JILPTThe Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training
The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training
20056
1 2 4 1 3 1 2 4 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 18 1 25 1 25 2 40 3 76 2 85 85 1 86 2 93 3 101 103 3 129 129 1 130 2 132 3 133 4 141 1 141 2 163 3 176
1 22 40 1 8 1 48 2 30 50 60 1,800 62 1 40 9 4 6 9 10 15 3
2 4 16 4 17 3
(1) (2) (3) 6 7 29 C.F.R.541 manual laborer blue collar 455
4 100,000 455 2 i iiiii iv 50 2 2 3 100,000
455 academic administration i455 ii 2 100,000 iii 455 i ii
teacher practice of law or medicine computer employees i455 ii 27.63 i ii iii iv 2004 199921 5 3
4 18 3 2002 8 4420 7 560 1970 2
1947 3 14AGIRC 4 1 1947 3 14AGIRC 4 1 1,600 180 1 1 1 10 1 4812 44
217 3 2 58 managing executive
1 1 1 4040 8 1.5 (Arbeitszeitgesetz 1994 (Fair 3 Labor Standards Act) 7 6 20 Ladenschlussgesetz 2 7 13 3 1.5 5 7 i 2 18 1 Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 5 3 i18 Jungendarbeitsschutzgezetzii Seemannsgesetz18 2, 3 2021 3 14 1 14 2
1 1 35Code du travaill.212-1 1 17 (reference period48 Working Time Regulation 1998 4 1 2 2 voyageurs,représentants et placiers cadres dirigeantsl.212-15-1 3 (heures d équivalances) 35 L.212-4 4 5928 4254 5239 4454 (dérogations permanentes) 1 10 1 48 1 30 2 (dérogations temporaires) 2 18 managing executive family workers 20 1 domestic servant 19 4 1 3 26 21 52 23b
4 40 1 6 1516 1 16e (liquidated damages) 16b 17 4 1 5,000 22 2,500 24 2 1 2325 6
4 4 contravention 4 2829 3 Employment Tribunal 30 1974 Employment Tribunal Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service 1(durée maximale du travail) 1 10 L.212-1 2 12 L.212-1 1 48 12 44 L.212-7 12 46 L.212-7 (contingent annuel d heures supplémentaires)180 L.212-6 35 10 L.212-5 3543 25 50 L.212-5 (repos compensateur obligatoire) 21 4150 78 2 20 50 L.212-5-1
126 261,040 261,040 112156 1.5 261,040 26140 521,840 2,080 522,080 1.5 2,240 112156 1.5 522,240 52140 1 6 24 1 8 1 10 3 7 1 1 b 1 8 Arbeitszeitkonto 2 1 3 1 8 6 2 10 7 1 3 11 5 1 1 8 6 2 1 8 7 2 a 7 7 (3) Vertrauensarbeitszeit 1 23 6 22 5 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 10 6 2 2 6 5 3 50 1 6 3 12 6 4
1modulation du temps de travail 1,600 1,600 1 1 1 10 1 481244 1 L.212-8 135 1 L.212-8 cycles de travail L.212-7-1 35 1 1 1 10 1 481244 21 6 L.213-1 1 17 24 8 6 1 6 1 7 i 5 ii 11 6 2 ( 7 1 ) 7 6 23
1(Ruhezeit) 1 11 5 1 24 9 1 10 1 6 1 24 Bundesurlaubsgesetz 3 1 4 1 12 1 6 5 1 a 5 1 b 7 1 12 12 7 2
repos quotidien,repos journalier 2 11 L.220-1 1 9 L.220-1D220-1 (repos hebdomadaire) 1 6 L.221-2 24(1) 1135 L.221-4 L.221-12 182 L.221-4 221-5 L.221-9 6 1 5 31 1 4 24 1 2.5 L.223-1L.223-2 305 5 1 1031 iii L.223-7 12 24 4 L.223-8 1daily rest period 2411 10 weekly rest period 24 1424 23 4 13 2 7 13 9 13 9 2 2 13 9 14 2
455
2 455 12 3 2 12313 1 33 3 1 41 2 1322 9 131763 3 14150 13
3 2 2 41 2 14 3.88.3
3 38 3 38 4
12 3 1 312 2 3 2, 199117
16 FLSA 1 FLSA 50
1 5,200 1 25 1
Fair Labor Standards Act FLSA 20048 1 FLSA FLSA 2 3 FLSA Wage-Hour Law 6 4 7 40 5 1 399199341 1995235 501994109 1993130 199180 51928 4 200463 1993 1993110 81212 2 FLSA 1937 19375 24 FLSA 199197 3 29 U.S.C.S.202(a). 4 6 (a)(1) 1 5.15 workweek 30 50 236
1.5 FLSA 1216 18 6 6 d 7 8 FLSA 1947 Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947 9 1936 Walsh-Healey Act of 1936 10 1962 Contract 5 1938 FLSA 1 442 42 40 1940 21 6 FLSA oppressive child labor 12c 30 12(a) 3(f) (1) 16(2)16 18 (1) 14 16 ( 1 1 )13c(d) 240 7 Equal Pay Act EPA FLSA 1963FLSA 6 (d) EPA6 (d)(1) equal skill, effort, and responsibility similar working conditions EPA 6 (d)(1) FLSA (6(d)(3)) 1964 7 EPA7 EPA 7 7 223-227 8 94 9 FLSA 10 1947FLSA 29 U.S.C.A 251-262 4 (a) walking, riding or traveling preliminary or postliminary activities FLSA FLSA 4 (b)(d) 4 workday = 4 (c) 122-161 10 10,000 1 40 1.5 41 U.S.C. 35-451936 1 40 1 8 1985 1 FLSA 1 40 1989309
Work Hours and Safety Standards Act of 1962 11 12 FLSA40 2 2 FLSA FLSA 5 13 FLSA FLSA18a7 11 1 40 1.5 40 U.S.C. 327-332 1985 1 8 309 12 8 10 8 15 7 60 48 C.F.R. Part 395, Hours of Service of Motor Vehicle Drivers Hours of Service Act Adamson Act 14 10 24 8 1 8 45 U.S.C. 61-65 Federal Aviation Act 1 8 45 U.S.C. 673 13 Overnight Motor Transp. Co. v. Missel, 316 U.S. 572, 577-78 1942.
