1.1 1.1.1 RadarRadio Detection and Ranging 1960 1 10 1
CWContinuous Wave CW 1.1.2 XCT(Computed Tomography) MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging)PET(Positron Emission Tomography) XCT 2
3 XCTMRI XCTMRI XCT /10 1.1.3 1) A B B Amplitude Mode A 1-1,1-2,1-3 A 1.1 1-3 khz MHz 1-4 1 A A A 20cm 15 30/s /200000 10 100s
4 2) B B (Brightness Mode) A CRTCathode Ray Tube -5,1-6 1-7,1-8 B 1.1 1.2 B A B A 1.1A B A B M A B M 1.1
1.2 1 1 360 1.2A B 5
6 B RF RF AM 1.2 1-9 1-9 CRT B 4060 B 5070B CRT 30B 4070B RF 30B 1-10 1.3
1.3 STC(Sensitive Time Control) TGC(Time Gain Control) 1-11 1.4 1.4 TGC 1.4TGC 3) 1-12, -13 1.5 1.6 f 0 v α f c v cos α f= f (1.1) 0 c + v cos α f d f d (1.2) f d = f (1.2) f 0 7
v << f d 2v α f (1.3) d = f 0 c 1.3 (PW) 1.7 PW 0 f 0 +f d 0 f 0 +f d 1.5 1.6 1.3 / (PW) High-PRF (CW) 8
PW) CW) 1.7 PW,CW PW 1.8 1.9 1.8 PW 1.9(b) f d ( 2 f 0 + 2 f d ) LPF1 f d (1.9 (f)) (HPF)1-14 2 1-15,1-16 (Color Flow Mapping) f 0 9
(Color Doppler) Ultrasound Power Amp. RF Oscillator Pulse Generator /2 Phase Shifter Transducer Doppler Phantom (or Blood vessel) + Mixer Pre- Amp Phase Shifter W1 W2 W3 S/H LPF Low Pass Filter HPFHigh Pass Filter SH Sample Hold + LPF1 S/H HPF LPF2 & 1.8 1.9 10
4) SNR SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) SNR 1-17,1-18,1-19, 1-20 1.10 1.10 sinc 1-17 11
sin( π ft ) f ( t) = T f (1.4) π ft (1.4) T f 1/ f 1.10 DSP(Digital Signal Proce-ssor) 1.10 Transmitting Signal time Receiving Signal time Frequency T time Delay time T 0 Frequency Frequency change in transmitting signal Delay time dependence on frequency 1.10 1.11 12
FM FM PSKPhase Shift Keying M PN (Pseudo Random Noise) (Golay Code) 1.11 PSK 1 PN M 13
1.1.4 Continuous Wave CW 1-21,1-22 CW CW PW CW PW CW CW Stearable CW Doppler(STCW) 1-23 STCW CW 1.12 Power Amp. Master Oscillator ( ) + LPF Low Pass Filter HPFHigh Pass Filter Transducer Pre- Amp /2 Phase Shifter Mixer + LPF1 HPF & = + FFT Analyzer LPF2 1.12 CW - 14
15 CW SNR B CW CW 1.2 FET V
1-1 p.129 1985 1-2 ME p.189 1988 1-3 p.436p.430 1999 1-4 p.477 1966 1-5 ME p.195 1988 1-6 p.111 1985 1-7 p.114 1985 1-8 ME p.194 1988 1-9 p.85 2002 1-10 p.88 2002 1-11 p.89 2002 1-12 ME p.198 1988 1-13 p.163 1985 1-14 p.144 2002 1-15 D vol.j70-d, no.7,pp.1432-1440, July 1987 1-16C.Kasai, K.Namekawa, A.Koyano and R.Omoto, Real-Time Two-Dimentional Blood Flow Imaging Using an Autocorrelation Technique, pp.458-464, IEEE trans., vol.su-32,no.3,1985 1-17 p.275 1996 1-18C.E.Cook and M.Bernfeld, Radar Signals, p.130,academic Press,1967 1-19 p.131 2004 16
1-20D.R.Wehner, High-resolution Radar, p152, Artech House,1995 1-21 p.144 2002 1-22 ME p.194 1988 1-23 p.129p.130 2002 17
