioaktive Stoffe, Ber. d. Deutschen chem. Ges., 33, 356935711900. Paris H. Becquerel Ra F. O. Giesel P. Curie Ra Ra γ 1901 6 3 Académie des Sciences Henri Becquerel et P. Curie : Action physiologique des rayons du radium, Compt. rend., 182, 128912911901. P. Curie Ra emanation 3 Ch. Bouchard, P. Curie et V. Balthazard : Action physiologique de l émanation du radium, Compt. rend., 138, 138413871904. Ra emanation Ernest Rutherford 19011903 Rutherford18711937 New Zealand Nelson 12 4 1871 8 New Zealand Nelson College Christchurch Canterbury College 1 1894 11 22 Isotope News 2005 6
Magnetization of Iron by High-frequency Discharge, Trans. New Zealand Institute, 27, 4815131894. Magnetic Viscosity Cambridge 1895 1895 Rutherford 1851 Exhibition Science Scholar Canterbury College Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson New Zealand Dublin Trinity College John Sealy Townsend Oxford 18681957 J. J. Thomson Rutherford J. J. Thomson X 1896 2 H. Becquerel J. J. Thomson α β α β γ 18991900 Rutherford 1898 9 9 Montreal McGill MacDonald Professor Owens Th emanation 1900 5 Mary Newton 8 Montreal 5 demonstrator 23 Frederick Soddy18771956 12 emanation Th ThX Soddy 1903 3 London University College William Ramsay Ar,Ne,Kr,Xe1904 Nobel 18521916 Rutherford Soddy 2 4 9 Th 2 The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds, I, An Investigation of the Radioactive Emanation, Trans. Chem. Soc., 81, 3213501902. The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds, II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity, ibid., 81, 8378601902. I Curie 1898 radio-active The term radioactive is now generally applied to a class of substances, like uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium, which have the power of spontaneously giving off radiations capable of passing through thin plates of metal. 4 Th Ra emanation Isotope News 2005 6 23
3 The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity, Part I, Phil. Mag., vi, 4, 370396Sept., 1902. The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity, Part II, ibid., 4, 569585Nov., 1902. Radioactive Change, ibid., 5, 576591May, 1903. 3 7. The Energy of Radioactive Change, and the Internal Energy of the Chemical Atom Ra U 1g Ra emanation 1 8,200 ergs 5 Ra 0.4 210 4 ergs per second, 6.310 11 ergs per year, 15,000 gramcalories per year 3 atomic energy Rutherford Soddy 20 Hence there is no reason to assume that this enormous store of energy is possessed by the radio-elements alone. It seems probable that atomic energy in general is of a similar high order of magnitude, although the absence of change prevents its existence being manifested. The existence of this energy accounts for the stability of the chemical elements as well as for the conservation of radioactivity under the influence of the most varied conditions. It must be taken into account in cosmical physics. The maintenance of solar energy, for example, no longer presents any fundamental difficulty if the internal energy of the component elements is considered to be available, i.e. if processes of sub-atomic change are going on. 6 Rutherford Soddy Soddy Rutherford The work published by us was joint work in the full sense of the team : for Mr. Soddy not only assisted in the experimental work but also supplied many of the suggestions and explanations incorporated in our published papers. 7 Muriel HoworthPioneer Research on the AtomThe Life of Frederic Soddy London, 1958 p.318 Rutherford E. Rutherford 1908 Nobel 1 β β 24 Isotope News 2005 6
