(Bulletin of FFPRI), Vol.6, No.2 (No.403), 111-125, June. 2007 Review Article l 1 2 Forest Watershed Experiment and proposal for future experiments NOGUCHI Shoji l * FUJIEDA Motohisa 1 2 Abstract About 40% of the forest in Japan is specified for the protection forest, and protection forest for headwater conservation and recharge improvement accounts for 73.1% of that percentage. The necessity of conducting the hydrological research related to forest management has increased, and the role that the forest hydrology plays has become increasingly important. We selected six experimental watershed sites (Kamikawa Experimental Watershed in Hokkaido: HKW, Kamabuchi Experimental Watershed in Yamagata: YKW, Takaragawa Experimental Watershed in Gunma: GTW, Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed in Ibaraki: IHW, Tatsunokuchi-yama Experimental Watershed in Okayama: OTW, Sarukawa Experimental Watershed in Miyazaki: MSW) which run by Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. Then, we summarized current status of knowledge on influence of vegetation changes including forest management (HKW: selective logging, influence of damage by wind, YKW: clear cutting, partial deforestation, establishment of terrace work, GTW: selective cutting, strip cutting, IHW: clear cutting, tractor logging, OTW: selective cutting, influence of pine withering and forest fire, MSW: clear cutting, partial deforestation). There are various methods of the forest management in forestry. In addition, because we must clarify the function for water and soil conservation based on the forest watershed experiment in different climate regions (i.e. snowy and cold region; a little precipitation region; heavy rainfall region), it is not accurate to use only one forest experimental watershed in order to evaluate the changes in the function for all forests. We proposed that the further forest watershed experiments should be conducted for the following research topics: 1) the hydrological observations for a long term; 2) a comparison of hydrological studies in different climate regions; 3) hydrological process studies; 4) evaluation of hydrological studies in large catchments; and 5) joint research with scientists in other fields such as forest ecology, forestry machine, and social economics. Key words : forest-watershed experiment, forest management, long term hydrological observation, hydrological process study, large catchment, other fields 73.1 6 ( HKW YKW GTW IHW OTW MSW) HKW: YKW GTW: IHW: OTW: MSW: 18 3 31 Received March 31, 2006 19 2 9 Accepted Feb. 9, 2007 * 020 0123 92 25 Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 92 25 Nabeyashiki, Shimo-Kuriyagawa Morioka, Iwate 020 0123 Japan ; e-mail: noguchi@affrc.go.jp 1) Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) 2) Research Planning and Coordination Division, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)
