GLOBAL FALLOUT 1

GLOBAL FALLOUT 1

Country Indonesia India Pakistan Korea P.R.China Brazil Argentina Japan New Zealand Italy Switzerland Denmark Canada U.S.A. England Netherlands France W.Germany Sweden Meats 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 kg/year/person

-DIFFERENT FOOD CONSUMPTION CUSTOM FROM OTHER AREAS- Fish Milk Eggs Animal Fats Meat Sugar Pulses Oilcrops Starchy roots Fruits Vegetables Cereals Rice Wheat Maize WORLD ASIA China India AREA/Country Japan Korea OCEANIA Australia AMERICA U.S.A. EUROPE France U.K. AFRICA 0 200 400 600 800 1000 kg/capita/year 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 kg/capita/year 2007 data from FAO database, http://faostat.fao.org/site/345/default.aspx

Category Root vegetables Leafy vegetables Fish & shellfish Meat Eggs Milk Potatoes Beans Cereals Sr-90 Cs-137 0! 10! 20! 30! 40! 50 Contribution (%) FIG. Relative contributions of nine food groups to the total intake of fallout 90 Sr and 137 Cs. Each Value is a mean during the period from 1966 to 1971 in three prefectures. (Ueda et al., 1974)

(Wet Dry)

Sr-90Cs-137mBq/kg 10000 1000 100 10 1 Bq m 2 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 90 Sr 137 Cs 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year

137 Cs Cs 90 Sr Sr 131 I I

TF= Bq kg-1 Bq kg -1

TF OF CS-137 FOR POLISHED RICE TF of Cs-137 for polished rice ( - ) 10 0 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 Akita Morioka 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year

Element Leafy vegetables Fruit vegetables Leek & Onion Wheat & Barley Tubers Root vegetables Beans Brown rice N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM Co 18 5.8E-3 18 4.0E-3 12 3.6E-3 9 8.2E-4 11 3.3E-3 10 2.5E-3 7 4.8E-3 62 8.7E-4 Sr 18 2.5E-1 18 5.4E-2 12 1.2E-1 9 1.5E-2 11 2.7E-2 10 1.4E-1 7 7.5E-2 61 3.2E-3 Cs 18 5.4E-3 18 5.8E-3 12 1.7E-3 9 7.6E-4 11 5.5E-3 10 4.4E-3 7 3.7E-3 63 9.7E-4 U 14 6.6E-4 14 1.2E-4 9 7.4E-4 7 9.8E-5 11 7.0E-4 10 4.0E-4 6 1.8E-4 44 5.7E-5 Ra-226 17 1.0E-2 7 4.2E-3 9 1.1E-2 6 2.7E-3 9 1.9E-3 8 1.1E-2 - n.m. 46 4.6E-4 Cs-137 4 7.6E-2 5 4.0E-2 6 1.6E-2 1 1.7E-3 6 2.6E-2 4 2.2E-2 - n.m. 30 3.3E-3 N: number of observations. GM: Geometric mean Bq/Kg-dry TF Bq/Kg-dry Uchida, et al: J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.

2011 4 25 6 20

Transfer fctor of naturally existing 133 Cs 10 0 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 Upland field crops Brown rice 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 0 Transfer factor of fallout 137 Cs N. Ishikawa, K. Tagami, S. Uchida: Estimation of 137 Cs Plant Root Uptake Using Naturally Existing 133 Cs, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Suppl. 5, 146-151, 2008.

COMPARISON OF TFS OF FALLOUT 137 CS AND STABLE CS Transfer factors of Cs and 137 Cs for white rice 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 Average of 137 Cs-TF Average of stable Cs-TF stable Cs Cs-137 1988 1990 1992 1994 Year FIG. 2. Transfer factors of 137 Cs and stable Cs for white rice collected in Akita, Japan. (Uchida, et.al: Radioprotection, 40, S129-S134, 2005)

Ratio of 137 Cs-TF to stable Cs-TF Ratio Place Year Ref. 1.5 Akita 1986-2001 Uchida, et. al. 2.8 Japan Ishikawa, et. al. 2002-2005 (50-37 points) Uchida, et. al. 5.5 (Crops) Japan Ishikawa, et. al. 2002-2005 (68-43 points) Uchida, et. al. 2.9 Aomori 1996-1997 Tsukada, et al. 3.3 Japan (14-15 points) 1990 Komammura, et.al.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG 137 CS, 133 CS, AND K IN PLANT UPTAKE OBSERVED IN JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS 137 Cs in crop ( C crop 137Cs ) 133 Cs in plant ( C crop 133Cs ) K in plant C crop ( K ) Plant-available fraction (ex) 137 Cs on exchangeable sites C ex 137Cs ( ) 133 Cs on exchangeable sites C ex 133Cs ( ) K on exchangeable sites C ex K ( ) Plant-unavailable fraction (fix) 137 Cs on fixed sites 133 Cs on fixed sites C fix 133 Cs originated from soil C fix K on fixed sites K originated from soil C fix ( 137Cs ) ( 133Cs ) ( K ) The soil environment

K K-40TF TF