2 1 68 Gy γ 24 1 3 4radioactive 51erg10 7 J1 calories4.2 J 6 7 Soddy 1900 Planck p.6061 Max Planck Wärmestrahlung 5 1923 p.169 20 1918 1906 10 Isotope News 2005 6 25
1903 Ra 1903 19101913 C. T. R. Wilson 19111912 1903 1865 19501903 12 5 2 Coulomb 9 1 4 B5 216 2,500 075241 21612004 β α 2 Phil. Mag. Kinetics of a System of Particles illustrating the Line and the Band Spectrum and the Phenomena of Radioactivity, Phil. Mag., vi, 7, 4454551904. University College of WalesAberystwyth G. A. Schott Nature 23 J. J. Thomson 32 Isotope News 2005 7
J. J. Thomson Rutherford Moseley N. Bohr Ra 1903 36 19038 18561952 Straβburg 1 Ra 5mg 2 2 1 12 3 1 Ra F. O. Giesel Braunschweig Buchler 20No.264 26710 2 11 21 19101913 1877 1941 18781941 C. Engler H. Sieveking fontactoscopefontaktometer 4 H. Sieveking : Über einen neuen Apparat zur Bestimmung der Radioaktivität der Thermalquellen, Phys. Zeits., 6, 7007031905. 10 Extner CaCl2 U Ra emanationrn 5 Rn Rn Rn Mache 6 D. Ishitani and K. Manabe : Radioactivity of Hot Springs in Yugawara, Izusan and Atami, Tokyo Sugaku Butsurigakkwai Kiji, ii, 5, 226 2491910. 1912 4 1913 18841952 18861944 6 1914 5 1911 18771935 18841952 6 3 12 Phil. Mag. Isotope News 2005 7 33
S. Kinoshita, S. Nishikawa and S. Ono ; On the amount of radioactive products present in the atmosphere, Phil. Mag., vi, 22, 8218401911. C. T. R. Wilson 19111912 α β 10 12 cm Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson Charles Thomson Rees Wilson18691959 On a Method of making Visible the Paths of Ionising Particles through a Gas, Proc. Roy. Soc., A85, 2852981911. On an Expansion Apparatus for making Visible the Tracks of Ionising Particles in Gases and some Research obtained by its Use, Proc. Roy. Soc., A87, 2772921912. C. T. R. Wilson 1869 2 Edinburgh John Wilson 4 Manchester J. J. Thomson 1 Owens College University of Manchester 18 B.Sc. 1888 Cambridge Sidney Sussex College 1892 Yorkshire grammar school Cambridge Cambridge demonstrator E. Rutherford J. S. Townsend Cavendish Laboratory J. J. Thomson 1896 Clerk Maxwell 3 Meteorological Council 1900 Sidney Sussex College fellow lecturer demonstrator 1894 9 Ben Nevis 7 1895 v1v2 v2v11.25 v2v1 1.31 v2v11.38 1911 α β Wilson 2 E. Rutherford 34 Isotope News 2005 7
C. T. R. Wilson 1927 Nobel Nobel 15 1920 E. Rutherford J. Chadwick Cavendish Laboratory α 1923 Compton Wilson X Compton 1927 Arthur Holly Compton18921962 Nobel 1918 Cambridge University Lecturer 1925 Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy 1934 1936 Edinburgh 80 86 1959 11 Peeblesshire Carlops 90 1 18711918 Strasbourg Straβburg 2Ra 100 226 Ra 1 g 1Ci 185.1 MBq RaBr2 108 MBq 226 Ra 1g3.710 10 Bq 226226279.904 0.0053.710 10 108.3710 6 3 24,000 4 5Rn 61 13.7 Bq 7 1 12 5mg 1903 36 1 0.75 g1 0.35841 g 1 0.4779 12 5.73 4264 5.73 426424,433 36 36 10 kg1.296 1kg0.634 18 2 3.103 375 g7.715 5mg0.005 g5.73 1904 1906 1g 1000 11 academic discount 1903 Isotope News 2005 7 35
