わかりやすい熱力学第 3 版 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. http://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/060013 このサンプルページの内容は, 第 3 版発行時のものです.
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ii 49 7
iii 3 38 40 90 3 2012 9
iv 1 1 2 4 2.1 4 2.2 5 2.3 6 2.4 7 2.5 8 8 3 10 3.1 10 3.2 11 3.3 12 3.4 13 3.5 15 3.6 16 18 4 20 4.1 20 4.2 21 4.3 24 4.4 26 4.5 29 4.6 30 34 5 37 5.1 37
1 1 18 18 (Count Rumford, B. Thompson) (S.H.Davy) (G. Amontons) (D. G. Fahrenheit) (A. Celsius) 19 (J. R. Mayer) (J.P.Joule) (energy) (W.J.M.Rankine) (R.J.E.Clausius) W. Thomson
2 1 (W. Ostwald) 18 20 (A. Einstein) (E = mc 2 E: (J) m: (kg) c: (m/s)) (T. Newcomen) 1712 (J. Watt) 1769 (N.L.S.Carnot)
3 p v T R pv = RT (1.1) (1.1) 1824 28 20
4 2 2.1 (heat) (energy) (temperature) C F SI K t [ C] F [ F] T [K] F = 9 5 t +32, t = 5 (F 32) 9 (2.1) T = t + 273.15 (2.2)
2.2 5 Kelvine K C F 2.1 2.1 K C F 2.2 (pressure) 1m 2 1N 1Pa 1Pa=1N/m 2 =1kg/(m s 2 )=1J/m 3 (2.3) 1kPa=10 3 Pa, 1MPa=10 6 Pa (2.4) 1Pa bar hpa 1bar=10 5 Pa = 10 5 N/m 2 (2.5) 1 hpa = 100 Pa (2.6) g 9.80665 m/s 2 13.5951 g/cm 3 0 C 760 mm 760 mmhg
6 2 1 = 760 mmhg = 101.325 kpa (2.7) (gauge pressure) (absolute pressure) (vacuum) mmhg % 0% 2.2 2.2 2.3 J 1J 1N 1m 1J 1J/s 1W 1J=1N m =1W s (2.8) (specific heat) 1kg 1 C G [kg] dq [J] dt [ C] dt dq G dt dq G dq = cg dt (2.9)
2.4 7 c 1kg 1 C c (2.9) c kj/(kg K) c = c(t) [kj/(kg K)] (2.10) 1kg t 1 [ C] t 2 [ C] q 12 q 12 = t2 t 1 c(t)dt [kj/kg] (2.11) t 1 t 2 c m c m 1 c m = t 2 t 1 t2 t 1 c(t)dt [kj/(kg K)] (2.12) q 12 q 12 = c m (t 2 t 1 )[kj/kg] (2.13) 2.4 1kg (specific volume) 1kg m 3 /kg 1m 3 (specific weight) kg/m 3 v ρ v = 1 ρ [m3 /kg], ρ = 1 v [kg/m3 ] (2.14)
8 2 2.5 kgf kgw G [kgf] G [kg] 1kg kgf m kg s K SI 2.1 2.2 F [ F] t [ C] ( 1 ) t = 2 F + 1 ( 1 ) 10 2 F +10 2000 F t = 1000 + 100 + 10 = 1110 C ±10 C 2.3 755 mmhg 830 kpa 2.4 2.26 MPa 700 mmhg 760 mmhg 2.5 G [kg] t 1 [ C] t 2 [ C] c t c = α + βt + γt 2 [kj/(kg K)] (a) (b) (a) t 1 t 2 [ C] c m (b) t 1 t 2 [ C] Q
2.6 0 t [ C] c m c m t = t 0 c dt 9 t c c m ( dcm ) c = c m + t dt 0 t [ C] 600 C c [kj/(kg K)] t 500 600 700 c m 1.038 1.051 1.059 2.7 0.5 kw 15 C 0.8 L 75% 2.8 2.5 kg 800 C 20 C 45 C 0.473 1.967 kj/(kg K) 2.9 1.429 kg/m 3 5kg 2.10 150 mm 210 mm 40 g
7.4 77 7.5 p v 2 7.4 h s 1980 h s (i) 3 (ii) 4 (iii) 5 (iv) h s (i) 0 374.15 C t [ C] p [MPa, mmhg] v [m 3 /kg] v [m 3 /kg] h h [kj/kg] r = h h [kj/kg] s s [kj/(kg K)] (ii) 0.0010 22.12 MPa p [MPa, mmhg] t [ C] (iii) p t [ C] v [m 3 /kg] h [kj/kg] s [kj/(kg K)]