preemption 14 7 15 FLSA 1 3 7 a1 individual coverage commerce ( 3 (b)) produce 16 3 j 17 1961 enterprise 3 r 14 6 2 1991656 15 334-342 121-131 40 1.5 1 343 16 1949 17
18 enterprise coverage 19 500,000 20 3 s 21 FLSA 22 public agency FLSA 23 Labor Management Relations Act 24 affecting commerce FLSA 13 6 7 13a6 7 10 25 13 a1 26 a3 FLSA 1961 1966 21 19 2 311 20 1961 1,000,000 1966 500,000 1969 250,000 211989 21 FLSA 3 (s) 2 250,000 1989 500,000 362,500 500,000 500,000 22 1989 2 FLSA 23 FLSA 1966 1974 FLSA 3 d,s,x 24 1947 Taft-Hartley Act 25 21 11 10 26 6 d 13a1
a5 a6 27 FLSA14 a7 28 4,000 a8 750 a10) a12 29 a15 criminal investigator a16 a17 30 13b 7 21 31 b1 32 1 b2 33 2 b3 34 b5 b6 35 b9 36 b10 37 b11 b12 b13 5 country elevator b14 b15 b16 b175 b20 27 13a6 13b12 7 28 14 29 13b6 7 30 20048 31 30 9 21 32 8 10 8 15 7 60 48 C.F.R.395. Hours of Service of Motor Vehicle Drivers 33 Hours of Service Act 14 10 24 8 1 8 45 U.S.C. 61-65 34 Federal Aviation Act 35 18 46 U.S.C.673 36 100,000 (13b9) 37 (A) B 13b10
b21 b24 b278 b28 b29 38 b30 13d6 7 12 13c 13e 6 a3 13f FLSA 41 3 FLSA FLSA7a1 1 40 1.5 39 5 40 1 40 41 1 38 56 1.5 39 13 103 40 1416 3 1 Child Labor Regulation 3 1 3 18 1 8 40 41 26 52 7 b1b2 1 8 1480 7 j
40 1 42 compensatory time-off 7 o 43 FLSA3 gemployee suffer or permit 44 hours worked 45 Code of Federal Regulation29 46 rest period, coffee break, snack break20 short rest periods 47 48 24 49 50 42 40 40 43 1985Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985) FLSA 1.5 480240 360160 360 160 7 (o)(3) 44 FLSA 3 (g) 29 C.F.R. 785. 11 29 C.F.R.785. 12 29 C.F.R.785. 13 45 1949 hours worked FLSA 3 (o) work-day 6 7 29 C.F.R.778.223 hours worked (a) b idleness 46 29 5 29 C.F.R. 47 5 20 29 C.F.R.785. 19b 48 29 C.F.R.785. 15 49 24 29 C.F.R.785.21
51 grievance adjustment 30 bona fide meal periods 52 53 24 8 54 55 56 57 58 participation in suggestion system 59 time on call 60 61 62 50 51 29 C.F.R.785. 43 52 29 C.F.R.785. 19(a). 29 C.F.R.785. 19b 53 29 C.F. R.785 16a 54 5 5 29 C.F. R.785 22 55 51 29 C.F.R.785. 43 56 57 58 59 60 29 C.F.R.785 17
63 64 65 66 67 68 FLSA FLSA 69 63 64 29 C.F.R.785. 35 29 C.F.R.785. 36 29 C.F.R.785. 37 29 C.F.R.785. 39 29 C.F.R.785. 38 29 C.F.R.785. 41 65 5155 29 C.F.R. 785. 43 66 29 C.F.R.785. 27 29 C.F.R.785. 28 29 C.F.R.785. 29 29 C.F.R.785. 3031 67 68 29 C.F.R.785 23. 69 29 C.F.R.778.319.
70 1 40 the regular rate at which he is employed1.5 1 FLSA 7 (e) remuneration 7 1 8 FLSA overtime-onovertime 71 5 7 h 70 29 C.F.R.778.220 29 C. F. R.778.221 5 29 C.F.R.778.223 71 5 40 8 8 19497 20 7 (e) 216-217 98-99 overtime on overtime Amendment
72 73 1 7 e) 1 7 74 75 40 FLSA 40 0.5 76 40 0.5 77 7 f 40 1.5 72 29 C.F.R.778. 207. 73 1.5 29 C.F.R.778. 310 74 FLSA 29 C.F.R.778. 110. 75 29 C.F.R.778. 113. 76 0.25 1.25 FLSA40 40 107 77 13 FLSA 1 107-108
60 FLSA Belo Plan 78 7 (g) 79 FLSA 7 b 1 40 267 b1527 b240 40 80 1 26 26 1,040 4026 40 26 1,040 26 26 1 12 56 1.5 26 26 78 29 C.F.R. 778. 402-778. 414. 4 40 1.56 220220 50 4 406 10220 50 22050 6 10 4 50 220504.4 40 1.5 50 4.4406.610242 Walling v. A. H. Belo Co., 316 U.S. 624 (1942) 4 Belo Plan Belo 54.5 Walling v. Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., 331 U.S. 17 (1947) Belo84 0.4042.69 1949 7 (f) 322 79 1949 29 C.F.R.548; 29 C.F.R. 778. 415-778. 421. 80 FLSA 261 52 1
1 40 2 52 52 1,840 2,080 81 2,240 1 12 56 26 FLSA 40 82 2,08040 52 1 40 2,240 52 40 52 2,080 2,240 3 26 52 National Labor Relations Board 83 bona fide 84 FLSA Secretary of Labor Wage and Hour Division FLSA 4 a Administrator 11a FLSA 4 d FLSA11cFLSA 85 FLSA 81 1,840 2,080 82 2,000 522,000 40 2,000 1 40 1.5 83 National Labor Relations Act unfair labor practice bargaining unit 84 325 85 1 straighttime earnings or wage FLSA 29 C.F.R.516. 4
86 3 2 willfully 87 16a 88 FLSA FLSA FLSA15 1 6 16a 2 15 a1 a2 FLSA a3) a4 a5 16b 16c 89 90 liquidated damages 3 16c 86 109 4 79 87 FLSA 88 29 C.F.R.516. 3. 89 1974 () 891019721355 90 23 241
FLSA civil penalty 16e 91 10,000 1715 injunction FLSA 92 16c FLSA 6 1 40 1.5 7 FLSA 93 13a1 executive administrative professional capacity exempt 94 white-collar exemption outside salesman 91 FLSA 1989 92 15a2 1691 93 FLSA13a 6 7 10 13b 7 21 94 non-exempt
95 FLSAa17 FLSA 6 d United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 96 1938FLSA FLSA 97 98 FLSA 1.5 99 FLSA FLSA 4 a 11ab FLSA 95 FLSA13(a)(1) (i) sales(ii) ordercontract 96 19727 1 FLSA13(a)(1) 29 C. F. R.541.0(c) 97 20216GAO Report 20048 23 Federal Register preamble 13(a)(1)1938 FLSA 98 FLSA 202 99 Report of Minimum Wage Study Commission19816 4 Volume 236-240
4 d 100 Administrative Procedure Act FLSA 101 FLSA FLSA 102 29 C.F.R.541 29 541 2 long-test short-test 103 1 2 104 3 100 29 C.F.R.785, Interpretative Bulletin on Hours Worked. 318-319 101 9 FLSA FLSA 102 112-113 103 FLSA White-Color Exemption 1391 199644 104 FLSA 3 ()wage 7 (e) remuneration FLSA White-Color Exemption43-44
a 6 105 primary duty department or subdivision managementcustomarily and regularly2 two or more other employees direct hirefire advancementpromotion suggestionrecommendation particular weight discretionary power activities 20 service establishment 40 106 5 service 155 107 b 250 108 2 250 2 2 250 105 29 C.F.R.541. 1. 106 sole charge interest20 107 Federal Government 130 108 200
(1) (2) (3) a 5 109 i management policy ii academic instruction or training i proprietor ii supervision iii assignment task 20 40 4 i service 155 fee basis ii i b 250 109 29 C.F.R.541. 2.
250 1 110 1 2 3 a 5 111 (i) field of science or learning customarily acquired by a prolonged course of specialized intellectual instruction work requiring advanced knowledge ii 110 29 C.F.R.541. 201 111 29 C.F.R.541. 3.
iii teaching, tutoring, instructing or lecturing in the activity of imparting knowledge (iv) 20 4 170 2 1 iii 2 iv FLSA6 6.5 b 250 250 a i iii iv b
112 ( ) FLSA13(a)(1) 35,297 21,205 60 7,317 1,949 27 20,786 677 3 9,961 1,703 17 45,602 0 0 118,963 25,534 21 The New Economy and Its Impact on Executive, Administrative and Professional Exemptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), http://www.dol.gov/asp/programs/flsa/report-neweconomy/ 541rep1.htm Census Bureau1999 Current Population Survey FLSA13a1 21 20 FLSA salary basis test salary level tests duties tests 3 112 29 C.F.R.541 4 29 C.F.R.541. 301 29 C.F.R.541. 302 29 C.F.R.541. 301 29 C.F.R.541. 303
3 40 3 FLSA19386 113 40 60 114 115 1 1 absences occasioned by the employer or by the operating requirements of the business ready willing able subject to reduction 116 113 FLSA 98-99 114 Kenneth L. Deavers, Policy Paper, Washington, D. C. based Employment Policy Foundation (EPF). 115 116 29 C.F.R.541.602(a)29 C.F.R.541. 118, 212, 312.