V. F. Hess 1912 G. de Hevesy F. A. Paneth 1913 Hevesy V. F. Hess 1912 1 19021903 U Th γ 10 cm 9 1 4 B5 216 2,500 07524121612004 Freiburg Albert W. F. E. Gockel 18601927 1911 4 2,800 m 1,000 m 2,800 m Albert Gockel :Messungen der druchdringenden Strahlung bei Ballonfahren,Phys. Zeits., 12, 5955971911. A. Gockel Hohenstrahlen Wien Institut für Radiumforschung Stefan Meyer 18721949 Viktor Francis Hess18831964 1912 3mm 26 Isotope News 2005 8
2 2 3 1,600 m 3 1,680 m 3 2 1912 4 17 Donau 2,000 m 4 17 8 7 7 7 5,350 m 3 Hess 3 2,000 m γ 3 Viktor F. Hess : Über Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei sieben Freiballonfahrten,Phys. Zeits., 13, 108410911912. A. Gockel Halle Werner Kolhörster188719461912 1913 Hess 3 6,300 m emanation 4 12 Werner Kolhörster :Messungen der durchdringenden Strahlung im Freiballon in grösseren Höhen,Phys. Zeits., 14, 115311561913. V. F. Hess W. Kolhörster Robert A. Millikan 1922 Texas San Antonio 55,000 1925 Millikan 1936 V. F. Hess Nobel C. D. Anderson 1932 Nobel Viktor Francis Hess 1883 6 Graz DeutschFeistriz Waldstein Forstbeamte 1905 Graz Wien 2 Franz Serafin Exner 1849 1926 Hess 1910 Wien Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften Institut für Radiumforschung Stephan Meyer 18721949 A. Gockel 1920 Graz Isotope News 2005 8 27
New York U.S. Radium Corporation 1923 Graz 1925 1927 Helgland 1931 Rockefeller Foundation Innsbruck Hofelekar Spitz 2,300 m 1937 Graz New York Fordham 1956 1944 Hess Empire State Bldg 1964 12 New York Mount Vernon G. de Hevesy F. A. Paneth 1913 Hevesy Rutherford 1907 9 Montreal Manchester Wien 400 mg RaCl2 Ra Rutherford George de Hevesy 5 György Hevesy18851966 1911 1914 Budapest Berlin Freiburg 1908 Freiburg Ph.D.Zürich ETH 6 Richard Lorenz 18621929 1910 Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule Fritz Haber1918 Nobel 18631934 1911 Manchester Rutherford Niels Bohr FajansSoddy 7 F. Soddy 8 Rutherford 1911 Hevesy U 20 RaD 9 kg 10 RaD Hevesy RaD 1912 Wien Institut für Radiumforschung RaD RaD Friedrick Adolf Paneth Mainz Max Planck 18871958 1912 RaD RaD RaD indicator 1 210 7 1913 4 28 Isotope News 2005 8
Wien 1913 4 24 K. Akademie der WissenchafteninWien F. Paneth und G. v. Hevesy :Über Versuche zur Trennung des Radium D von Blei, Sitzungsber. K. Akademie der Wissenschafen in Wien, IIa, 122, 99310001913. 4 30 G. v. Hevesy und F. Paneth :Die Löslichkeit des Bleisulfids und Bleichromats, Zeits. f. Anorg. Chemie, 82, 3233281913. ThB indicator 11 indicator F. Paneth und G. v. Hevesy : Über Radioelemente als Indikatoren in der analytischen Chemie,Sitzungsber. K. Akademie der Wissenschafen in Wien, IIa, 122, 100110301913. Hevesy 1914 G. v. Hevesy und F. Paneth :Zur Frage der Isotopen Elemente,Phys. Zeits., 15, 797804 1914. isotope 1913 12 3 Nature Fredric Soddy18771956 8 F. Soddy :Intra-atomic Charge,Nature, 92, 3994001913. G. v. Hevesy Budapest 3 1918 Privatdozent 1918 1919 Budapest 2 RaD 1920 Copenhagen Bohr 1926 Freiburg 1923 1 Dick Coster Groningen 18891950 N. Bohr H. G. J. Moseley X 72 hafniumhf Georg v. Hevesy :Über die Auffindung des Hafniums und den gegenwärtigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse von diesem Element,Ber. Dt. Chem. Ges., 56, 150315161923. D. Coster and G. v. Hevesy :On the missing element of atomic number 72,Nature, 111, 79 1923. D. Coster and G. v. Hevesy :On the new element hafnium,nature, 111, 2521923. D. Coster and G. v. Hevesy :Über das Element der Atomzahl 72,Nature, 11, 1331923. 1923 RaD tracer G. de Hevesy :The Absorption and Translocation of Lead by Plants,Biochem. J., 17, 439 4451923. Isotope News 2005 8 29