78 7 (iv) x v (7.3) h s h = xh +(1 x)h (7.7) s = xs +(1 x)s 3 4 t p 0.8 MPa t r 4 0.8 MPa t = 170.41 C r = 2046.5kJ/kg p t MPa C [m 3 /kg] [kj/kg] [kj/(kg K)] v v h h r = h h s s 0.8 170.41 0.00111498 0.240257 720.935 2767.5 2046.5 2.04572 6.65960 5 p t 15 MPa 420 C v h s 5 v =0.01686 m 3 / kg h = 3057.0kJ/kg s =6.0016 kj/(kg K) MPa C C 400 420 430 v 0.01566 0.01686 0.01741 15 h 2979.1 3057.0 3092.7 342.13 s 5.8876 6.0016 6.0528 15 MPa 3250 kj/ kg 15 MPa
7.4 79 MPa C C 470 480 15 342.13 h 3222.3 3252.4 h = 3250 kj/kg 470 C 480 C t = 470 + 3250 3222.3 3252.4 3222.3 (480 470) = 479.2 C h s h s 1904 (Mollier) 7.6 h s h s 7.6 h s ABDEFG dp =0 (3.16) 7.6 h s
80 7 dq =dh vdp =dh dt =0 dp =0 h s h s 7.6 1 2 h 1 h 2 [J/kg] w 2 w 2 = 2(h 1 h 2 )[m/s] (7.8) J/kg 8.1 h s 7.6 K L 7.7 h s 1(p 1,t 1 ) 2(p 2,t 2 ) t 2 p 2 2 1 p 1 1 1 x 1 7.7 7.8
7.4 81 (throttling calorimeter) 7.8 T s T s p h 11 p h h s 7.6 (7.8) 1kg ( q =0) 7.9 7.10 h s 7.9 h s 7.10 h s
11.5 145 11.1 NH 3 CO 2 17.03 44.00 +30 C 1.166 7.192 MPa 15 C 0.236 2.289 C 133 31 MPa 11.38 7.39 C 77.7 78.5 kj/kg 15 C 1312 273.3 c p /c v 1.31 1.3 1 2 % 16 25 (brine) 1.286 50 C p h 11.9
146 11 11.9 C 7 p h 11.6 LiBr NaCl 11.10 A B C D A A 11.10
11.7 147 11.7 (comfort air conditioning) (industrial air conditioning) (air conditioning) (humid air, moist air) t [ C] p w [kpa] p w p w (dew point) t [ C] ρ w [kg/m 3 ] p w [kpa] s (relative humidity) (specific humidity) ϕ = p w = ρ w p ws ρ ws (11.9) x = ρ w ρ a (11.10) ρ a ϕ x
148 11 x = ρ w = p / w pa ρ a R w T R a T = R a pw R w p a =0.622 p w p a =0.622 p ws p a ϕ (11.11) ϕ [%] DB WB 11.2 [ C] 11.2 ϕ [%] [ C] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 0 100 80 63 49 37 28 20 8 1 4 100 83 69 56 46 37 30 19 11 8 100 85 73 62 52 44 37 27 19 12 100 87 76 66 57 50 43 33 26 16 100 88 78 69 61 54 48 38 30 20 100 89 80 72 64 58 52 42 34 24 100 90 82 74 67 60 55 45 37 28 100 91 83 75 69 63 57 48 40 32 100 91 84 77 70 65 59 50 42 11.8 11.11 t DB [ C] t WB [ C] 11.11
11.8 149 t d [ C] ϕ x v [m 3 /kg] h [kj/kg] 11.12 t x (carrier) 11.12 (kg* 1kg ) 1 t d ϕ x v h 24 C 19 C 11.13 16.6 C ε = 64% x =0.012 kg/kg v =0.856 m 3 /kg h 13 4.186 = 54.42 kj/kg 2 25% 1 1 75% 15 C 10 C 2 3 11.13 3 :1 3 t d =17.6 C ϕ = 59%
3 c 2012 1974 9 1 1 1 1984 3 8 1 13 1984 11 21 SI 1 2010 3 10 SI 29 2012 10 10 3 1 2014 2 10 3 2 1-4-11 102-0071 03-3265-8341 FAX 03-3264-8709 http://www.morikita.co.jp/ Printed in Japan ISBN978-4-627-60013-3