1 1 no-docking rule 117 1 118 base salary level 155 170 117 1 1 Family and Medical Leave Act 1 FMLA102(c)29 C.F.R.825 1 offset 29 C.F.R.541. 118 1 29 C.F.R.541. 5d 118 FLSA White-Color Exemption43 1992EPFEmployment Policy Foundation 390 1993 1993110
upset salary level 250 155 170 155 170 250 5 250 2 2 1975 2004 1 5.15 155 170 40 206 119 250 1.1 119 1 8,060 155 52 110,712 5.15 40 52
2 2 50 50 i ii iii iv 120 2 121 20 40 122 123 124 125 120 29 C.F.R.541. 103. 121 GAO Report HEHS-99-164, Fair Labor Standards Act : White-Collar Exemptions in the Modern Work Place (1999), at 29. 122 29 C.F.R.541. 108, 202, 203, 209. 123 production sales 29 C.F.R.541. 205 124 29 C.F.R.541. 207. 125 GAO, supra note at 24.
126 20033 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 68 FR 15560 155 170 425 65,000 127 128 600 129 20046 8 23 130 45 A Subpart A General RegulationB Interpretation A B C D E F G H 126 2 4 68 127 65,000 128 1 129 130 Trends Views, LABOR RELATIONS WEEK (BNA), vol. 18, No. 42, at 1460 (2004)
131 132 FLSA13 a1 manual laborer blue collar 133 non-management FLSA 134 135 rank 136 137 131 Federal Register, Vol.69, No.79, April 23, 2004, 29 C.F.R. Part541, Preamble at 22122. 132 1992 1996FLSA 13a17 133 learned professional 29 C.F.R.541.301 134 29 C.F.R.541.3a. 135 29 C.F.R.541.705 136 29 C.F.R.541.3b1. 137 primary duty 29 C.F.R.541.700 FLSA13a1 29 C.F.R.541.3b2 29 C.F.R. 541.3b3 29 C.F.R.541.3b4
job duty 138 FLSA 139 140 FLSA FLSA FLSA 2 141 455 380 142 138 280 Federal Register, at 22122 139 29 C.F.R.541.4. 140 12 141 29 C.F.R.541.606a 29 C.F.R.541.606b 142 piecework payment 29 C.F.R.541. 605a 40 455 20 250 40 500 29 C.F.R..541. 605b
143 144 145 1 455 2 9104552 985.83455 52122 1 1,971.664555212 compensation requirement 1 146147 4553 148 1 infraction of workplace conduct rule 1 disciplinary 143 29 C.F.R.541.303. 144 29 C.F.R.541.304. 145 therapist sanitarian social worker psychologist psychometrist 146 29 C.F.R.541.600(b). 147 29 C.F.R.541.204(a)(1) 29 C.F.R. 541.600(c) 29 C.F.R.541.400(b) 27.63 29 C.F.R.541.600(d) 695 29 C.F.R. 541.709 148 130 Federal Register, at 22122
suspension 149 3 12 1 150 1 151 1 152 153 jury fee witness fee military fee 154 155 149 29 C.F.R.541.602(b)(5). 150 1 2 2 1 1 29 C.F.R.541.602(b)(1) 151 1 plan policy practice 1 4 12 disability insurance plan 3 salary replacement benefit 12 12 disability insurance law workers compensation law 1 29 C.F.R.541. 602(b)(2) 152 40 4 10 FMLA102(c)29 C.F.R.541. 603(a) 153 infraction of safety rules of major significance in good faith penalty 29 C.F.R.541. 602(b)(4) 154 29 C.F.R.541.602(b)(3). 155 29 C.F.R.541.602(b)(6).
actual practice 1997 Auer v. Robbins 156 number time period the number and geographic location of employee the number and geographic location of manager a clearly communicated policy 156 Auer v. Robbins, 519 U. S. 452 (1997). 1 FLSA7(a)(1) X Y amicus brief effectively communicate significant likelihood X salary-basis test 14371998 32-35
1 complaint mechanism a good faith commitment a deduction not permitted inadvertent made for reasons other than lack of work 157 window of correction 158 an employee handbook 159 1 1 additional compensation 157 29 C.F.R.541.118(a)(6). 158 29 C.F.R.541.603(c). 159 29 C.F.R.541.603(d).
employment arrangement additional compensation 455 commission on sales 1 455 percentage 160 reasonable relationship reasonable relationship test 500 4 5 1 150 650 0.5 5 161 100,000 1 FLSA13a1 highly compensated employee 162 total annual compensation 160 flat sum bonus payment straight-time hourly amount 50 one-half or any other basis paid time off 29 C.F.R.541.604(a) 161 29 C.F.R.541.604(b). 162 29 C.F.R.541.601(a).
455 52 payment for medical insurance 163 52 100,000 52 1 final payment1 164 52 165 1 166 1 1 167 52calendar year fiscal year anniversary of hire year 168 1 169 163 29 C.F.R.541.601(b)(1). 164 80,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 1 165 29 C.F.R.541.601(b)(2). 166 29 C.F.R.541.601(a) 100,000 167 29 C.F.R.541.601(b)(3). 168 29 C.F.R.541.601(b)(4). 169 2 29 C.F.R.541.100 (29 C.F.R.541.601(c))
170 salaryduty 171 FLSA13a1 172 455 173 174 2 particular weight 175 principalmain majormost important 170 29 C.F.R.541.601(d). 171 job title 29 C. F. R.541.2 172 29 C.F.R.541.100(a). 173 380 174 customarily and regularly occasional constant normallyrecurrently 1 29 C.F.R.541.701 175 1 20 a bona fide 20-percent equity interest29 C.F.R.541.114 business owner 29 C.F.R.541.101. sole-charge exception (29 C.F.R.541.113)
176 exempt work 177 50 primary duty requirement 50 50 178 50 179 directly and closely related contribute to or facilitate 180 181 176 29 C.F.R.541.700(a). 177 541.100 541.200 541.300 541.301 541.302 541.303 541.304 541.400 541.500 nonexempt work 29 C.F.R. 541.702 178 29 C.F.R.541.700(b). 179 29 C.F.R.541.700(c). 180 29 C.F.R.541.703(a) 181 29 C.F.R. 541.703(b)(3)
182 183 184 interviewing selecting training setting adjusting directing supervision control promotion appraising disciplining planning technique apportioning material supply 185186 collection unit permanent status 182 setup work setting up of the work 29 C.F.R.541.703(b)(4) 183 29 C.F.R.541.703(b)(8) 184 29 C.F.R.541.703(b). 185 29 C.F.R.541.102. 186 29 C. F. R.541. 102. 12 15
continuing function 187 establishment in charge of recognized subdivision 188 189 190 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 191 2 5 2 2 supervisor 192 manager 2 193 1 2 1 4 4 194 187 29 C.F.R. 541.103(a) 188 29 C.F.R.541.103(b). 189 1 location 29 C.F.R.541.103(c) 190 pool team 29 C.F.R.541.103(d) 191 29 C.F.R.541.104(a). 192 29 C.F.R.541.104(b). 193 29 C.F.R.541.104(c). 194 29 C.F.R.541.104(d).
suggestion recommendation 195 supervisor 196 197 relief supervisor working supervisor 195 29 C.F.R.541.105. 196 29 C.F.R.541. 106(a). 197 29 C.F.R.541. 106(b)
198 emergency 199 provide 200 201 202 FLSA13a1 203 455 204 general business operation matter of significance the exercise of discretion and independent judgment 205 198 29 C.F.R.541. 106(c) 199 29 C.F.R.541.706(a). 200 29 C.F.R.541.706(b)(1). 201 29 C.F.R.541.706(b)(2). 202 29 C.F.R.541.706(b)(3) 29 C.F.R. 541.706(b)(4) 203 29 C.F.R.541.200(a). 204 management management policy 29 C. F. R.541. 2 205 29 C.F.R.541.201(a).
