NPO 1990 NPO NPO 12 8,000 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 4 NPO 1.1 1.8 5 NPO NPO 4 NPO NPO 27 22 NPO NPO 5 2001 2001 15-17

NPO 1 2 12 7,000 3 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 1 1995 2 3 12 2000

NPO 1990 NPO NPO 12 8,000 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 4 NPO 1.1 1.8 5 NPO NPO 4 NPO NPO 27 22 NPO NPO 5 2001 2001 15-17

NPO 6 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 7 NPO 6 20-21 7 NPO

NPO NPO NPO 100 8 NPO 9 30 10 NPO NPO NPO NPO1995 NPO 11 NPO NPO NPO NPO 12 1210 NPO 8 61-63 9 10 72-73 11 Lester M. Salamon, America s Nonprofit Sector: a Primer, (New York : The Foundation Center, 1992).. 1994 24

NGO NGO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 12 NPO NPO 1995 2000 5,086 932,855 16 652 1,117 1,628 13 NPO 17 6,000 13 140 12 NPO 10 13 11 1999 418 13 2001 191

NPO NPO 14 33 10 10 30 14 28 70 14 10

10 15 1231 23 60 8,500 18 18 16 1211 12 8,000 9,000 10 35 15 10 16

17 1210 7.3 5,200 13 106 18 13 18 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 17 35 18

NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NVOAD 1970 199526 137 52 390 91 452 33 138,329 1,000 2050 20 19 20 NPO 19 American Red Cross: Disaster Service. <http://redcross.org> 20 FEMA, A Citizen s Guide to Disaster Assistance. http://www.fema.gov

FEMA Major Disaster Declaration (Disaster Field Office) (Federal Coordinating Officer) (Federal Coordinating Officer) Defense Coordinating Officer 21 Federal Response Plan 1992 NPO 22 NPO NPO 23 21 FEMA FEMA 23 (1995 10 )59-69 22 Peter F. Drucker, Managing the Nonprofit Organization, (New York: Harper Collins, 1990). 1991 23 4-5

NPO NPO NVOAD NVOAD 1970 NPO 34 52 VOAD 24 NVOAD NPO NPO (Primary Emergency) NPO NVOADFEMA NVOAD FEMA (advisory board) NPO FEMA NVOAD FEMA NVOAD NPO 199716FEMANVOAD (preparedness) (mitigation) (response) (recovery) FEMANVOAD NVOAD NVOAD NVOAD FEMA NVOAD FEMA 24 NVOAD, The First 25 Years: from Piecemeal Assistance to Coordinated Response. <http:// www.nvoad.org/history.htm>

25 NVOAD NVOAD NVOAD NPO NPONVOAD NPO 26 NPO NPO 501(C) 1997 The National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities 19 3,953 27 NPO 5,000 501 (C)3 (1997 ) E 17,232 F 6,752 I 3,804 J 3,247 K 2,103 L 10,905 P 31,377 http//www.nccs.urban.org 25 Memorandum of Understanding between National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster and The Federal Emergency Management Agency, July 16, 1997. <http://www.nvoad.org/mou.htm> 26 NPO 1995 15-18 27 Reporting Public Charities in the United States, 1997. <http//www.nccs.urban.org/ntee-cc/ index.htm>

FEMA NVOAD NPO FEMAFEMANVOAD NPO NPO NPO 199224 3,000 2552 280.5 NPO 6,029 28 29 NPO 81.7 1998 30 NVOAD 28 GAO Report, to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services,House of Representatives, Disaster Assistance: DOD s Support for Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki and Typhoon Omar, June 1993. 29 U.S. Army Newsletter No.93-6, Disaster Assistance, Operations Other Than War Volume II. 30 American Red Cross: Disaster Service.

NVOAD NPO NPO NPO (Emergency Operations Center) NPO 31 NPO 27 Commander in Chief, U.S. Forces Command (Joint Task Force Andrew) 18 27 28 169,000 5,000 100 27 1021 3,000 82 10 7,000 3,800900 1,000 600 32 100 90 )7,190 ) 10 ) 620 ) 98) 31 Hurricane Andrew Adventures with Ham Radio. < http://spaceyideas.com> 32 GEN. Gordon R. Sullivan, Hurricane Andrew: An After-Action Report, Army, (January 1993), pp.18-19.

33 NPO NPO 5,000 NPO 34 NPO FEMA 35 FEMA NVOAD NPO NPO NPO FEMA NPO FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA 33 GAO Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services. 34 Sullivan, Hurricane Andrew: An After-Action Report, pp.18-19. 35 Ibid, p.21.

(Support Agency) FEMA FEMA GAO 36 FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA 37 FEMA FEMA 38 FEMA 199312 45 FEMA 199417 6.8 30 36 GAO Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services. 37 Ibid. 38 Richard T. Sylves, William L. Waugh, Jr., Disaster Management in the U.S. and Canada: The Politics, Policymaking, Administration and Analysis of Emergency Management, (Illinois: Charles C Thomas publisher, 1996), pp.8-13.

100 57 8,000 2,000 200 FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA NPO 1030 39 40 VOAD NPO 39 City of Los Angels, In the Wake of the Quake: a Prepared City Responds, 1995. 1995 23-24 40 Robert Bolin, Lois Stanford, The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster, (New York : Routledege, 1998), pp.91-92.

Emergency Management Committee 41 NVOAD NPO 42 NPO 17 160 800 24 16 45 43 3,000 50 160 44 280 45 41 1994 1994168 42 Bolin, Stanford, The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster, pp.132, 167. 43 LTC William Whenger, National Guard in the Northridge Earthquake, Infantry, (November, 1994), pp.22-23. 44 67-68 45 Bolin, Stanford, The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster, p.93.

1,400 118,000 46 NPO 47 NPO NPO 48 1993GAO NPO 49 3,300 46 14-15 47 GAO report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services. 48 Sullivan, Hurricane Andrew: An After-Action Report, p.22. 49 GAO report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services.

50 51 52 FEMA FEMA GAO1993 53 FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA FEMA 50 Ibid. 51 Sylves, Waugh, Jr., Disaster Management in the U.S. and Canada, pp.21-22. 52 24 2000 10 33-34 53 GAO report, to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Readiness, Committee on Armed Services.

FEMA FEMA 15 800 NPO NVOAD NPO NPO NPO FEMA NPO NPO NPO NPO GAO 54 GAO 54 Ibid.

NPO NPO NPO NPO 200111 2,800 55 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 55 77 <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/77rsc.htm>

2003 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 83 NPO NPO

NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO

NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO (change agent) 56 NPO NPO 56 Rogers Everett M. and F.F. Shoemaker, Communication of Innovations: a cross-cultural approach, (New York: The Free Press, 1971), pp.101-105.

NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 31 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 57 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ) 58 NPO NPO NPO NPO 57 1991 107-108 58 US Code Section 1342.

NPO NPO 59 NPO )NPO NPO NPO NPO ) NPO ) NPO ) NPO 60 ( 12 NPO NPO 61 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 59 <http://www.cao.go.jp> 60 1 15-21 NPO 100 61 NPO

NPO 13 17 NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO NPO 62 NPO 62 NPO