2017/11/29 pa 1
(1) Cie ie pa chësc? denn 2
3 4 3
a) b) c) 4
[ ] the dialects spoken in this area are quite homogeneous from a lexical, morphological, and syntactic point of view. They represent an ideal ground for analyzing micro variations in syntax, as the grammatical systems compared do not differ very much from one another. Thus, this is as near as we can get to a controlled scientific experiment, in which grammatical systems that differ only on the basis of a single feature are compared. (Poletto 2000: 3) 5
pa 6
a) b) Noneso Solandro Ampezzano 7
Hack (2011, 2014) a) Gardenese b) Badiotto c) Fassano d) Livinallese e) Ampezzano 8
modal particle, sentential particle etc. es. denn (2a) Wo wohnst du? (2b) Wo wohnst du denn? cf. denn 9
Veneto Trentino a) lu b) ti c) mo d) pa (po) e) pö f) (pu) 10
lu Lu it. lui; (3a) Lu el tase. lu (3b) L é frét, lu. 11
ti Ti it. tu; (4a) Ti te credi de èssere furbo. ti (4b) (4c) (4b) Quando sarali rivadi, ti? (4c) Cossa sì drio magnar, ti? 12
mo Mo (it. ma; ) (5a) i l á cherdé sö, mo al ne m'á nia respognü mo 13
mo (5b) Magna, mo (che te deventa grant)! (5c) Ciamime, mo! (5d) Quando rivaràli, mo? (5e) Ći pënsi mo de nos? 14
pa po Po (it. poi ; ) (6) E po l è andà via. pa (po) 15
pa (7a) Quando eli rivadi? (7b) Quando, po, eli rivadi? (7c) Quando eli rivadi, po? (7d) Po, quando eli rivadi? 16
pa pa (Hack 2011: 63) (1) Cie ie pa chësc? po POS(T) (Kramer 1993: 330) po pa 17
Pö (8a) Al é pö bun! (8b) Fàl pö ch al é na buna idea. Pu (9) Pu no no! 18
pa (10a) Amor se fesh pa na berta. (10b) Al vëgn. (10c) Al vëgn pa. 19
pa (11a) Al é pa bun! (11b) Al n é pa bun! (11c) Fajé-l pa dessigÿ! (11d) *Lîl! 20
pa pa 1) 2) 3) 4) a) Wh b) Yes/no 21
Wh Yes/no po (Hack 2011) Wh (12a) Ma će vọṣ=to pọ? (12b) Će áṣto ñǫŋ? Yes/no po (13a) Magnone po? (13b) Magnone? 22
pa po Wh Yes/no Wh pa pa (Hack 2011) (14a) Che as=te pa fat? (14b) Che as=te fat? 23
Yes/no pa (Chiocchetti 2001) (15a) Rùeste pa doman? (15b) Rùeste doman? Yes/no 24
Pa Wh Yes/no Wh pa (Poletto 2000) (16a) Ulà t a-i pa ody? (16b) Ulà t a-i ody? pa Focus marker (Poletto 2000) 25
Yes/no (Hack 2011) (17a) Và=les pa a Roma? (17b) Và=les a Roma? pa Hack (2011) (17a) 26
Pa a Wh Yes/no Wh pa (Poletto 2000) (18a) Can compr=i pa n liber? (18b) Can compr=i n liber? pa 27
Yes/no pa (Hack 2011) (19a) Vën pa ence Tone? (19b) *Vën ence Tone? Wh 28
pa / Wh Yes/ no 29
1 pa pa (po) POS(T) (Hack 2011, 2014) 30
grammaticalization (Bayer & Obenauer 2011: 451) Abraham (1991: 337-338) a) b) c) d) e) f) 31
Pa pa a) b) c) 32
Pa d) pa Wh e) pa pa f) a 33
Pa pa Hack (2011, 2014) pa denn 34
Denn Denn (< ohg. thanne then ) 1) 2) 3) (Wegener 2002: 386) Localistic > Temporal > Logical > Illocutive / Discourse functional (Abraham 1991: 373) 35
Denn -n denn -n -n (20a) (20b) (20c) -n (20a) Wos hosd n gsogd? (20b) *Wos hosd gsogd? (20c) WOS hosd gsogd? 36
Denn -n Yes/no -n (21a) Homna-n däi aa a Haus? (21b) Hom däi aa a Haus? LOCALISTIC > TEMPORAL > LOGICAL > ILLOCUTIVE/ DISCOURSE FUNCTIONAL > WH-QUESTION MARKER 37
Pa denn Hack (2011) 1) Denn < Thanne Pa < POST 2) 38
Pa denn 3) denn pa 4) a n 5) 39
Pa denn pa Wh Yes/no (Hack 2011, 2014) 2 a) b) pa 40
2 pa Localistic > Temporal > Logical > Illocutive / Discourse functional > Wh-question marker > General question marker -n 41
ASIt (http://asit.maldura.unipd.it/) pa CLL (http:// vll.ladintal.it/) 42
a) Pa b) pa 43
a) Pa pa b) pa 44
Corpus dl ladin leterar http://vll.ladintal.it/ 590.610 45
1800-1999 (1800-1899 1900-1949 1950-1999) a) 331 b) 321 c) 278 46
Wh Yes/no pa pa 47
1800-1899 1900-1949 1950-1999 62 72 147 296 52 212 124 81 528 48
Wh 1800 70% 1900 95% Wh 1800 pa (22a) Tan d'ani ala pa? pa (22b) Bon di, bera Jan, co vala? 49
Yes/no Yes/no 1800 1900 (30% 95%) 1900 1800 (23a) Dijëde, ëis pa medejines? (23b) Ues mëter pën dij un al auter, che chisc rejona de maië? 50
100.0% Wh Yes/no 75.0% 50.0% 25.0% 0.0% 1800-1899 1900-1949 1950-1999 51
Wh Pa 1800 pa 1900 (24a) Mi Dî, ci él pa chësc? (24b) Da olá sëise pa os? 52
Yes/no 1800 pa (25a) ne podesseste pa bëre ega canche t' as sëi? (25b) Oste l' ascolté? Yes/no 1900 pa 53
Wh Yes/no 1800-1899 1900-1949 1950-1999 54
Wh Wh 1800 1999 50-65% (14a-b) pa 1800 (26a) Che èste inom? (26b) co vàla pa? 55
Yes/no Yes/no pa (27a) Ge aede pa lingrazià eh? (27b) Ma élo po vera? 56
Wh Yes/no 1800-1899 1900-1949 1950-1999 57
Wh Yes/no Wh Wh Yes/no 58
Wh Yes/no 59
Wh pa Yes/no Wh 60