Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University 33 委任立法に対する国会の統制 概要 4 1 はじめに ( 1998:20-1) (Kreppel 1997:340-1) 1 1 1539 (Statute of Proclamations 1539) (Henry VIII powers) (Rogers and Walters 2015:224)
34 2 ( 2001:92) 4 2 英仏独における委任立法の議会統制 2. 1 イギリスにおける委任立法の議会統制 1946 (Statutory Instruments Act 1946) (Statutory Instrument) 1990 80 ( 1) 表 1 議会制定法律数および制定法文書数 (1990-2016 年 ) / 1990 46 2667 1991 69 2953 1992 61 3359 1993 52 3276 1994 41 3334 1995 54 3345 1996 63 3291 1997 69 3114 1998 49 3323 1999 35 1 3501 203 2000 45 12 3433 453 2001 25 15 4150 494 2002 44 17 3279 570 2003 45 19 3367 623 2004 38 12 3459 565 2005 24 16 3602 663 2006 55 17 3515 616 2007 31 19 3688 584 2008 33 7 3371 441 2 2009 27 12 3468 455 5 2010 41 18 3117 471 8 2011 25 16 3136 458 7 2012 23 11 3329 360 2 2013 33 14 3314 366 7 2014 30 19 3563 385 7 2015 37 13 2059 447 6 2016 25 22 1242 438 6 )Apostolova (2017:7) 2 ( 46 1 20 ) ( 3 7 9 ) ( 14 1 31 ) ( 21 11 18 ) ( 25 1 11 ) ( 2013:274-7)
35 (Affirmative Resolution Procedure) 40 (Negative Resolution Procedure) 3 200 18% 82% ( 2) ( 2012:212) (Malcolm 2011:672) ( ) (draft) ( 28 40 ) 3 ( 2) ( ) ( 2013:60-1) 40 ( 2) 4 (Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments) (Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee) 5 1000 ( 2013:61-2) 1968 6 6 1969 1 3 Statutory Instruments Act 1946, s.5. 4 1997-98 2015-16 1 21 (Apostolova 2017:13) 5 (Delegated Legislation Committee) 10% ( 2012:219) 6 (1968 ) (2000 ) (2002 ) (2007 ) (2012 ) (2015 ) (Rogers and Walters2015:228-9)
36 表 2 庶民院に提出された制定法文書の件数 1997-1998 141 49 35 225 23 1506 62 1591 300 40 1856 1998-1999 132 39 7 178 9 1230 27 1266 51 35 1479 1999-2000 136 41 3 180 13 1200 28 1241 28 35 1456 2000-2001 102 21 0 123 3 700 14 717 24 28 868 2001-2002 208 51 3 262 10 1426 32 1468 54 58 1788 2002-2003 167 38 28 233 2 1158 56 1216 42 25 1474 2003-2004 159 16 32 207 4 976 58 1038 18 36 1281 2004-2005 100 3 23 126 1 621 38 660 13 7 793 2005-2006 228 6 37 271 1 1494 88 1583 38 31 1885 2006-2007 193 12 19 224 23 1506 45 1574 19 2 1800 2007-2008 229 13 15 257 0 1010 39 1049 28 13 1319 2008-2009 233 23 5 261 5 962 43 1010 30 29 1300 2009-2010 164 13 2 179 3 603 25 631 8 11 821 2010-2012 345 36 5 386 29 1340 2 1371 27 52 1809 2012-2013 210 4 0 214 11 730 1 742 12 38 994 2013-2014 244 16 7 267 24 856 2 882 2 24 1173 2014-2015 356 22 3 381 35 942 2 979 9 18 1378 2015-2016 133 16 2 151 22 541 22 585 19 21 757 2016-2017 160 5 1 166 27 494 16 537 21 22 725 )1. 2. )House of Commons Sessional Returns 1997/98 to 2016/17 http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/commons/sessional-returns/ 2. 2 フランスにおける委任立法の議会統制 () ( 34 ) ( 37 ) 7 (ordonnance) ( 38 ) 8 ( 1985:70) 50 9 ( 2013:95) 38 2 7 37 (domaine du la loi) (règlements autonomes) 21 (décrets en Conseil d'état) ( 1989:265-8) 8 ( 1960:347) 9 Legifrance (Les dossiers législatifs)https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/dossiers_legislatifs.jsp