Bi RaE 12 Bi Bi 13 Bi ThB I. A. Christiansen, G. de Hevesy et Sv. Lomholt : Recherches, par une méthode radiochimique, sur la circulation du bismuth l organisme,compt. rend., 178, 13241326 1924. I. A. Christiansen, G. de Hevesy et Sv. Lomholt : Recherches, par une méthode radiochimique, sur la circulation du plomb dans l organisme,compt. rend., 179, 2912931924. 1934 JoliotCurie 14 Hevesy Paneth RaD 1913 30 G. de Hevesy 1943 Nobel Hevesy 1926 Freiburg X 1934 Copenhagen N. Bohr 1943 Stockholm University of Stockholm 1959 G. de Hevesy 1966 7 Freiburg Hevesy George von Hevesy Memorial Medal George von Hevesy Lecture Medal 1982 8 Paris 3 International Conference of Nuclear Medicine Memorial Medal Lecture Medal 15 1 http : mextatm.jst.go.jpatomica16020102_1. html 2 γ 3 2 2 2 1 4Rn 5Hevesy G. de HevesyG. v. HevesyG. HevesyGeorg von Hevesy 6ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule 30 Isotope News 2005 8
ETH Zürich 1855 7 8F. Soddy FajansSoddy Soddy isotope 1913 7 10 9RaD 210 Pb 10 210 Pb 11ThB 212 Pb 12RaE 210 Bi 13 14Frédéric JoliotCurie Irène JoliotCurie 1934 9 12 15Hevesy Hevesy Award 1896 X 1898P. Curie M. S. Curie Po Ra 18991900α β γ 19001901Ra γ 19011903Ernest Rutherford 1903 1903 Ra 19101913 19111912C. T. R. Wilson 1912V. F. Hess 1913G. de Hevesy F. A. Paneth Hevesy 19121915 1913Niels Bohr 1913FajansSoddy Soddy isotope 1928X γ Klein 1934Frédéric JoliotCurie Irène JoliotCurie Isotope News 2005 8 31
19121915 Niels Bohr 1913 19121915 P. CurieMarie S. Curie Ra Ra Rn Rn 18771927 1912 4 18811964 600 Rn Tn 9 1 4 B5 216 2,500 07524121612004 1 Rn Tn Curie Radioactivite, Paris, 1934 23 430 R. IshizuThe Mineral Springs of JapanSankyo, Tokyo, 1915 1915 San Francisco Panama Pacific International Exposition Rn Tn 1 2 Ra Curie 6 4 Curie Isotope News 2005 9 31
8 34 Niels Bohr 1913 Niels Hendrik David Bohr18851962 1885 10 Copenhagen Christian Bohr Ellen master 2 1 Niels 2 2 Harald Herald Hoffding18341931 VilhelmL.P.Thomsen18421927 Christian Christiansen18431917 Bohr 2 Niels 1907 Christiansen 1907 12 master 1911 3 Ph. D. 9 Carlsberg Foundation Cambridge J. J. Thomson J. J. Thomson Ph.D.thesis J. J. Thomson Cambridge Manchester Rutherford 1912 3 Manchester 7 Rutherford H. G. T. Moseley α GeigerMarsden Rutherford G. von Hevesy H. GeigerJ. ChadwickJ. M. Nutall Rutherford Niels Rutherford C. G. Darwin Niels 1912 7 Copenhagen 1900 Max Planck 1905 Albert Einstein Rutherford Niels 1 Rutherford 2 m u r Planck h eu2 π rmhm1 23 31 E E ν E E h ν he E 3 32 Isotope News 2005 9
Balmer Rydberg Niels Bohr 3 1913 1 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Phil. Mag., vi, 26, 1251913. 1913 3 Bohr Copenhagen Rutherford Phil. Mag. 1913 4 5 2 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, II, System containing only a Single Nucleus, Phil. Mag., vi, 26, 4765021913. 2 Bohr 1913 6 Manchester Rutherford Barkla 1 3 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, III, Systems containing Several Nuclei, Phil. Mag., vi, 26, 8578751913. Bohr 1913 1913 Copenhagen Rutherford 1914 Rutherford Manchester Leadership Manchester Leader Rutherford 2 1916 University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Hendrik Antonie Kramers18941952 1921 3 Niels Bohr G. von Hevesy James Franck18821964 Bohr 1962 11 40 600 Bohr 3 Manchester MoseleyFrankHertz 1915 8 On the Quantum Theory of Radiation and the Structure of the Atom, Phil. Mag., vi, 30, 394 4151915. Bohr 18851959 1909 1915 2 1918 9 1887 1948 Dr. Lo Surdo Stark 1920 Copenhagen Bohr Bohr 1 Bohr Isotope News 2005 9 33