206 207 208 level 209 210 206 29 C.F.R.541.201(b). 207 29 C.F.R.541.201(c). 208 20033 position of responsibility high level of skill or training (customarily and regularly) 29 C.F. R.541. 2 209 29 C.F.R.541.202(a). 210 29 C.F.R.541.202(b).
211 212 source skill 213 statistician 214 211 29 C.F.R.541.202(c). 212 29 C.F.R.541.202(d). 213 29 C.F.R.541.704. 214 29 C.F.R.541.202(e).
215 insurance claims adjuster 216 217 218 executive assistant administrative assistant 219 human resources manager management consultant 220 purchasing agent 221 inspection work inspector 222 examiner grader 223 comparison 215 29 C.F.R.541.202(f). 216 29 C.F.R. 541.203(a) 217 29 C.F.R. 541.203(b) 218 29 C.F.R.541.203(c) 219 29 C.F.R.541.203(d) 220 (screen) personnel clerk 29 C.F.R.541.203(e) 221 29 C.F.R.541.203(f) 222 29 C.F.R.541.203(g) 223 29 C.F.R.541.203(h)
shopping 224 inspector investigator 225 academic administration 226 i 455 ii entrance salary educational establishment elementary or secondary school 227 228 superintendent academic counselor 229 psychologist lunch room manager dietitian 230 FLSA13a1 224 buyer 29 C.F.R.541.203(h) 225 skill technical ability 226 29 C.F.R.541.204(a). 227 228 29 C.F.R.541.204(b). 229 230 29 C.F.R.541.204(c).
231 455 i 232 ii 233 i learned professional ii creative professional 234 work requiring advanced knowledge work which is predominantly intellectual in character, and which includes work requiring the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment 235 236 237 231 29 C.F.R.541.300(a). 232 as distinguished from a general academic education and from an apprenticeship, and from training in the performance of routine mental, manual, or physical processes 29 C. F. R.541. 3 233 as opposed to work which can be produced by a person endowed with general manual or intellectual ability and training in a recognized field of artistic endeavor (in a recognized field of artistic or creative endeavor) 29 C.F.R.541. 3 234 29 C.F.R.541.301(a). 235 236 29 C.F.R.541.301(b). 237 29 C.F. R.541.301(c).
appropriate academic 238 customarilydegreed chemist 239 registered or certified medical technologist 240 registered nurse 241 dental hygienist 242 physician assistant 243 certified public accountant 244 chef 245 athletic 238 239 training in the armed force attending a technical school attending a community college 29 C.F.R.541.301(d) 240 3 pre-professional American Medical Association the Council of Medical Education 4 1 a fourth year of professional course work 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(1) 241 State examining board licensed practical nurse 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(2) 242 American Dental Association Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs 4 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(3) 243 the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant physician assistant program4 the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistant 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(4) 244 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(5) 245 4 culinary arts program executive chef sous chef cook 29 C.F.R. 541.301(e)(6)
trainer 246 funeral embalmer 247 paralegal legal assistant 248 249 250 251 intelligence diligence accuracy 246 the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Program 4 National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(8) 247 the American Board of Funeral Service Education 4 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(9) 248 4 paralegal program 2 29 C.F.R.541.301(e)(7) 249 29 C.F.R.541.301(f). 250 29 C.F.R.541.302(a). 251 29 C.F.R.541.302(b).
252 copyist animator retoucher 253 254 255 teacher practice of law or medicine 256 teaching, tutoring, instructing or lecturing in the activity of imparting knowledge 257 teacher of skilled and semi-skilled trades and occupations home economics teacher 258 252 253 29 C.F.R. 541.302(c). 254 255 29 C.F.R.541.302(d). 256 29 C.F.R.541.204 257 29 C.F.R.541.303(a). 258 29 C.F.R.541.303(b)
terminology 259 260 261 podiatrist 262 263 FLSA13a113a17 computer employees 455 27.63 264 i ii 259 permanent conditional standard provisional temporary emergency unlimited 260 29 C.F.R.541.303(c). 261 29 C.F.R.541.304(a). 262 29 C.F.R.541.304(b). 263 29 C.F.R. 541.304(c). 264 6.5 27.63 29 C.F.R. 541.2
design development documentation analysis creation testingmodification iii iv 265 266 2 FLSA 41 2 2 3 20 2004 2004 265 planning scheduling coordinating 2 29 C.F.R.541.402 266 29 C.F.R.541.400(b). 267 2 (2) The New Economy and Its Impact on Executive, Administrative and Professional Exemptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 268.
short-test 100,000 2004 2004 FLSA FLSA 50
2004 31,448FLSA 1 6,500 92 1 5,200 269 FLSA 2 1 FLSA 40 FLSA 270 269 http://www.dol.gov/esa/whd/statistics/200411.htm 270 99
412 383 384 271 FLSA 3 2 271 22913 1763314 150
1 2 2 3 23 1 2 20 3.8 8.3 14 40 1 8
15
272 FLSA 272 40 284 1952 8 7
FLSA FLSA
20047 1 40 20045 EU 10 EC ArbeitszeitgesetzArbZG 20041 1 2 Bereitschaftsdienst EC 2000103 Simap 3 BAG20032 18 4 BAG20036 5 5 Ruhezeit ArbZG 5 3 7 2 1 ArbZG 7 1 1 a 4 a Arbeitsbereitschaft) 1 10 ArbZG 7 1 1 a ArbZG 3 11 ArbZG 5 1 1 8 ArbZG 6 2 1 8 ArbZG 7 2 a ArbZG 7 7 6 1 2003 1,445 37.77 35 20 2004 2 Boerner, Anpassung des Arbeitszeitgesetzes an das Gemeinschaftsrecht, NJW 2004, 1559. 3 NZA 2000, 1227. Simap 1 25EU 4 AP Nr. 12 zu 611 BGB Arbeitsbereitschaft mit Anm. von Träger. 5 NZA 2004, 164. 6 51923200310
ArbZG ArbZG Bundesurlaubsgesetz 24 30.1 29.9 6 Entgeltfortzahlungsgesetz 1 8 ArbZG 3 1 6 24 8 10 ArbZG 3 2 1 8 1 48 7 106 60 8 6 ArbZG 7 1 1 barbzg ArbZG2223 Ladenschlußgesetz 19966 20 6 16 4 6 20 9 2003 20 10 2425 7 1998117 8 7119 9 1996 7148-161 10 Schunder, Der Ladenschluss auf dem Rückzug? Gesetz zur Verlängerung der Ladenöffnung, NJW 2003, 2131. 1 31
1 6 9 309 45 ArbZG 4 11 ArbZG 5 23 6 22 5 1 8 1 4 1 10 ArbZG 6 ArbZG 9 ArbZG10 1933 ArbeitszeitordnungAZO 1970 1994ArbZG ArbZG 3 1 8 1 10 ArbZG Mehrarbeit 11 8 AZO 151 8 25 35 3 2 40 40 18 1 1 5 21020 3 33 25 50 6 1 5 3 37.52 11 1 8 ArbZG 8 2 1 8 2 80
1 3 1 2 25 3 1 Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972871 2 3 90 Arbeitszeitkonto 12 13 Gleitzeit 14 Altersteilzeitgesetz2 2 1 1 6 15 12 Seifert, Zeitkonten: Von der Normalarbeitszeit zu kontrolierter Flexibilität, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, 84. 13 169 3, 1.32 14 Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, 85. 15 90
16 ArbZG 1 8 1 1 6,000 17 200238.9 18.1 30.1 28.3 37.4 90.2 6 31.4 6 1 38.61 2.9 27.6 19 20 ArbZG ArbZG 3 2 7 1 1 134 21 16 Wiezer, Insolvenzsicherung von Arbeitszeitkonten, 2004, S. 39 ff; Kroll, Arbeitszeitkonten und ihre Abwicklung, 2004, S. 32 ff. 17 Bellmann/Ellguth/Promberger, Arbeitszeiten in der öffentlichen und privaten Dienstleistungswirtschaft Sachstand, Datenlage und Möglichkeiten einer verbesseren Erfassung aud Basis betriebsbezogener Erhebungen, Juni 2003. 18 20 3000 78Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, 85. 19 8a Wiezer, aao, S. 216 ff. 20 Seifert, aao, WSI-Mitteilungen, 2001, 85. 21 BAG Urteil vom 13.2.2002, BAGE 100, 258 = AP Nr. 57 zu 4 EntgeltFG.
