No. 26 March 2016 9 30 9 30 1 The September 30th Incident and Japan Aiko Kurasawa This paper will examine how Japanese government, media and society responded to the Indonesia s September 30 th Incident in 1965 and the following political development including brutal mass killing. Japan had close relation with Sukarno s Indonesia in the time when most of the western nations were very critical to him. Although Sukarno was very close to communists, one of the strongest political forces in his country, and consequently close to eastern nations, many of Japanese politicians regarded him as a nationalist and judged that he could control the communists. After the Incident took place on 30 th September Japanese government was still sympathetic to Sukarno in the midst of uncertainty and hoped that he would get strong grip to recover the situation. Army blamed communists as the main instigator of the Incident and urged Sukarno to take the strong action against them, but Sukarno rejected this interpretation by army and kept defending communists. Looking at this situation Japanese politicians and diplomats began to realize that it would be more realistic to discard Sukarno and support army that was trying to wipe out communists. It was the midst of Cold War and sweep over communist was the most urgent matter for western countiries. Therefore Japanese government eventually took very cool attitude towards Sukarno government: in spite of plead for emergency aid of daily commodities such as food and clothing, Japanese government did not give any with fear that aid would benefit the existing government. Even more significant was that Japanese government did not take any action to prevent brutal mass killing toward communist. She just kept silence and waited for the moment that anti-communist army leaders would take power, which finally took place on 11 March 1966. After that Japanese government supported Suharto s new regime by promptly giving economic aid. She gradually had very important role in Suharto s development policy as the largest investor, the largest partner of trade, and as the largest provider of aid. Of course Japan had gained tremendous benefit out of it. Yet most of Japanese are not aware that access to such economic prosperity of Japan after 1970s was made possible only as a result of tremendous social, political upheaval in Indonesia which took millions of lives. There was not strong public move in Japanese society to protest serious offense against humanity. Japanese media was, just like all other western media, less enthusiastic in reporting mass killing with full intensity, although they reported political development in Jakarta in detail. Absense of interest of Japanese society in Indonesian affairs was also influenced by too strong interest in Vietnamese War. Political process happening in Vietnam was the largest focus of interest for most of Japanese for both leftist and rightist. Also there was no strong appeal from leftist political parties to stir up the society. All those factors combined there was very little response from Japanese society to condemn the brutal killing. 1 9 30 9 30 7
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9 30 9 10 6 No. 142 A -0211 1011 10 2 JAL JAL PKI 10 2 PKI 10 8 A 0211 918 919 PKI 10 12 A 0211 1059 1069 9 10 2 1984 141 13