After many fruitful spectroscopic researches in Japan and various laboratories abroad, Toshio Takamine came to work with us in Copenhagen in 1920, shortly after the creation of our institute designed for the promotion of intimate cooperation between experimentally and theoretically working physicists. Our group was at that time still small, and with his wide experience in spectroscopy, Takamine s participation in the work proved most valuable. The study of the effect of electric and magnetic fields on spectral lines had in those years required great interest as a consequence of the development of the quantum theory of atomic constitution. In this connection, the investigation which Takamine, together with the Danish physicists, H. M. Hansen and W. Werner, performed on the Zeeman and Stark effect in the mercury spectrum brought much new information for the testing and elucidation of the theoretical view points. 2 Bohr 1915 München Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld18681951 α 2 π e 2 hc Bohr Copenhagen A. Sommerfeld : Zur Theorie der Balmerschen Serie, Sitzb. d. K. B. Akad. d. Wiss. zu München, Math. phys. Klasse, 425 458 1915. A. Sommerfeld : Die Feinstruktur der Wasserstoffund Wasserstoffähnlichen Linien, ibid., 459500. A. Sommerfeld : Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrolinien, Ann. d. Phys., vi, 51, 125 167 1916. Niels Bohr 1922 Nobel 1Barkla18771944 Cambridge J. J. Thomson X 2 X Liverpool 1903 1909 1 X Barkla 1914 Barkla X pp.8386 2 1920 H. M. Hansen W. Werner 34 Isotope News 2005 9
FajansSoddy Soddy isotope 1913 FajansSoddy Soddy isotope1913 19 20 emanationrn Tn 220 Rn Ac 1905 Otto Hahn RdTh 1 1904 Friedrich Oskar Giesel18521927 1905 Tadeusz Goldlewski18791921 AcX 2 Ac AcX RdAc 3 1905 O. Hahn Chicago Herbert Newby McCoy 18701945 William Horace Ross1875 1947 RdTh Th Bertran Borden Boltwood Yale 1870 1927 Th Io 4 9 1 4 4 N 2 4 N 3 4 N 0 1910 Soddy Karlsruhe Kasimir Fajans Michigan 18871975 Moseley X Soddy α 2 4 Glasgow lecturer Alexander Fleck ICI 18891968 18 Isotope News 2005 10
β Th UX1RdAc ThB 5 AcB 6 Ac MsTh2 7 Bi RaE 8 Po RaF 9 Glasgow Alexander Smith Russell 18881972 β 1 Fajans α 2 β α 4 1912 12 Phys. Zeits. 1913 3 Soddy α 2 4 β 1 FajansSoddy Soddy Fajans Fajans α β Soddy inner region of structurenucleus α He β A. van den Brock : Die Radioelemente, das periodische System und die Konstitution der Atome, Phys. Zeits., 14, 32421913. A. Fleck : The Chemical Nature of Uranium X, Radio-Actinium, and Thorium B, Chem. News, 106, 1281912. K. Fajans : Uber eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem electrochemischen Verhalten der etreffenden Radioelemente, Phys. Zeits., 14, 1311361913. K. Fajans : Die Stellung der Radioelemente in periodischen System, ibid., 14, 136 142 1913. A. Frick : The chemical nature of some radioactive disintegration