1991 1998 22 SOEP 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 45.0 46.2 37.2 41.0 43.2 44.0 46.8 46.2 71.5 71.4 70.3 72.0 69.0 71.5 76.5 74.2 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.5 5.7 4.8 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.6 10 2 1991 70 12 2 1998 40 199127 1998 13 20 30 30 2000 85 60 1990 Vertrauensarbeitszeit 22 Pannenberg/Wagner, DIW Discussion Paper, No. 234, Umfang und Kompensations von Überstunden Eine vergleichende Analyse für Westdeutschland und Großbritannien, 2000.
23 1990 703 29 2002 22 67 24 ArbZG 134 2 2 25 ArbZG ArbZG 2 1 1 26 ArbZG 19931123EC93/104/EC EC Simap ArbZG 27 ArbZG 28 ArbZG 4 1 15 23 Biswas, Vertrauesnarbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitfreiheit im arbeitszeitrechtlichen und betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Kontext, 2004, 31 ff. 24 Biswas, aao, S. 31. 25 Biswas, aao, S. 224 ff. 26 ArbZG 199140 27 Biswas Biswas, aao, S. 73 28 Neumann/Biebl, ArbZG 14. Aufl., 2004, 7 ArbZG Rdn. 15 a und 15 b.
ArbZG ArbZG 4 29 ArbZG162 ArbZG 30 BAG20035 6 31 32 IT 280 801 1 162 1 8 Bilfinger Berger 8 7 39 6 19 10012 1 384 33 BAGBAG20035 6 Biswas, Vertrauesnarbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitfreiheit im arbeitszeitrechtlichen und betriebsverfassungsrechtlichen Kontext, 2004 29 Biswas, aao, S. 76-79. 30 Biswas, aao, S. 90. 31 AP Nr. 61 zu 80 BetrVG 1972 = NZA 2003, 1348. 32 3 1 2 33 Schlachter, Vertrauensarbeitszeit in Deutschland und Japan, Oetker/Preis/Rieble, 50 Jahre Bundesarbeitsgericht, 2004, 1253-1272.
1 871 2 ArbZG 162 ArbZG 181 1 5 3 ArbZG 5 3 ArbZG ArbZG 181 1 ArbZG 181 2 ArbZG181 3 ArbZG181 4 18 ArbZG182 ArbZG183 35 5 3 1 2 3 36 37 34 Biswas, aao, S. 42 ff. 35 5 3 (BT-Dr. 12/5888, S. 32) 36 Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn. 41. 37 Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn. 43.
38 5 4 5 3 3 1 2 3 4 18 3 2002 8 44207 560 4 5 3 3 1970 2 40 39 4000 51 2500 35 außertarifliche Angestellte BAG 5 3 40 ArbZG 1 48 38 Hromadka/Maschmann, Arbeitsrecht, Band 2, 3.Aufl., 2004, 16, Rdn. 43. 39 Hromadka, Das Recht der leitenden Angestellten im historisch-gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhang, 1979, S. 3. 40 BAG, Beschluss vom 18.9.1973, AP Nr. 3 zu 80 BetrVG 1972; BAG, Beschluss vom 28.5.1974, AP Nr. 6 zu 80 BetrVG 1972. BAG1974528 2
41 BAG 20 20 42 43 44 45 46 47 ArbZG 384 48 Ver. di. 41 Schliemann/Meyer, Arbeitszeitrecht, Rdn. 1205. 42 BAG, Beschluss vom 21.6.2000, DB 2001, 50. 43 BAG, Beschluss vom 23.11.1993, AP Nr. 111 zu 99 BetrVG 1972; BAG, Beschluss vom 31.10.1995, NZA 1996, 890 44 BAG, Beschluss vom 19.9.1995, NZA 1996, 484; BAG, Beschluss vom 27.10.1992, AP Nr. 61 zu 87 BetrVG 1972 (BAG Beschluß vom 21.8.1990, NZA 1991, 434) 45 Franke, Der außertarifliche Angestellte, 1991, 199-202. 46 47 Franke, aao, 191. 48 383
6 7 2003 49 38 20 20046 2 8 ac 10,519 12,118 12.5 61 C 10 24.420 4,000 306 3 49 20036 Liedke, Wem gehrt die Republik? Die Konzern und ihre Verflechtungen, 2003. 100 6 26
31 90 10 b A 12 20.5 40 60 6 55 12 5 3 8 18 20 1.4 30 40 A c M 9.7 4,000 10
6070 1020 1520 5 10 15 25 40 5,850 30 40 d BBilfinger Berger 12 20 60 15 30 4 30 39 1999 e A 5
30 38 f S S 4 3 35 40 25 30 40 g W 13.7 22.8 63.5 7.8 12 29.5 10.5 1.3 23.8 0.6 13.6 14.9 1 1 4 A 19.62 B 38.38 C 57.41 D 76.18 30 2 37.5 1 2.5
54 h D 942 9.7 91 7 44 40 13.2 19 44 30 38 ) 10 ac 10 a, e 6 1 g 1
48 50 384 38 4 50 Richtigkeitsgewähr
51 19946 6 BGBl.S. 1170 20031224 BGBl.S. 3002 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 23 6 22 5 4 2 5 1 2 1 48 1 8 2 6 24 51 ( 1998, 221
1 8 10 1 6 9 30 9 45 2 1 15 6 11 11 2 1 4 12 1 31 Rufbereitschaft 4 EU 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 1 4 1 8 10 3 2 5 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 501 3 4
a b 12 c 2 3 5 6 1 1 3 a Arbeitsbereitschaft Bereitschaftsdienst 10 b 2 4 2 3 5 1 2 4 6 2 a 10 b 5 2 3 7 22 24
2 1 5 1 2 3 5 1 6 2 3 3 4 5 1 6 2 4 3 4 5 1 6 2 2 a 3 5 1 6 2 8 3 1 1 2 2 a 2 3 2 4 41 2 2 a 5 1 2 2 a 6 1 2
7 1 2 a 2 a 3 5 2 6 3 8 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 3 4 1248 2 5 6 2448 9 12 11 1 3 4 5 6 7 2 1 0 24 2 24 6 3 24 2 1 9 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 10 30 3 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 1 14 9 39 3 49 1 EU
1 1 15 2 3 8 3 6 2 7 3 1 2 1 2 8 1 49 3 5 1 1 11 1 1 10 1 2 3 4 10 10 8 6 2 11 3 3 11 1 3 4 11 2 12 2 7 3 6 1 1 10 2 9 10 a
b aa bb cc c 2 1 1 2 a ) 2 3 1 10 2 9 a 1 10 b 1 5 c 1 1 49 59 13 5 6 2 7 9 11
23 5 6 2 7 11 1 3 12 1 2 31 2 6 2448 1 1 3 6 2 11 2 1 a b 2 3 6 2 11 2 1 8 3 5 11 2 4 5 11 2 3 2 2 3 41 2 6 2448
1 7 1 3 12 2 1 3 1 7 7 2 2 1 ( ) 2 3 15 1 2 4 1 2 7 1 3 12 5 1 2 3 13 6 383 1 1 3 1 1 5 3
2 3 4 218 3 3 3 13 2 1 2 1 1 3 6 2 112 2 4 3 5 1 5 2
4 8 1 13 1 2 24 5 9 1 6 11 1 113 7 13 3 2 8 16 1 9 16 2 1017 4 17 5 2 21 7 9 10 1 5000 8 2 5000 122 1 1 3 5 7 1 2 1 21 1 6 180 Tagessatz EC 20041 1 7 1 2 12 1 20051231 7 4 1