37 ( 1985:89-90) 2008 38 2 ( 2009:150) (décret) 38 ( 1990:584) ( 1985:73) 2. 3 ドイツにおける委任立法の議会統制 (Rechtsverordnung) (Verwaltungsverordnung) 80 1 ( 1998: 55) ( 2012a:429) 1949 84 52 80 2 ( 1998:60-2,78) 80 1
38 80 1 ( 2012a:440) ( 2012b:359) 3 日本における委任立法とその問題点 ( 73 6 ) ( 2012:77) 1947 ( 2003:419-20) ( ) ( 2500 25.0 2000 20.0 1500 15.0 1000 10.0 500 5.0 0 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 0.0 閣法政省令政省令 / 閣法 図 1 日本の閣法 政省令制定件数の比較 (1947-2016 年 )
39 2012:30) () 1 10 2001 ( / ) 1970 (Pempel 1974:654-6) ( 2003: 162-5) 11 ( 2015:167) ( 1992:69-71) 10 ( ) 1947 1997 (2002) : 55 167-168 1998 2000 2001 2016 (http://hourei.ndl.go.jp/searchsys/frame/ seitei_top.jsp) 11 (Ramseyer and Rosenbluth 1997:107-8)
40 ( 1960:41) 2006 3 1990-91 100 5 1 ( 2012:78) 12 3 1994 11 2009 2006 2013 1 11 ( 38 1 ) 12 1991 1 31
41 ( 25 1 11 67 1 1 ) 2353 2303 22 1 ( ) 99.8% 0.2% 13 () 2009 ( 2010) (2009 )(2014 ) 14 ( ) ( 2013:35-6) 8000 15 2012 ( 2014:50) 2014 2018 13 185 10 (2013 11 27 )35 14 2009:136 15
42 4 国会は委任立法をどのように統制すべきか 4 ( 2012: 261-2) ( ) ( 2015:31) 109 2004 1961 16 1983 22 ( 25 1 ) 118 ( 2016:769-75) 10 ( 3) 22 21 ( 2016:767-9) ( 87 ) 87 ( 2014:80) 16 38 21 (1961 3 25 )24
43 表 3 国の緊急事態 外交 安全保障に関する国会の承認事項 / () / / 20 / ( 7 ) 106 109 109 2 6 7 20 74 / 20 ( 7 ) 20 20 / 20 5 9 22 93 130 6 10 2 5 1 76 78 ( 2012a: 456-8) 17 18 17 1996 ( 2014:331) 18 ( 2008:151)
44 ( 92 15 ) ( 74 15 ) 参考文献 日本語文献 (2003) (1947-1999) 1991 1 31 ( )(1988) (1985) 5(2) 57-106 (2013) ( 5 ) (2001) (2008) (1998) ( ) 41-80 (2013) ( ) (2013) ( ) (2014) 87(2) 283-335 (2013) 255 42-67 ( )(2016) 28 ( ) (2014) (2012) (2015) Resurrection 26 22-32 ( )(2015) 3 (1960) 5( ) 350 35-41 (2012) 5 (1992) 27 51-75 (2003) (1960) (2009) 2008 7 23 240 139-168 (1990) (2012a) ( ) 425-458 (2012b) 170(4 5 6) 334-359 (2014) 352 44-53 (1989) 1(4) 261-284 (2009) 650 136 外国語文献 Kreppel, Amie (1997) The Impact of Parties in Government on Legislative Output in Italy. European Journal of Political Research, 31, 327-350. Sir Malcolm, Jack (ed.) (2011) Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament, 24th ed., LexisNexis. Pempel, T. J. (1974) The Bureaucratization of Policymaking in Postwar Japan. American Journal of Political Science, 18(4), 647-664. Ramseyer, J. Mark and Rosenbluth, Frances McCall (1997) Japan's Political Marketplace: With a New Preface, Harvard University Press.(=1995 ) Rogers, Robert and Walters, Rhodri (2015) How Parliament Works, 7th ed., Routledge. ウェブページ (2010) Q&A( ) (2017 10 15 http://www.maff.go.jp/ j/kobetu_ninaite/kobetu/syuyou_qa_tx.html) Apostolova, Vyara (2017) Acts and Statutory Instruments: the Volume of UK Legislation 1950 to 2016, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, CBP 7438, 21 April 2017 (Retrieved on October 15. 2017, http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/cbp-7438/ CBP-7438.pdf) 謝辞 (17K03333)