products, Proc. Chem. Soc., 29, 71913. A. S. Russell : THE PERIODIC SYSTEM AND THE RADIO-ELEMENTS, Chem. News, 107, 49521913. F. Soddy : THE RADIO-ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC LAW, Chem. News, 107, 97 991913. F. Soddy : The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law, Nature, 91, 57581913. A. van den Brock : Inter-atomic Charge, Nature, 92, 3723731913. Soddy isotope 1913 12 4 Nature F. Soddy : Intra-atomic Charge, Nature, 92, 399400(1913). Isotope News 2005 10 19
Fajans Fajans A. Fleck 23 Soddy isotope The same algebraic sum of the positive and negative charges in the nucleus, when arithmetical sum is different, gives what I call isotopes or isotopic elements, because they occupy the same place in the periodic table. 10 Rutherford Moseley Z Z Z Soddy isotope iso ισοζ tope τοποζ Oxford Soddy 18851982 1921 Soddy isotope They are chemically identical, and save only as regards the relatively few physical properties which depend upon atomic mass directly, physically identical also. Unit changes of this nuclear charge, so reckoned algebraically, give the successive places in the periodic table. For any one place, or any one nuclear charge, more than one number of electrons in the outerring system may exist, and in such a case the element exhibits variable valency, concern only the ring and its external environment. There is no in-and out-going of electrons between ring and nucleus. 11 Fajans 1913 Phys. Zeits. 2 1920 3 81Tl 3 82Pb 7 Soddy Pb 1914 Ceylon thorianite 12 83Bi 4 84Po 7 86Rn 3 88Ra 4 89Ac 2 90Th 6 91Pa 3 92U 3 Soddy isotope 79 1956 9 22 Nature 178893Oct. 27, 1956 Glasgow Baron Alexander Fleck 3 isotope α β isotope From this also came the introduction into our language of the word isotope. It was suggested by Dr. Margaret Todd, arising from discussion that Soddy had in the house of his father-in-law, Sir George Beilby, in Glasgow. 13 20 Isotope News 2005 10
Sir George Thomas Beilby 18501924 Soddy Isotopes 50 London Chemical Society Proc. Chem. Soc., November 1963pp.325331 A. Fleck isotopes Soddy Dr. Margaret Todd Glasgow Clinical Physics Dr. John Lenihan Dr. Todd Graham Travers Sir George Thomas Beilby Soddy the same place Dr. Todd isotope 1951 6 14 Soddy Science Survey Glasgow isotope Dr. Todd Soddy 1913 12 3 Nature Soddy Rutherford 1904 1920 London Chemical Society Thaddeus J. Trenn Radioactivity and Atomic Theory1 1975 London Taylor & Francis F. Soddy Sussex Eastbourne 4 1877 9 1 4 57 23 25 Calvinist 1898 Merton College Oxford William Ramsay Ramsay 1900 5 Toronto Montreal McGill Rutherford 2 3 Rutherford ThTn Rutherford 9 1903 3 London Ramsay 7 Ramsay Ra α He F. Soddy 1904 1914 Glasgow Lecturer Calvinist Soddy 1914 Aberdeen 1919 Oxford Dr. Lee s Professor of Chemistry Oxford Calvinist isolate Isotope News 2005 10 21
1936 59 Oxford Oxford 17 Oxford 1956 20 F. Soddy Oxford 1921 Nobel A. Einstein Soddy Calvinist 1963 11 50 Proc. Chem. Soc. pp.325331 Mansel Davis : Frederick Soddy : The Scientist as Prophet, Ann. Sci., 49, 3513671992. 1921 Nobel LesPrisNobel 1921 Nobel LecturesChemistry 1901 1921Elsevier Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1966 pp. 365399 1RaThRdTh 238 Th 2 X 223 Ra 3 227 Th 4 230 Th 5 B 212 Pb 6 B 211 Pb 7 2 228 Ac 8 E 210 Bi 9AcAcA 215 Po AcC 211 Po RaF F 210 Po 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 12 13 22 Isotope News 2005 10
