Vol.4 No (Oct. 2018) Post-Truth 1,a) , xxxx 0 xx post-truth, post-truth, Information Literacy Education in the Post-Truth Era Haruhiko

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Post-Truth 1,a) 2018 6 22, xxxx 0 xx post-truth, post-truth, Information Literacy Education in the Post-Truth Era Haruhiko Okumura 1,a) Received: June 22, 2018, Accepted: xx xx, xxxx Abstract: Information literacy education in the post-truth era, when emotion matters more than truth, is discussed. It is proposed that fact-checking be incorporated into educational activities, in order to emphasize the importance of objective facts rather than emotion and personal preferences. Various examples of fact-checking are described. The proposal coincides with the growing emphasis on data and data science by the new high-school math and informatics curricula. Keywords: information literacy education, post-truth era, fact-checking 1. Excel Excel 1 Excel 1 Excel [1] 2016 11 1 Twitter *1 1 2 *2 1 Mie University a) okumura@okumuralab.org *1 https://twitter.com/h okumura/status/ 793305155932295168 *2 https://twitter.com/konotarogomame/status/ 793699820712054784 [2] 2011 3 2011 4 3 *3 CSV *3 https://twitter.com/openmeti/status/58168947572355073 c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

3 2011 4 13 4 WARP 1 29 WARP *4 Web 4 2018 6 *5 2. Post-Truth 2 2016 11 2 CC BY 2.0 [3] 2015 Web 2011 [4], [5], [6], [7] SNS 2016 EU 2016 EU 3.5 *4 http://warp.da.ndl.go.jp *5 Internet Archive https://archive.org c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

2016 Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year post-truth post-industrial society post-truth [8] McIntyre [9] SNS filter bubble 2016 DeNA WELQ *6 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 5 03/12 03/13 03/14 03/15 03/16 03/17 03/18 2011 3 11 9 1 179,286,297 164,811 Twitter Japan 3. fact checking 1994 Snopes * 7 2003 FactCheck.org *8 2007 PolitiFact *9 2012 GoHoo * 10 2017 2018 NPO FIJ * 11 BuzzFeed * 12 2015 BuzzFeed Japan information * 13 * 14 3.1 3.4 4 *6 Web SEO *7 https://www.snopes.com *8 https://www.factcheck.org *9 http://www.politifact.com *10 http://gohoo.org *11 http://fij.info *12 https://www.buzzfeed.com *13 https://teisei.info *14 http://www.netlorechase.net 5 3.1 2016 4 14 2018 6 18 6 1923 [10] * 15 578 2613 [12] 1924 2011 [4], [5], [6], [7] *15 2017 [11] c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 6 0 03/12 03/13 03/14 03/15 03/16 03/17 03/18 44,258 Twitter Japan 3 11 [4] NHK 11 22:10 23:10 12 1:30 2:20 3:50 * 16 12 [13] 5 11 12 63 15 cc 14 14 [14] 15 15 16 1 93 * 17 *16 *17 2014 5 7 [15] 5 12 [16] [17] 2014 5 14 post-truth 2014 5 3 3.2 TV SEO DeNA WELQ WELQ 2015 10 Google 2016 WELQ Google SEO MMR 1998 Lancet 2010 Graves [18] c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

0.8 Radiation Level (!Gy/h) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 8 03/15 03/16 03/17 µgy/h µsv/h3 15 0.109 10 0.496 0.160 0.809 NHK 7 NHK 8 3 15 0.109 µsv 0.809 Bq/kg Sv/h HPV HPV WHO 70 % 1 % HPV [19] 3.3 cherry picking cherry picking 7 NHK 2011 4 4 [20] [21] 8 2011 3 15 1 0.109 µgy/h NHK 0.809 µsv/h NHK Gy = Sv NHK 2017 1 79 101 9 [22] 9 0.79 mg/l 0.01 mg/l 79 3.4 STAP * 18 MMR *18 STAP c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 5

mg/l 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 101 9 0.01 mg/l reproducibility crisis 1 2015 Open Science Collaboration [23] 39 % Ioannidis [24] p-hacking RCT RCT causal inference [25] [26] [27] 4. [28] * 19 4.1 [30] 1 kg 400 15 10 2 kg 1 20 2 kg 2015 [31] NPO 2013 9 4.2 2016 10 27 NHK *19 [29] c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 6