112 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. I. 1899 2 1 97% 1 1/3 1974, 1953 1906 1912, 1915 1914, 2001 1924, 1933 1929, 1968 1933 1915 1942 45, 2003, 1933 1937 1939 1 2 2 1960 70 (1961;1963) (source area) Kirkby and Chorley (1967) (partial-area concept) Hewlet and Nutter (1969; 1970) (dynamic source area) Hewlett and Hibbert (1967) (variable source area concept) Kirkby, 1978 1970 80 (1977) (1981) Kinematic wave, 1963, 1986; Fukushima, 1988 (1984) (1987) 3 (2005), 2004 4 1,019 ha 73.1 3 2 2,500 ha 4 2005 1997 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 113 6 II. : 43º51' : 142º48' 645.4 ha (572.9 ha ) 1938 1956 4.9 1,269 mm 1961 40% (, 1961b) 1935 40% 60%,1956 1926 1926 1936 2 1944 1948 45% 1954 15 90% 2 1938 1958,1961 (1955) 1942 1943 1950 1951 4 2 1 0.2mm (1956) 11 10 (1940 1944 ) 1949 1953 7 10 32.2mm 11 6 87.7mm (1960a; 1961ab) (6 10 ) 69 100mm, 1961a 12 3, 1960b, 1961b : 38º56' : 140º16' 1 (3.060 ha ) 2 (2.482 ha ) 2 1939 3 (1.530 ha ) 4 (1.117 ha ) 1961, 1952 10 2456mm 40% 1939 2001 164cm, 2002 1912 45 1913 1916 2 5, 1952 1 2 1947 1948 1960, 1967a 1961 3 4 3 4 1964 3 4 3 4 1970, 1989 1 2 1939 2000,1961;, 1980;, 1999;, 2006 (1956) 2 2 3 4 5 (1985) (6 10 ) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
114 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. 2 5 7 12, 1968, 1968 1967a 1956 1959 1961 1964 0 4 4 8 r p (2 1 ) rp=1.07 0.30 rp=0.88 0.25 2 r q (2 1 ) 2 (1955 1960 ) rq>1 2 1948 1952 1961 1965 rq =1 (1967b) 2 2 2 3 4 40 20 3 4 1978 3 3 92.5% 4 107.1% 4 111.5% 4 3 64.8% 4 75.6% 4 84.8%, 1975 (5 10 ) 3 4, 1979 1961 1963 (1964 1969 ) (1970 1978 ) 3 67.8% 74.1% 80.2% 4 51.6% 53.7% 61.7%,1989 3 4 3 4 3 (1986) (1986) 1983 1 44 7 (1939 1945 ) 7 (1976 1982 ) 6 11 1 90mm 2 1 40mm 95mm 3 1 40mm 4 1985 46 5 10 184 1 70 : 70 71 115 : 45 116 158 : 43 159 184 : 26 10 (1939 1948 ) 10 1975 1984 1985 45 (1939 1983 ) 2002 60 (1939 2001 ) 1 95 96 185 186 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 115 275 276 355 : 36º51' : 139º01' (1,905.66 ha) (117.90 ha) 2 1 (6.48 ha ) 2 (4.42 ha ) 3 (5.17 ha ) (1,500 2,000m) (1,400 800m) 2,134mm 1,500m 1934 1938 1961 1979 1948 1951 50% 1961 1963 1 3 1 3 50% 1957 1 1987 52.5% 1995 2 1963 1964 60% 1972 3 1962 1963 30%, 1997 1937 1990,1961;, 1979;, 1994 (1984) 1938 1978 (1938 1947 ) (1948 1961 ) (1962 1978 ) 8 10 Double-mass curve 47.7mm(12.7%) 78.3mm(23.2%) (1985) 8 10 2 3 7 10 2 3 Double-mass curve (1938 1947 ) 50% 1948 1960 1961 1978 50% 16.6mm(8.2%) 41.8mm(22.3%) 2 50% (1957 1962 ) 80% 1963 1971 1972 1981 3 50% (1957 1962 ) 65% 1963 1971 Shimizu et al.(1992) (1939 1948 ) (1966 1975 ) (1979 1988 ) 8 10 3 5 1990 1 1987 10 1988 6 5 (6 10 ) 6 13% 100mm 1.16 1.41 Shimizu, 1994 21.1% 35.0% Shimizu et al., 1994 60 (98 ) 133 7.6 4.2 1.0% 66.3mm Shimizu et al., 1994 (12 6 ) 64.5% 70.9% 8 (<0.16m 3 sec -1 km -2 ) 2 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
116 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. ( 0.16m 3 sec -1 km -2 ) 40, 1996 118 36º34' 140º35' 1906 1912 15.68ha (36.56ha) (21.07ha) 3 1919 11 1915 20 130m 3 /ha 1980, 1983 1983 59 23% 77% 250m 3 /ha 1983 75.53ha 0.25ha 6,2002 (15.38ha) 1985 4 1986 2 (2.48ha) 1987 (, 1996) 5 6 8 10 1,429mm 1981 1998 2.4 1 23.3 8 12.3 1992 1999 Tsuboyama, 2006 1906 1912 3, 1915 1915 8 1916 6 1919 11, 1923 (1983, 1984) (1911 1915 ) (1916 1919 ) (1981 1984 ) 20 0.84mmd -1 0.71mmd -1 0.86mmd -1, 1983 1 1.5 1.8, 1984 (1996) 5% 4% 10% : 34º42' : 133º58' (17.274 ha) (22.611ha) 2 1/3 1961;, 1996 14.3 1,200mm 1937 2005 1,000mm 11, 2006 1937 (17.55ha) 100 120 1926 5.06ha 3.88ha 1.18ha: 9.80ha: 100 120 (7.47ha) 1961 1940 1944 1945 