1. Far-Infrared Fine-Structure Lines Observed in the sub/mm 2

IRAM, ALMA Extragalactic Fine-Structure Line 2014/6/18-19 (v.1, 2014/6/16 - created) (v.2, 2014/6/18 - updated) 1

1. Far-Infrared Fine-Structure Lines Observed in the sub/mm 2

References [CII]157 detections - Maiolino+2005 (SDSS1148) - Iono+2006 (BR1202) - Maiolino+2009 (BRI0952) - Walter+2009 (SDSS1148) - Hailey_Dunsheath+2010 (MIPS1428) - Ivison+2010 (Eyelash*) - Stacey+2010 (z~1) - Wagg+2010 (BRI1335) - Cox+2011 (SDP141) - De Breuck+2011 (LESS0332) - Valtchanov+2011 (SDP81*) - Carilli+2012 (BR1202) - Gallerani+2012 (BRI0952) - Maiolino+2012 (SDSS1148) - Salome+2012 (BR1202) - Swinbank+2012 (ALESS SMGs) - Venemans+2012 (ULAS1120) - Wagg+2012 (BR1202, LAEs) - Carniani+2013 (BR1202) - Rawle+2013 (HLS0918) - Riechers+2013 (FLS3) - Wang+2013 (z~6 QSOs, deficit, Mdyn, LF) - Willott+2013 (J2329) - De Breuck+2014 (LESS0332) - Decarli+2014 (BR1202) - Ferkinhoff+2014 (SDP11) - Riechers+2014 (Az3, LBG) - Williams+2014 (BR1202, LAEs) [NII]205 detections - Bradford+2011 (APM08279) - Combes+2012 (HLS0918) - Decarli+2012 (APM08279, MM18423) - Nagao+2012 (LESS0332) - Decarli+2014 (BR1202) [NII]122 detections - Ferkinhoff+2011 (SMM02399, Cloverleaf) [OIII]88 detections - Ferkinhoff+2010 (APM08279) - Valtchanov+2011 (SDP81*) [OIII]52 detections - Sturm+2010 (MIPS1428*) [OI]63 detections - Sturm+2010 (MIPS1428*) - Ferkinhoff+2014 (SDP11*) ---- @ Simple interpretation [CII]/FIR deficit [CII] as SF tracer - de Looze+2011* [CII] morphology and dynamics [CII]/CO PDR analysis [CII] luminosity function - Swinbank+2012 - Wang+2011 @ Photoionization / PDR analysis [NII]/[CII] metallicity, PDR-HII - Nagao+2012 - Decarli+2014 [OIII]/[NII] UV hardness - Ferkinhoff+2010 - Ferkinhoff+2011 *) Herschel results 3

Sub/mm instruments Herschel / SPIRE-FTS ALMA CSO / Zspec CSO / ZEUS SMA PdBI 4

Sub/mm instruments Herschel / SPIRE-FTS ALMA CSO / Zspec CSO / ZEUS SMA PdBI 5

2. [CII] 158 6

[CII] in high-z galaxies [CII] CO High-z (SMG, QSO) CO, morphology kpc < kpc Ha, 24um (CO, HI ) PDR (warm neutral ISM) [CII] [CII] as redshift identifier [CII] as SF tracer [CII] as kinematic/morphological tracer [CII]/FIR deficit [CII]/CO analysis [CII] luminosity function 7

Ionization energy ev ---------------- n/a ---------------- 35.1 ---------------- 11.3 ---------------- 14.5 ---------------- n/a ---------------- H 0 H + : 13.6 ev H2 H 0 : 4.5 ev CO C 0 +O 0 : 11.1 ev O2 2O 0 : 5.1 ev n/a ---------------- n/a : collision partner = electron Carilli & Walter 2013, ARAA ---------------- 8

Photodissociation region Tielens & Hollenbach 2005, Phys. Rev. 9

M31 / ISO 175um continuum (Rodriguez-Fernandez+2006) Contours: [CII] 10

[CII] as a redshift identifier SMG (Swinbank+2012) (Δf/f ~ 2.5) grating z~6 SMG (Riechers+2013) [CII]158 detections in two z ~ 4.4 SMGs (Swinbank+2012) Zspec spectrum of HFLS3 (z=6.34) (Riechers+2012) 11

[CII] as SF tracer Calibration SFR/(Mo/yr) 5.952e-33 * 10^(0.788 log(l[cii]/lo) ) (for LFIR < 1e10.5 Lo, Boselli+2002) SFR/(Mo/yr) ~ 6.5e-7 (L[CII]/Lo) (for LFIR > 1e12 Lo, Maiolino+2005) SFR -> LFIR (Kennicutt 1998) PDR (n=1e5, G0=1e3.8, C/O) Reliability De Looz+11 Gracia-Carpio+11 Reliability 12

[CII] as a kinematic/morphological tracer HST/ACS F775W (Decarli+2014) Main main Wing wing wing LAE SMG QSO LAE BR 1202-0725 (ALMA, Carilli+2013) SDSS J1148+5251 (PdBI, Maiolino+2012) 13

ALESS 73.1 (De Breuck+2014) [CII] as a kinematic/morphological tracer 1st moment (velocity field) PV diagram & rot. curve Toomre Q paramter unstable if Q < 1 14