* 20 4.3 30 [32] 30 [33] [34] 4.4 EM [35] [36] [37] 5. 2018 2022 I II I II I 2017 *20 Q&A http://www.alumi-can.or.jp/publics/ index/35/ http://www.alumi-can.or.jp/relays/download/?file= /files/libs/479/201704281444042623.pdf I 2 2017 2 12 138 [38] [1] Excel SSS2013 pp. 93 98 (2013). [2] Vol. 58 No. 10 pp. 874 875 (2017). [3] 2.0 https://www.kantei.go. jp/jp/singi/it2/densi/ (2015). [4] SSS2011 pp. 25 32 (2011). [5] Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 1072 1073 (2011). [6] Okumura, H.: The 3.11 Disaster and Data, Journal of Information Processing, Vol. 22, No. 4 (2014). [7] Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 226 229 (2016). [8] (2017). [9] McIntyre, L.: Post-Truth, MIT Press (2018). [10] 1923 2 http://www. bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/kyokun/kyoukunnokeishou/rep/ 1923 kanto daishinsai 2/index.html (2008). [11] BuzzFeed News https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/ kotahatachi/what-happend (2017 4 20 ). [12] (1973). [13] https://ceh.cosmo-oil.co.jp/information/ 110312/index.html (2011 3 12 ). [14] - - http://www.nirs.qst.go.jp/data/pdf/youso- 1.pdf www.nirs.go.jp (2011 3 14 ). [15] ( 604 ) https://web.archive.org/web/20140507105430/http: //www.town.fukushima-futaba.lg.jp/item/5924.htm (2014 5 7 ). [16] https://web.archive.org/web/20140512061401/http: //www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/01010d/20140512.html c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 7

(2014 5 12 ). [17] http: //www.env.go.jp/chemi/rhm/info 1405-1.html (2014 5 13 ). [18] Graves, C.: Why Debunking Myths About Vaccines Hasn t Convinced Dubious Parents, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2015/02/why-debunkingmyths-about-vaccines-hasnt-convinced-dubious-parents (2015). [19] http://www.jsog.or.jp/ statement/index.html [20] NHK https://web.archive.org/web/20110428012119/http: //www3.nhk.or.jp/news/genpatsu-fukushima/ houshasen/shinjuku/0313.html (2011 4 4 ). [21] http://monitoring.tokyo-eiken.go.jp/mon post.html [22] http://www.shijou.metro.tokyo.jp/ toyosu/expert/ [23] Open Science Collaboration: Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science, Science, DOI:10. 1126/science.aac4716 (2015). [24] Ioannidis, J. P. A.: Why Most Published Research Findings Are False, PLOS Medicine, DOI:10.1371/journal. pmed.0020124 (2005). [25] (2017). [26] (2017). [27] (2015). [28] (2018). [29] 07 2007 3 4 p. 23. [30] 2010 2 16 p. 2. [31] 2015 4 11 p. 27. [32] https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/75218 (2015). [33] https://www.bellmark.or.jp/foundation/ 30000963/ (2015 7 7 ). [34] https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/75223 (2015). [35] BuzzFeed NEWS https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/ satoruishido/mext-edoshigusa (2016 4 5 ). [36] (2011). [37] https://oku.edu.mie-u.ac. jp/ okumura/stat/pendulum.html [38] Post-Truth 2017-CE-138 http: //id.nii.ac.jp/1001/00177063/ (2017). 1951 1978 c 2018 Information Processing Society of Japan 8