1946 1953 1954 1958 1959 9 :0.3ha 1960 1973 1974 :2.7ha :3.8ha 15.6ha 1980, 2004 1944 1945 2006 1937 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 117 2000,1961;, 1979;, 1981;, 2005 (1954) ( 1937 1943 1946 1951 ) 22.4% 39.8% 23.6% 33.7% (1982) 1959 2.0 2.2 (1983) 1.3 1.2 1985 110mm 1.5 2.0 (1987) (1979) (1982) 1959 1960 1964 1971 1975 80mm 10 15mm A 1,200mm 30mm 60mm (2004) 66 (1937 2002 ) 1960 1966 1981 1994 1959 1978 1980 36 40 15% 140 320 35% 320 43% : 31º51' : 131º13' I (6.556 ha) II (9.174ha) 1km III (8.181 ha) 3 1960;, 1996 2,939mm (, 1994) I II 1920 I 1965 7 1966 5 1967 II 1982 3.79 ha( 43%) III 50 1965 7 1966 7 1967, 1996 1967 1986 1982; 1996 (1977) 1959 1 3 (I 60.1% II 59.9% III 60.2%) 7 I II III 70.3% 64.3% 74.3% I III II I 10 III 14 II, 1990 (1994) 2 5 II 5 700mm 6 15 1,000mm 16 25 1,200mm III 5 600mm 6 15 900mm 16 25 1,000 1,200mm II 4 I II 1.2% 3 II I 3.2%, 1987; 1996 7 9, 1988 7 (1958 1964 ) I II III 0.8593 m 3 ha -1 0.5769 m 3 ha -1 0.1557 m 3 ha -1 7 1967 1973 I II III 0.8873 m 3 ha -1 0.7311 m 3 ha -1 0.4216 m 3 ha -1 III II I, 1975 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
118 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. Sidle et al., 2004; Gomi et al., 2006 1975 9 1974 1982 I II III 2.0675 m 3 ha -1 1.5560 m 3 ha -1 0.5067 m 3 ha -1 II 65 III, 1985 2002 90% 50 80% (1985) I 1 III. 1984 115 18 29 74, 2001 (2002) 1930 70 67 69 47 1 LTER(Long Term Ecological Research) ( 2001) 2005 (1971) 6 2 B 1985 (1980) (2001) 16 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 119 1967 3 http://www.ffpri. affrc.go.jp/labs/kanko/paper.html http://www.uf.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ kishou/suimon/exshirasakatop.html 10 on time 2001 Ks 100cc 100cc Ks 1 2 150 200mm 1988 400cc( 113mm) http://www3.ffpri. affrc.go.jp/renewhp/labs/fsinvent/ Noguchi et al., 1997; 1999 Sidle et al., (2001) Tsuboyama et al., 1994 Noguchi et al.,(1999) Noguchi et al., (2001) Tsuboyama et al., (2000) 0 0 Sidle et al., (1995) 0 1 2 0 Sidle et al., (2000) 0 (2002) (0.82 75.53ha) 5 δ 18 0 Tani, 1997 Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
120 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M. 6 5 FFPRI FluxNet http://ss.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/labs/flux/index.htm, 2001 2003 2004 (1905.7ha) (117.9 ha) 645.4 ha (572.9 ha) ha 1ha 100ha (1km 2 ), 1985 100ha, 1990 2005 Tani(1996) 2004, 2006 GIS 2003 GIS 1994, 2004 2001 (1994) (2001) (2002 2003) LAI (1986) LAI, 1995; Ohnuki et al., 1999, 2002;, 2006 (2002) (2004) 2, 1987; 1989;, 1988;, 1996ab 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 121 1996 Sidle et al., 2004, 2000; 2002 12 16 5 17 19 3, 2005 (2002) FS 2005 9 8 1982, 33, 197-200. (1985),, 67, 261-270. 1983, 34, 337-340. (2002),, 44, 1-8. (1995) 1 2,, 37, 50-58. (2005) Variable Source Area Concept,, 18, 459-468. (1981),, 22, 56-62. (1996), p559; p819. (1985),242p. (2003) II,, 269, 78-116. (1960a), 1959, 136-144. (1961a), 1960, 181-214. (1960b), 1959, 126-133. (1961b), 1960, 150-180. (1982),, 317, 113-138. (1979),, 61, 184-186. (1996),, 78, 43-49. (1994) 1978 1 1990 12, 368, 207-245. (1981),, 76p. Fukushima,Y.(1988): A model of river flow forecasting for a small forested mountain catchment. Hydrol Processes, 2, 167-185. (1986) 10,, 57, 162-185. Gomi T., Sidle, R. C., Noguchi, S., Negishi, J. N., Abdul Rahim, N., Sasaki, S. (2006) Sediment and wood accumulations in humid tropical headwater streams: Effects of logging and riparian buffers. Forest Ecology and Management, 224, 166-175. (2006) Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