Curran+09 [CII]/FIR ratio deficit IR-luminous [CII]/FIR high LFIR < 0.1% low-z ULIRG deficit high-z SMG, QSO deficit deficit [CII] (Gracia-Carpio+2011) z > 6 α element (Maiolino+2005) FIR selection effect higher LFIR AGN L[CII] (Curran+2009; Salgsyan+2012) merger-driven SFE (= SFR/ M(H2)) (Gracia-Carpio+2011) Dusty HII region or charged dust grains (Farrah+2013) PDR with log(g0/habing) ~ 3-4 and log(nh/cm -3 ) ~ 4-5 (Wang+2013) 15

[CII]/CO(1-0) analysis kpc PDR G0 nh (Stacey+2010; Valtchanov+2011; Ferkinhoff +2014) log (L_[CII] / L_FIR) Ferkinhoff+2014 (ZEUS-2, SDP11) log (L_CO(1-0) / L_FIR) 16

[CII] luminosity function Swinbank+2012 Braugher+2008 Wang+2013 Hayatsu+, in prep Shimizu+12, scaled Makiya+, in prep and Matsuda+, in prep compiled by YT (2013) 17

3. Other FIR fine-structure lines 18

Overview deficit against LFIR Gracia-Carpio+2011 Herschel/PACS [CII] FIR FSL deficit sub/mm high-z deficit level population collision partner Einstein (e.g. LVG) ISM [OIII]52 / [OIII]88: electron density [OIII]88 / [NII]205: UV hardness O ++ N ++ 2 UV 35 ev [OIII] [NII] [OIII]88/ [NII]205 UV hardness (Ferkinhoff+2010) [OIII]88 / [NII]122: UV hardness (510, 310 /cc) [CII]158 / [NII]205: metallicity [CII]158 / [NII]205: ionization param. 19

13.6 ev PDR HII AGN Corona Spinoglio+2012 20

Line/FIR deficit Local FIR FSL L_FIR deficit (Garcia- Carpio+2011; Farrah+2013) [NII]/FIR deficit @high-z... (controversial) [NII] [OI] [CII] SF (Farrah+2013; Zhao+2013) Decarli+2012 21

Mmin(H + ) (Ferkinhoff+2010, 2011) (LTE), HII [NII] B2-O8 (Teff~30,000 K) N 1 [OIII] O5 (Teff > 40,000 K) O 2 M min (H + )= F X(2 g 2 1) 4 D 2 L g t A 21 h 21 m H (X) A21: Einstein A @level 2 g2: @level 2 gt: Σi gi exp(-δei / kt) mh: χ(x): X [X/H+] X X 22

UV hardness / ( ) ( ) Σ(SFR) Mmin(H + ) / M(H2) SFR ΣSFR (Mo/yr/kpc 2 ) SMG QSO F([OIII]88) / F([NII]122) Ferkinhoff+2011 Mmin(H + ) / M(H2) 23

[OIII]88 / [NII]122: UV hardness (510, 310 /cc) Teff = AGN U Ionization parameter (log U) F_[OIII]88 / F_[NII]122 Effective stellar temperature (K) Ferkinhoff+2011 24

[CII]158 / [NII]205: Metallicity log(z/zo) > -0.5 N/C metallicity Z C N 1 [CII]/[NII] metallicity [CII] PDR, HII ( PDR ) density [NII]205 / [CII]158 Nagao+2012 Zgas / Zsun 25

[CII]158 / [NII]205: Ionization fraction dusty starburst (LFIR ~ 1e13 Lo) [CII]/[NII] LAE [CII]/ [NII] ( LAE low-z ) no [NII] in SMG, QSO, while [NII] in LAEs [CII]158 / [NII]205 ( ) Decarli+2014 L_FIR / Lsun 26

[CII], [OI], CO, FIR: PDR modeling 1 density, UV hardness / ion. param., metallicity 1-zone (?) (G0, n) one-zone [OI]/[CII] mid-j CO s ([OI]+[CII]) / FIR Ferkinhoff+2014 (ZEUS-2, SDP11) Valtchanov+2011 (Herschel/SPIRE-FTS, SDP81) 27

FIR FSL QSO SMG (many works for [CII]) [CII] LAE ionization L[CII]/L[NII] ~ 1-2 (!!) (Decarli+2014) LAE (UV-derived) SFR [CII] (Ouchi+2013) LAE, LBG [CII] (Walter+2012, Ota+2014, Gonzalez-Lopez+2014; local SFR-L[CII] consistent) Low-Z [CII] [OIII] (Inoue+14, Madden+13) 28

[CII]158 Stars N_H [OI]63 [NII]122 N_WNM 1cm -3, 5000K N_CNM 50cm -3, 250K Vallini+2013 29

J. Wagg s viewgraph (SKA conf.) FIR line emission in Lyα emitters during the epoch of reionization Maiolino, Fontana, Vallini, Penterrici, Ferrara, Vanzella, Grazian, Gallerani, Castellano, Cristiani, Williams, Santini, Wagg, submitted ALMA cycle 1, 32 antennas, total time ~ 2h [CII] on UV + Lyα [CII] line emission in a LAE at z=7.1 (tuniv ~ 740 Myr) SFRUV ~9 M!/yr BDF3299 1 ~5.3kpc 7.2σ dv[cii]~8 km/s (dvlyα ~250 km/s), L[CII]=3.8 x107 L! Simulation by Vallini et al. 2013 a)# b)# [CII] (contours) Ionized gas (color) 1 [CII] convolved with ALMA beam 2 3 4 5 stars - UV (black) A z=7.1 0.94 5 kpc z=7.1 c)# 0.94 5 kpc 8 km/s 18 km/s 6 km/s 30 km/s 22 km/s 8 km/s 16 km/s 30 km/s 30