No. 163 PKI 11 A -0211 898 02 9 30 10 2 10 2 10 2 CIA No. 145 10 8 A 0211 1347 1354 10 PKI 10 10 14
9 30 10 9 1978 PKI 1978 198 228 PKI 2 11 11 CIA 1 5,000 1984 152 153 1965 PKI 1966 1 2 1 15
10 12 A -0211 1347 1354 2004 169 10 10 6 No. 163 A -0211 1865 1866 PKI 11 IMF 11 11 11 9 30 1965 2 12 8 9 30 Simpson 2008: 171 16
9 30 1984 157 12 2 12 de fact 1 23 3000 A -0211 1381 600 2 1964 9 30 9 30 1993 2 PKI 13 Kap-Gestapu, Kesatuan Aksi Pengganyangan Gestapu 1965 12 Kap-Gestapu 5000 No. 179 Clyde McAvoy 2008 12 10 14 No. 155 13 Gestapu 9 30 17
Tempo 2008.12.7 p. 26 notable part No. 163 supporting role No. 167 No. 168 1966 3 11 3 1 NHK 14 9 30 15 5 10 7 9 30 10 10 3 12 8 14 15 1966 2 1 1928 38 9 30 1966 Shutte 2013: 115 18
9 30 CIA 1965 10 1 2 10 2 10 3 2 AP 2 12 JAL 3 10 1 10 6 12 2 JAL IT 10 8 800 6 2 800 JAL 10 8 12 3 7 10 6 7 19
UPI PKI 1966 2 7 16 3 11 17 2 1965 10 16 1965 11 22 30 US Declassified Documents 1964 1965 17 Speak English Please! 20
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The Sun News-Pictorial 1966 6 175 5 Tanter 2013: 131 Tanter 2013: 133 1 1965 10 28 PKI A 0211 799 11 27 2000 2000 A 0211 978 989 12 14 16 12 18 A -0221 1245 1247 12 12 A -0221 879 1966 2 10 A -0221 3 11 10 PKI A -0211 721 722 22
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1966 2 10 & 1966 2 10 19 2 19 AA AA AA 25 AA 1965 10 1966.2.27 PKI 1962 5 PKI 1965 5 PKI 45 1965 5 23 28 9 30 PKI 1965 10 17 11 8 A -0211 766 Harian Gelora 1 Nov. 1965 9 30 Partai Komunis Djepang membela Gestapu: Bukti G-30-S dalangi Komunis A -0211 1545 1546 19 Fujikura 2016: 250 24
9 30 1965 10 23 10 17 10 27 27 Tanaka 2016: 224 225 26 PKI 1965 10 30 9 30 PKI Nishihara 1975: 170 1965 12 22 9 30 1966 1 30 PKI PKI 9 30 PKI 1966 1 31 1966 2 4 9 30 PKI PKI 1966 10 10 PKI No. 258 1966 10 25
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1960 1957 Sumitro Joyohadikusumo Achmad Soemarjono 1965 8 9 30 10 14 6 1 9 30 1965 10 23 4 17 10 15 Ginanjar 2013: 29 24 3 11 Nishihara 1976: 172 1965 50 Resolusi 1966 5 21 17 17 17 25 1. CGMI PKI Jul Sumartojo 24 25 28
9 30 2. Soerono, Sudjatmiko, Budi Saronto, Wibisono Singgih, A. H. H. Husin, Lie Shie Liang, 3. Dias Hanafi, Rika Suatan, 26 4. Liehantje, Soegiarto Sriwibowo, Pranadjaja, Soemarmo, Notje Kadarisman, 5. Trikojo, Prabowo, Subiarto Hadinoto, 1966 5 21 Ir. Lily Satari 17 2 5 37 PKI 27 5 1966 7 2 1966 7 Berita Yudha 1966 7 9 26 1963 1966 27 1999 29
Berita Yudha 5 15 1965 12 12 2015 15 6 1 28 5 3 29 Mas Ban Dik Jul Dik Tshombe: 9 Djawoto Ahem Erningpradja 30 3 7 29 1966 8 5 7 Harian Kami 1966 7 5 Minguan Mahasiswa Indonesia 1966 7 10 7 28 1966 5 31 6 1 29 30 9 30 3 3 PPI 30
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978 989 1965 11 27 1003 1028 1965 10 1011 1965 10 6 & 7 1038 1043 1965 10 28 1245 1247 1965 12 18 1057 1069 1965 10 12 1347 1354 1965 10 7 1381 1965 11 6 1545 1546 1965 11 2 1865 1866 1966 1 1 1953 1963 40 1965 10 30 1965 10 1 Abdul Habir 1993 8 21 Amangku 1992 1993 3 2013 8 3 Ali Shahab 1966 67 2015 3 24 & 4 3 Witaryono Reksopredjo 2013 8 30 2013 3 30 Gatot Wilotikto 2015 9 10 2012 4 25 2014 1 23 2015 8 5 2015 6 23 2015 8 4 2015 11 30 Sujatmoko 2015 2 10 3 23 29 Soemarmo 2015 2 25 2014 11 21 Dewi Soekarno 2008 2009 12 2012 4 25 2014 1 23 Trikoyo Turi Ramijo 2013 3 9 Torseno 2011 8 Lie Shie Liang 2002 4 6 Lili Satari 1965 66 2015 8 15 36