122 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M., 400, 215-225. (2005) 1981 1 2000 12, 394, 87-133. Hewlett, J.D. and Hibbert, A.R. (1967) Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid areas, In: W.E. Sopper and H.W. Lull (eds), Forest Hydrology, Pergamon Press, 275-290. Hewlett, J.D. and Nutter, W. L. (1970) The varying source area of streamflow from upland basins. Proceedings of the Symposium on Interdisciplinary Aspects of Watershed Management, Montana State University: 65-83. (2002) 60, 6, 241-246. (2006) 1 2 1994 1 2000 12,, 398, 99-118. (1999) 1 2 1979 1 1993 12,, 376, 1-52. (1987) 1,, 348, 47-108. (1989) 2,, 353, 1-126. (1956),,, 7, 121-147. (2005),, 44, 9-12. (2000),,104, 157-245. (2002),,107, 29-92. (1955),, 64, 272-274. (1956) 1,,5, 181-214. (2002),, 15, 472-485. (1983) 1,, 24, 106-113. (1985),, 37, 321-323. (1979),, 308, 133-195. (1915),, 12, 1-84. Kirkby, M.J., and Chorley, R.J., (1967) Throughflow, overland flow and erosion. Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 12, 5-21. (2003) 15 26-57. (1987),, 89p. 2004,,74, 311-316. (2002), 6, 37-42. (2001), 71,57-66. (2001),,14, 489-498. (2004),,,, 56-59. (2002), 6, 241-246. (1982) (1967 1 1976 12 ),, 317, 45-68. 2003 GIS 76 788-799. (2005),, 55: 359-369. (1960) 1,, 123, 45-68. (1952) 1,, 53, 1-44. (2002) 150p. (1988),, 41, 207-208. (1994) 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 123,, 215, 58-66. (1933),, 605, 2-5. (2002) LAI,, 15, 461-471. (2003),, 269, 1-28. (1971),, 240, 1-251. (1985),, 162, 1-34. (1956), 38, 314-316. Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (1997) Spatially distributed morphological characteristics of macropores in forest soils of Hitachi Ohta Experimental Watershed, Japan. J. For. Res., 2, 207-215. Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (1999) Morphological characteristics of macropores and the distribution of preferential flow pathways in a forested slope segment. Soil Soc. Ame. J., 63, 1413-1423. Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C. and Hosoda, I. (2001) Subsurface runoff characteristics from a forest hillslope soil profile including macropores, Hitachi Ohta, Japan. Hydrol. Processes, 15, 2131-2149. (1974),, 98, 1-15. (1961),, 225pp. (1977),, 50, 1-58. (1988),, 351, 1-79. (1967a) 3,, 240, 1-251. (1967b),, 8, 204-211. (1968),, 19, 161-164. (1975),, 16, 114-119. (1978),, 29, 163-164. (1979),, 20, 104-111. (1980),, 32, 293-294. (1989),, 30, 46-49. Ohnuki, Y., Yoshinaga,S., and Noguchi,S. (1999) Distribution and physical properties of colluvium and saprolite in unchannelized valleys in Tsukuba Experimental Basin, Japan. J. For. Res., 4, 207-215. 1986, 68, 490-498. 1988 I 70 367-370. (1984),, 81pp. (1990),, 3, 17-25. 2004 17 529-535. (2001) 33 10-17. (2005) 16, 222pp. (2002),, 254p. (1996a) 1,, 372, 1-110. (1996b) 2,, 372, 111-160. (2004) 57 273-274. (1980),,310, 109-128. (1983),, 233, 1-3. (1997), Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007