20036 2 BGB.S. 744 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 6 20 3 12246 14 2 1 5 30 3 2 38 2 1
1 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 11 13 13 2 3 1 1 3 122417 2 2 3 2 a 20
1 2 6 22 3 4 1 1 3 122417 2 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 7842-14 2 3 1 1 3 40 8 2 3 21 3 2
1 3 1 1 7842-14 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 4 2 2 1 2 3 5 18 3 1 12 2 10 1 1 10 1 1 40 1 3 1 1 1224 1 12 2 3 3 14
1 4 15 30 2 8 2 a 1 10 22 18 2 4 3 1 4 6 8 1214 15 3 13 6 3 2 14 3 4 1 5 6 7 1 4 16 2 3 3 3 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 16
8 1 1 5 2 91 8 1 3 10 15 2122414 3 64 71 a 69 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 210 15 3 1 2 a 1 2 317 1 3 4 17 7
1 1 2 17 3 220 1 2 1 19 21 139b 3 20 1 1 2 21 1 2 1 1 4 203 1 1 1 3 15 19 21 2 3 1
4 2 1 1 1 20 a 17 1 3 b 17 7 20 4 c 21 1 2 22 3 2 2 a 3 4 1 2 6 2 9 1 2 17 5 4 2 1 8 2 9 2 10 11 b 10 11 c 21 1 1 3 19 20 19 1 2 20 1 2 4 22 3 1 4 21 1 a b 25001 1 c 2 4 500 20 24 1 1 a b 6 180
5 1 8 7 39 169
6 30 19 (Arbeitszeitsaldo) 2 8 3016 8 3015 30 1 10 4.3 1. 1 1 2 1. 1 1 1
100 50 31.33 1 12 4 1 3 31 15 15 12 1 12 2 1 1. 2 1 2 1. 2 2 3 2
4 2 19928 25 1992 8 2427 1. 2. / 3 4 5 1 20004 1 2 3 3 20013 31
20035 * 6.30 19.00 6.3019.00 ** 1. 2. 7 3. 4. 5. 8 6. 8 7. 8 8. 8 9. 7 10. 11. 12. 8 13. 8 14. 8 15. 8 16. 7 17. 18. 19. 8 20. 8 21. 8 22. 8 23. 7 24. 25. 26. 8 27. 8 28. 8 29. Christi Himmelfahrt 30. 7 31. 0 0 0 0 * KUG **
20 21 2 1 1997 19986 13 20001 19 2 39 35 1 2002 35 20031 17 23 col blanc cadres 1 2 3 4 1 PELISSIER(J.), SUPIOT(A.) et JEAMMAUD(A.), Droit du travail, 21 e éd., Paris, Dalloz, 2002, pp.1012 et s.; RAY(J.-E.), Droit du travail: Droit vivant, 11 e éd., Paris, LIAISONS, 2002, pp.97 et s. RAY(J.-E.),Temps de travail des cadres et 35 heures: Un tournat à négocier collectivement, Droit social, 1998, pp.979 et s.; ANTONMATTEI(P.-H.),Les cadres et les 35 heures: la règle de trios!, Droit social, 1999, pp.996 et s.; ANTONMATTEI(P.-H.),Les cadres et les 35 heures: de la règle de trios à la règle de quatre!, Droit social, 2000, pp.159 et s.; G OMEZ-M USTEL(M.-J.),Les cadres et le temps de travail, Revue de Jurisprudence Sociale, 2000, pp.158 et s.; liaisons sociales,les cadres dans l entreprise, supplément au numéro 13796 du 27 décembre 2002 147620004 35 496200149 508200250 10 G. T. CGT-FO 20049 2 liaisons sociales, Législation sociale, N o 8360, 30 janvier 2003; liaisons sociales, Documents, N o 17/2003, 27 février 2003; liaisons sociales, Bref social, N o 13874, 17 avril 2003 3 35 Le Monde, le 10 septembre 2004, p.1 et 8; 20041210 2003
1 一般の労働者の労働時間法制フランスの労働時間法制の主な枠組み 内容は 労働法典 (code du travail) の中の第二部 労働に関する規制 第一編 労働条件 第二章 労働時間 (L.212-1 条以下 ) を初めとする諸規定によって定められている 実効性を確保する手段としては 労働監督官による法遵守等についての管理 監督 4 のほか 法律規定を根拠に裁判所に救済を求めることができる 裁判所の管轄は 使用者と労働者の間の個別的紛争を管轄する労働審判所 労使間の集団的紛争を管轄する民事通常裁判所 罰則の適用を管轄する刑事通常裁判所に分かれている フランスの一般的な労働時間法制の概要は 以下のとおりである (1) 法定労働時間フランスの法定労働時間は 1936 年に週 40 時間 1982 年に週 39 時間とされていたが 第 1 次オブリー法により 2000 年から ( 従業員数 20 人以下の企業については2002 年から ) 週 35 時間に短縮された ( 労働法典 L.212-1 条 ) 5 これを超える労働をさせる場合には 下記(2) の超過時間労働の要件を満たさなければならない (2) 超過時間労働法定時間労働を超える労働 ( 超過時間労働 ) をさせるためには 使用者は 原則として 労働監督官の許可を得 かつ 一定の割増賃金を支払わなければならない ア労働監督官の許可 1982 年以前には すべての超過時間労働に労働監督官の許可が必要とされていたが 1982 年 6 月 16 日のオルドナンス ( 委任立法権限に基づく緊急命令 ) は 超過時間労働の実施に一定の柔軟性を付与するため 労働監督官の許可を要しない年間枠 (contingent annuel d heures supplémentaires) を設定した (L.212-6 条 ) 6 この年間枠はデクレ( 行政命令 ) によって定められる ( 従来は130 時間とされていたがラファラン政権下の2002 年 10 月 15 日のデクレによって180 時間に改められた ) が 拡張適用される産業部門労働協約 労使協定 7 によってこれと異なる年間枠を定めることも可能とされている 法定労働時間が週 39 時間から 35 時間に短縮される際には 多くの産業部門でこの年間枠を拡大する協約 協定が締結され その拡大された枠の中で労働時間の柔軟な調整が行われた イ割増賃金 4 労働監督官は 労働時間等に関する労働法典及び非法典化法文の諸規定ならびに労働協約 労使協定の規定について その実施状況を司法警察官とともに監視し 必要あるときには違反の事実を確証するものとされている ( 労働法典 L. 611-1 条 ) 5 なお 第 1 次オブリー法は この労働時間性を判断するための基礎となる 実労働時間 概念につき それまでの判例を参考にして 実労働時間とは 労働者が使用者に使用されている時間で 使用者の指揮命令に従わなければならず 個人的活動に自由に従事することができない時間をいう との定義規定を設けた (L.212-4 条 1 項 ) 6 この年間枠内での超過労働時間の実施には労働監督官の許可は不要であるが 労働監督官及び従業員代表が存在する場合には従業員代表 ( 企業委員会又はそれを欠く場合には従業員代表委員 ) に 事前に通知することが必要とされている 年間枠を超える超過労働時間の実施には労働監督官の許可が必要となる 7 労働協約の拡張適用とは 労働協約の適用範囲において代表性を有する使用者団体又は労働組合の一つからの要求 又は 労働大臣自身の発意に基づき 大臣の命令 ( アレテ ) により 労働協約の職業的 地域的適用範囲に含まれるすべての使用者及び労働者に対し その効力を及ぼすことをいう (L.133-1 条以下 ) - 130 -
20002 8 2003 10 8 35 43 25 50 L.212-5 9 L.212-5-1 21 10 a 180 41 50 100 2 20 50 11 1 10 L.212-12 12 1 48 12 44 L.212-7 13 14 8 2 4 35 39 25 25 39 43 25 43 50 L.212-5 9 L.212-5 2 10 11 21 11 20 11 12 1 10 12 13 60 14 22 6 L.213-1 20015 9 21 6 L.213-1
20002 35 3 15 1,600 16 2d1 1 L.212-8 35 1,600 17 11 L.220-11 L.221-2 L.221-5 30 5 L.223-1 cadres employés 15 2 35 L.212-7-1 16 2 1,600 35 1,600 L.212-81 2 17 1
792 19823 26 L.711-1 38 40 L.721-16 1 8 35 20002 3 3 35 cadres 2000 2 18 18 39 46 41 39 35 cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, pp.1012 et s.