X γ Klein1928 X γ Klein1928 Klein18901951 Copenhagen Niels Bohr Niels Bohr 1911 Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory Manchester E. Rutherford 1912 3 7 1913 7 Niels Bohr 1913 1 Copenhagen Martin Knudsen 18711949 9 1 4 Privatdozent 2 E. Rutherford 2 Manchester 1914 10 Manchester 2 Copenhagen Bohr 1916 1 1 Hendrik Antonie Kramers18941952Bohr 1918 Oskar Benjamin Klein18941977 1920 6 Manchester George de Hevesy Bohr Manchester E. Rutherford München A. J. W. Sommerfeld Bohr Carlsberg Foundation 28 Isotope News 2005 11
1921 3 Bohr 20 1923 1 Hevesy H. G. J. Moseley 3 X Dirk Coster Groningen 18891950 72 hafniumhf Bohr 2 1923 4 1890 12 1918 7 18841935 2 1920 8 1921 5 10 1922 8 Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory Rutherford 4 X Compton 1922 11 3 Göttingen Max Born 1954 Nobel 18821970 David Hilbert 18621943 1923 4 Copenhagen Bohr 1928 11 5 Hevesy Coster X 1926 Hevesy Freiburg 1927 X 5 Copenhagen 18821959 18961988 X 1927 3 X 1927 810 Paris 11 1928 2 Hamburg Wolfgang Pauli1945 Nobel Zürich ETH 19001958 Isidor Issac Rabi1944 Nobel Columbia 18981988 X Copenhagen 1928 Hamburg Copenhagen Walter Gordon18931940O. B. Klein 3 Compton 1927 P. A. M. Dirac Compton Klein Klein Fuenen Klein 1928 10 Zeits.f.Phys.2 1 Klein Isotope News 2005 11 29
O. Klein und Y. Nishina : Über die Streuung von Strahlung durch freie Elektronen nach der neuen relatistischen Quantendynamik von Dirac, Zeits.f.Phys.,52, 8538681929. Klein Compton Y. Nishina : Die Polarisation der Comptonstreuung nach der Diracschen Theorie des Elektrons, Zeits.f.Phys.,52, 8698771929. 2 1928 10 30 2 10 Copenhagen ParisLondon 10 31 12 21 2 Zeits.f.Phys. KleinDirac Copenhagen O.Klein 1931 Stockholm N. Bohr 1931 7 1929 9 W. Heisenberg 28 P. A. M. Dirac 27 1931 34 Copenhagen N. Bohr 3 X G. de Hevesy 1935 4 P. A. M. Dirac 1937 4 N. Bohr Bohr 1 1965 Nobel 19061979 1909 19111970 19082001 19051969 1902 197019111966 1907198119112001 1937 4 26 30 Isotope News 2005 11
5 60 1943 Wilson 1937 8 Y. Nishina, M. Takeuchi and T. Ichimiya : On the Nature of Cosmic Ray Particles, Phys. Rev., 52, 119811991937. Y. Nishina, M. Takeuchi and T. Ichimiya : On the Mass of the Mesotron, Phys. Rev., 54, 5855861939. Copenhagen G. de Hevesy X 10 2 26 6 Li 2 D UTh 2 Th 232 Th 4 n0 n2n 231 Th UY 4 n3 Y. Nishina, T. Yazaki, K. Kimura and M. Ikawa : Artificial Production of Uranium Y from Thorium, Nature, 142, 8741938. 238 U n2 n 6.6 β 237 U 6 Y. Nishina, T. Yazaki, H. Ezoe, K. Kimura and M. Ikawa : Induced β Activity of Uranium by Fast Neutrons, Phys. Rev., 57, 11821940, dated May 3, 1940. Berkeley Radiation LaboratoryUniversity of California Edwin H. McMillan1951 Nobel 1907 1991 60 BeD 238 U n2 n 237 U 1 20 Edwin McMillan : The Seven Day Uranium Activity, Phys. Rev., 58, 1781940, dated June 28, 1940. 18871966 1909 4 U Th Isotope News 2005 11 31
235 U 60 1945 11 2 1946 6 GHQ 1948 3 GHQ 1950 4 1949 1 STAC 1951 1 10 1951 5 1 9 17 1 18981988 1954 5 1 1971 8 1 61 1 6 9 2 3Moseley X KLMN X X K X Z ν 1λ ν 0 Rydberg ν Kα ν 034Z 1 2 1913 1914 2526 1923 72Hf 1925 75Re Moseley 1914 1915 27 4 1921 X 5 6 237 U 6.75 B5216 2004 9 A4 340 1 1 32 Isotope News 2005 11
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