124 NOGUCHI S. and FUJIEDA M.,52, 29-34. Shimizu, T. (1994) Effects of contour-line strip-cutting on streamflow (II) Short-term runoff characteristics during the warm season. J. Jap. For. Soc., 76, 492-499. (1997),, 233, 1-29. (2001),, 260, 7-26. 2005 281 6-17 (1983) (I), 94, 593-594. (1984) (II), 95, 551-552. Shimizu, T., Kikuya, A. and Tsuboyama, Y. (1992) Influence of changes in vegetation upon the runoff characteristics of maountainous drainage basins., 363, 21-39. Shimizu, T., Tsuboyama, Y., Hosoda, I. (1994) Effects of contour-line stripe-cutting on stream flow (I) Longterm runoff characteristics during the warm season. J. Jap. For. Soc., 76, 393-401. (1996),, 58, 3-10. (2004),, 13, 139-143. (2006) 7 284p. (1954) 4,, 3, 95-122. (1933), 15, 39-47. Sidle,R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., Shimizu, T. (1995) Seasonal hydrologic response at various spatial scales in a small forested catchment, Hitachi Ohta, Japan. J.Hydrol., 168, 227-250. Sidle, R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., and Shimizu, T. (2000) Stormflow generation in steep forested headwaters: a linked hydrogeomorphic paradigm. Hydrol. Processes, 14, 369-385. Sidle,R.C., Noguchi, S., Tsuboyama, Y. and Laursen, K. (2001) A conceptual model of preferential flow systems in forested hillslopes: evidence of selforganization. Hydrol. Processes, 15, 1675-1692. Sidle,R. C., Sasaki, S., Otsuki, M., Noguchi, S., Abdul Rahim, N. (2004) Sediment pathways in a tropical forest: effects of logging roads and skid trails. Hydrol. Processes, 18, 703-738. (1985),, 67, 115-125. 1994 94 54-72. (1968),, 30, 26-30. (1963),, 6, 166-180. (1979) (1959 1 1977 12 ),, 302, 97-154. (1968),, 59, 83-89. (1975),, 86, 403-404. (1977),, 30, 293-294. (1990),, 43, 197-198. (1985),, 96, 589-590. (1987) (IV),, 98, 577-578. (1994) (X)-,, 47, 223-224. (1996) (1977 1 1986 12 ),, 370, 31-75. (2001),, 261, 57-71. (2004),, 86, 375-370. (1923),, 23, 63-100. (1953),, 138, 1-3. (2001),, 51 255-259. Tani, M. (1996) An approach to annual water balance for small mountainous catchments with wide spatial 6 2, 2007
Forest-Watershed Experiment and proposalfor future experiments 125 distributions of rainfall and snow water equivalent. J. Hydrol., 183, 205-225. Tani, M. (1997) Runoff generation processes estimated from hydrological observation on a steep forested hillslope with a thin soil layer. J. Hydrol., 200, 84-109. (1987),, 342, 41-60. (1980) 1 2 1959 1 1978 12,, 311, 129-188. Tsuboyama, Y. (2006) An experimental study on temporal and spatial variability of flow pathways in a small forested catchment., 399, 135-174. (2006), 117: 226. Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C., Noguchi, S., and Hosoda, I. (1994) Flow and solute transport through the soil matrix and macropores of a hillslope segment. Water Resour. Res., 30, 879-890. Tsuboyama, Y., Sidle, R.C., Noguchi, S., Murakami, S., Shimizu, T. (2000) A zero-order basin its contribution to catchment hydrology and internal hydrological processes, Hydrol. Processes, 14, 387-401. (1961) 43, 62-67. (1963) Storm discharge from an experimental watershed 45, 186-190. (1984) 1,, 4,, 331, 127-145. (1985) 2, 2 3,,, 333, 37-65. Bulletin of FFPRI, Vol.6, No.2, 2007