3 19 3 1 cadres dirigeants L.212-15-1 2 19473 14 AGIRC 4 1 20 cadres intégrés L.212-15-2 58 21 3 autres cadres conventions individuelles de forfait L.212-15-33 1 2 19 2 20 2 20034 14 Circ.DRT n o 06 du 14 avril 2003, Fiche n o 61 3 21 cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, p.1027. 2
22 3 3 1,600 180 23 1 1 1 10 1 48 12 44 L.212-15-31 24 L.212-15-4 25 2 22 3 cadres autonomes 2 L.212-15-31 4 23 cf. P ELISSIER(J.), S UPIOT(A.) et J EAMMAUD(A.), op. cit. note.2, p.1028. 24 salariés itinérants non cadres L.212-15-32 2 25 22 217 3 L.212-15-3 L.212-15-4
26 2 3 4,770 2002 27 28 1 11 14 11 29 36 500 42 1020 12 30 217 CGT-FO 2 3 26 1 52 27 28 29 30
31 32 10 20002 3 35 G. T. 33 1 35 31 CGT-FO 32 CGT-FO 33 2001
34 2 1980 35 3 3 36 3 1 3 1 1 34 39 35 33163 232 35 93199981 33125 36 2002 35
37 37 CGT-FO
1998 Working Time Regulation 1998 1998 20 1 Factory Acts Shop Acts Coal Mining Acts Trade Boards Act 1909 2 1 204 2004184 2 (5) 2 1998 S. Deakin G. S. Morris, Labour Law, 2 nd ed., (Butterworths, 1998), pp. 307-319. B. Hepple S. Fredman, Labour Law and Industrial Relations in Great Britain, 2 nd ed., (Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1992), pp. 112-116. B.Hepple C.Hakim, United Kingdom, European Communities, Legal and Contractual Limitations to Working Time in the European Union, 2 nd ed., (Peeters, 1997), pp. 659-693. 1989359-410 20011-31
Wages Councils Act 3 Wages Council 4 Factories Acts Mines and Quarries Act Young Person (Employment) Act 1979 1986 Wages Act 1986 1979 5 6 1986 Sex Discrimination Act 1986 1989 Employment Act 1989 1993 Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights Act 1993 1994 Sunday Trading Act 1994 3 3 1.5 364-365 4 1989 26 5 business European Union EU 181 1997129 6 129
10 6 6 1994 13 Children and Young Person Acts 1933 and 1963 7 EC 19908 EC 24 11 7 1 14 248 2 6 8 19914 EC 118 a 9 10 EC 1966 1 EC 198512 European Council Single European Act 1985 118 a 11 19931123 EC 7 EC 1990 1 1,958 5 2,124 2 1,948 1,683 1,598 199477 8 132 9 138 10 EC 1 48 EU 1998118 11 118a 1 2 1 European Parliament Economic and Social Committee EU
12 13 EC 19943 118 a European Court of Justice 19961112 14 19975 1998101 EC 15 16 The Department of Trade and Industry Regulatory Guidance DTI 17 DTI working tine a at his employer s disposal brelevant training 12 Council Directive concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time(93104ec) 13 EC 133 14 U.K. v. Council of the European Union C-84/94 [1997] I.R.L.R. 30. 133 15 19931123 48 EU EU115 16 Council Directive on the protection of young people at work94 33EC 1 EU162-163 17 DTI G. Phillips K. Scott, Employment Law, (Jordans, 2003) p. 26-27
crelevant agreement 18 additional period 2 1 DTI 19 business lunches 24 on-call time a employee worker 20 a contract of employmentb profession business clientcustomer workservice employer 2 1 18 collective agreement workforce agreement 20 2 1 19 DTI 2 WORKING TIME LIMITS 20 199388
DTI 21 control 4 freelancer 22 young workers 23 adult workers 24 25 18 mobile non-mobile DTI garage 21 DTI 1 WHO S WHO 22 National Traineeship New Deal DTI 1 23 16 18 2 1 24 child 15 1 12 EC 8 1 a adolescent 15 171 40 2 9 1 b 19966 22 4 171 25 force majeure 3 27
own account transport services 20005 EC 20008 1 3 48 1 2 4 13adequate rest 26 10 11 12 4 5 48 domestic servant 48 6 1 2 7 19 a 48 1 4 27 7 reference period 48 1 1 reasonable steps 28 2 1 48 26 EC 29 200034EC12 27 1999 SI 19993372, regs 1(3), 3(1)(a),(c) 28 1999 SI 19993372, regs 1(3),3(1)(b)
DTI 29 1 48 17 4 3 17 4 17 17 48 17 17 21 30 26 5 17 52 23b 17 17 6 7 48 4 1 7 5 2 3 3 29 DTI 2 Employers must check 30 21
31 DTI 32 48 night work night time 7 midnight 5 11 6 night worker1 3 33 2 1 24 8 6 1 1 2 173 DTI 34 3 as a normal course 17 5 31 DTI 2 What if worker agrees to work longer hours? 32 DTI 2 1 48 3 33 34 DTI 3 WORKING AT NIGHT who is a night worker?
special hazards heavy physical or mental strain7 35 8 1999 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 36 3 risk assessment 6 8 7 free health assessment 1 a b 10 6 restricted period i assessment of his health and capacitiesii 2 a b DTI 37 questionnaire medical examination 2 2 1 35 24 8 36 1999 19991229 2 health and safety arrangements 5 health surveillance6 health and safety assistance7 37 DTI 4 HEALTH ASSESSMENTS FOR NIGHT WORKERS
1 1 38 DTI 39 7 5 38 DTI 39 DTI 9 Sample Health Questionnaire. 1.(Surname) 2.(First and second name/s) 3.(Sex) 4. (Date of birth) 5. (Permanent address) 6. (Job title) 7. (National insurance no.) 8. (Department/clock no.)....
2 7 6 time off 40 24 11 daily rest 101 1 13 20 21 22 23 24 24 12 102 1 be split up over the day 1 of short duration 3 3 27 7 24 40 99
weekly rest period 111 2414 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 48 36 8 b 1 6 20 rest breaks 41 workstation12 1 2 3 6 42 1 4 30 30 4 1 5 3 27 13 leave year 4 entitlement to annual leave 1 43 4 41 42 DTI 6 REST BREAKS AT WORK 43 13(1) 2 (2)(a)19981123 3 (b) 19981123 19991123 19981123 4 3 19991123 4 20011025 1 4
1 1 5 205 4 3 1234 44 agriculture 4 1 3 5 1 6 45 9 16 46 142 3 47 2 44 DTI 7 45 14 46 16 1 1 4 5 47 14 3 (b) 4
2 151 4 48 1 121 15A 2 3 20011025 4 49 1 161 4 5 2 50 51 48 2001 137 8 13 7 13 13 8 49 DTI 1 3 5 4 5 4 20 312 5 2 1 3 1 4 3 412 112 1 3 8 1312 4 20 8 12 13.33 1312 50 DTI 7 More Detailed Information 51 8 bank holiday 1971 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 93
1 20 201 2 2 2 6 1 2 7 101 111 2 121 23 a 24 17 52 23 bdti 52 53 3 other special cases 54 2124 52 DTI 8 MORE ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE REGULATIONS 53 DTI 20 5 54 DTI 8 special circumstances
5 55 1 21a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 e 17 26 4 5 4 shift workers 22 1 (a) (b) domestic servant 19 55
24 period of compensatory rest 1 90 116 24 1 56 9 4 1 6 1 7 7 1 2 2 DTI 57 2 a 1974 Health and Safety at work etc Act 1974 Health and Safety Executive local authority enforce 28 Health and Safety Commission Enforcement Policy Statement 56 DTI 8 57 DTI 8 More About Keeping Records
consumer services 58 1974 offences 29 improvement notice prohibition notice 59 detriment Employment Tribunals 60 31 61 unfair dismissal 32 62 b remedies 30 63 3 2 1996 Employment Tribunals Act 1996 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service conciliation 33 48 EC EC EC 1985 EC1 58 DTI 8 More About Enforcement 59 130-137 60 2 lay 61 1996 Employment Rights Act 199645A 62 1996 101A 63 Gillian Phillips and Karen Scott, op. cit., p.33.
64 19931123 EC 64 EC European Community 118 a Commission European Parliament Economic and Social Committee 118 Council 19987 12 89/391/EECCouncil Directive89391EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction ofmeasures toencourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work 1989129 11 the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 7 1 8 19 1 7 8 19 the International Labour Organisation
19975 65 a 4 1 48 2 1 6 2 7 7 1 2 6 24 24 21 22 23 period of compensatory rest 10 11 20 b 65
9 2 48 relevant requirement 1974 66 28 29 30 EC 6 67 EC 181 b (i) 6 48 48 3 4 5 7 1998 5 4 1999 4 2 66 285 67 EC 6 1 2 7 48
7 5 2 EC 181 b i a 19961123 7 i 68 69 201 EC 171 EC EC 68 EC 18 1 19961123 (b) (i) 6 162 7 48 162 7 48 (a) 7 (i) (ii) (a) 3 3 3 (c) 2 1 3 4 5 5 the Advisory Committee on Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work 6 5 1 2 3 4 5 69
201 EC 171 201 4 1 48 2 6 1 8 2 7 101 11 11 1 1 24 2 2 121 6 20 a managing executives b family workersc 70 EC 171 Member States 3 11 4 6 5 1 24 6 48 8 8 16 71a 70 20 Unmeasured working time1 Peter Wallington, EMPLOYMENT LAW HANDBOOK, 12 th ed. (Butterworths, 2002), p. 1292 (1)Regulations 4(1) and (2), 6(1), (2) and (7), 10(1), 11(1) and (2) and 12(1) do not apply in relation to a worker where, on account of the specific characteristics of the activity in which he is engaged, the duration of his working time is not measured or predetermined or can be determined by the worker himself, as may be the case for (a)managing executives or other persons with autonomous decision-taking powers; (b)family workers; or (c)workers officiating at religious ceremonies in churches and religious communities. 71 EC 3 4 5 6 8 16 3 24 11 4 6 5 7 24 3 11 24 6 67 8 1 24 8
bc 72 48 8 1 11 24 6 13 EC 201 201 201 EC 171 EC 171 EC preparatory documents 73 2 24 8 16 1 5 14 2 6 4 7 neutral 3 8 5 24 72 EC 17 Derogations1 Peter Wallington, op. cit., p. 1694 With due regard for the general principles of the protection of the safety and health of workers, Member States may derogate from Article 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 or 16 when, on account of the specific characteristics of the activity concerned, the duration of the working time is not measured and/or predetermined or can be determined by the workers themselves, and particularly in the case of (a)managing executives or other persons with autonomous decision-taking powers; (b)family workers; or (c)workers officiating at religious ceremonies in churches and religious communities. 73 199311 EC 171 19936 John McMullen Martin Brewer, Working Time -Law and Practice, (Sweet Maxwell, 2001) p. 180
common sense EC 74 DTI DTI DTI 20 1 201 75 DTI 201 76 DTI 1999 DTI DTI DTI test 201 74 John McMullen Martin Brewer, op. cit., p. 180. 75 DTI 8 76 John McMullen Martin Brewer, op. cit., p. 181.
77 senior manager 78 201 2 202 1999 79 202 4 1 2 6 1 2 7 80 202 81 48 8 48 20 2 201 10 11 77 DTI DTI 20 78 DTI 813 Unmeasured working time 79 201 1999 2 20 Catherine Barnard, Simon Deakin and Richard Hobbs, Opting Out of the 48-Hour Week: Employer Necessity or Individual Choice? An Empirical Study of the Operation of Article 18(1)(b) of the Working Time Directive in the UK, Industrial Law Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4, December 2003, p. 225 80 202 Peter Wallington, op. cit., p. 1292 2Where part of the working time of a worker is measured or predetermined or cannot be determined by the worker himself but the specific characteristics of the activity are such that, without being required to do so by the employer, the worker may also do work the duration of which is not measured or predetermined or can be determined by the worker himself, regulations 4(1) and (2) and 6(1), (2) and (7) shall apply only to so much of his work as is measured or predetermined or cannot be determined by the worker himself. 81 EC 18
12202 202 without being required to do so by the employer 202 82 202 83 202 84 DTI DTI 202 82 HC Official Report, First Standing Committee, November 2, 1999, cols 4, 5. 83 2 1 202 84 1998 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 9
those that have the capacity to choose how long they work DTI 202 85 202 DTI 202 86 1 A A A 2 B B B 3 C1 42 C C C C 4 D 1 42 D D D 5 40 E 1 12 E 85 DTI 8 1 3 Partly unmeasured working time 86 DTI 8 Some Examples
6 F FF 7 G G 8 H H H 9 4 1 6 1 7 7 1 2 2 201 4 1 6 1 7 7 1 2 202 202 202 1 4 1 6 1 7 202 9 202 9
202 4 6 9 24 201 201 1974 28 EC 17 87 201 DTI 88 202 202 202 201 101 11 111 1 24 2 2 121 6 20 87 EC 249 EU11 88 John McMullenMartin Brewer, op. cit., pp. 49-61, NW Selwyn, Selwyn s LAW OF EMPLOYMENT, 12 th ed. (Butterworths, 2002) pp. 48-51 7579
101 11 101 13 202 202 201 the specific characteristics of the activity a b c 201 201 89 90 201 89 DTI 1 90 ILO 8 19191 193030 persons holding position of supervision or management 1 persons occupying position of management 30 8
202 202 201 201 202 202 TUC Trades Union Congress 91 48 1990 15 330 20022 16 4 48 55150 EU 40.3 43.6 20027 DTI 92 16 22 48 163 2 48 10 2 5 48 4 1 93 91 About time: A new Agenda for Shaping Working Hours (London: TUC, 2002). 92 S. Hicks, Long Hours Working: A Summary of Analysis from the Labour Force Survey (London: DTI, 2002). 93 C. Barnard, et al., op. cit., p. 223.
20 23 94 detriment 31 unfair dismissal 32 48 DTI CBI Confederation of British Industry 33 95 EC 96 94 C. S. R. 20028 11 C. Barnard, et al., op. cit., Table1-5, pp. 233-247 95 2003 CBI/Pertemps Employment Trends Survey. 96 C Barnard et al., op. cit., pp. 251-2.
97 98 99 100 48 70 101 1998 48 1999 20 20049 22 48 221 97 Commission of the European Communities, op.cit., p. 9. 98 Barnard et al., op.cit., p. 247. 99 UK Government, op.cit., para.33. 100 Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, concerning the reexam of Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time, Document COM (2003) 843 final,30 December 2003, p. 14. 101 UK Government, Communication from the Commission concerning the re-examination of Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time response of the United Kingdom, 27 February 2004, paras.32-34.
1 1 a 65 c d 20049 1011 48 102 201 202 412 383 384 201 102 20051 EU 2 http://www.jil.go.jp/foreign/jihou/2005-1/eu-02.htm 20051 20051 6
202 412 383 384 103 104 201 202 412 105 103 382 DTI 2 8 202 104 7 2005276 1988115 198897 105 4 2004289-290
412 201 106 201 412 107 63314 150 201 201 201 EC 171 EC 171 201 202 202 202 13 412 108 106 201 412 107 52228 105 108 142 12 0212001
383 1 4 2003
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