18 FM-CW 2.1 CW CW SNR CW FM-CW CW FM-CW FM-CW FM-CW 2.2 2.2.1 CW CW 2.1CW 2-1,2-2 FFTFast Fourier Transformer FFT SNR CW
Power Amp. CW Osc. Local Osc. Pre- Amp + (f o + f L ) IF Amp. (f L + f L ) BPF1 BPF2 BPF3 BPF4 BPF5 DET DET DET DET DET Display BPFn DET 2.1CW 2.2.2 FM-CW CW FM-CW 2-3,2-4,2-5 FM-CW FM 2.2 FM-CW FM Transmitter FM modulator Mixer Amp Frequency measurement 2.2FM-CW 19
20 2.3 2-6,2-7, 2-8,2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 FM-CW 2.4 2.3FM-CW (A) (C) (B) (D) T Tx Rx - 2.4FM-CW
2-13 1 v (2.1) T ( t ) = 2π ( f + µ t ) t 2 f B µ = T B T R 1 2v 2v v R ( t) = cos 2π ( f + µ ( t τ t)( t τ t) (2.2) 2 c c 2R τ = c FM-CW 2B 2 v (2.3) Du ( t) = cos 2π ( R v) t ct λ I Q 2B 2 v Du ( t) = exp j (2.4) 2π ( R v) t ct λ 2B 2 v Dd ( t) = exp j 2π ( R v) t ct λ (2.5) 2B 2 f up = R v ct λ (2.6) 21
2B 2 f down = R v ct λ (2.7) ct R = ( f (2.8) up fdown ) 4 B λ v = ( fup + fdown ) 4 (2.9) FM-CW 2 FM FM-CW CW FM- CW 2-14,2-15,2-16 2.1 FM-CW FM-CW FFT FFT (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) FM-CW 22
2.1 (mm) 1361336868 13767100 7710753 8010864 8910786 - - - (m) 11501150215011501150 555 2) FM-CW 2-17,2-18 2-19,2-20,2-21,2-22,2-23,2-24, 2-25 FM-CW 2-20 B 2 s T ( t) = cos 2π ( t + f + (2.10) 0t) φ 0 2T 2.4 B 2 (2.11) s R ( t) = cos 2π ( t τ ) + f 0 ( t τ ) + φ0 2T 2 1 Bτ Bτ 1 Bτ sd ( t) = st ( t) s R ( t) cos 2π ( t + f 0τ ) cos 2π ( t + f 0τ ) (2.12) 2 T 2T 2 T fb φ B 2BR (2.13) f b = τ = T Tc (2.14) φ = 2πf 0 τ = 4πR / λ f b 23
2.3 FM-CW 2.3.1 FM-CW FM-CW FM-CW FM-CW MHz FM-CW 10 / 1530/ 10 FM-CW 10 30cm FM-CW D 6 FM-CW 7 FM-CW 24
B 30 2.2 2.2 FM-CW 2.3.2 FM-CW FM-CW FET FM-CW 25
26 FM-CW FM-CW TGC(Time Gain Control) FFT FM-CW FM-CW 2.5 1520B PW CW SNR CW 8 9 100
Frequency Power Spectrum Clutter Doppler Signal Frequency 2.5FM-CW 10 2 2.3.3 FM-CW 2.6 27
FM-CW FFT Amplitude ( Transmit Signal f 0 +f Frequency Change f 0 f f Frequency Difference between Tx and Rx Transmit Signal Receive Signal time time time - f 2.6 2.3.4 FM-CW 2.7 2.4 28
T m / 2 2.1.1 FM-CW 2.5 Amplitude ( Transmit Signal f 0 +f Frequency Change f 0 f f Frequency Difference between Tx and Rx Transmit Signal Receive Signal time time time - f 2.7 29
2.3.5 FM-CW FMCW FM-CW CW FM-CW FM-CW f m FM-CW f m f m CW 20dB PW SNR CW 2.3.6 FM-CW CW FM-CW FM- 30
CW FM-CW SNR PW CW 2-1 p.11 1991 2-2 p.273 1996 2-3M.I.Skolnik,Introduction to Radar Signals,p.86-106, McGraw-Hill, 1962. 2-4Igor VKomarov and Sergey MSmolskeyFundamentals of Short-range FM Radarp.3-10Artech HouseINC2003 2-5 p.274 1996 2-6 Avol.J81-A, no.4, pp.490-495, 1998. 2-7 B vol.j84-b, no.10, pp.1848-1856, 2001. 2-8 pp.63-67, SANE2000-129, 2000. 2-9 pp.31-36, SANE2001-16, 2001. 2-10 pp.31-36, SANE2001-16, 2001. 2-11 B- vol.j81-b-, no., pp.234-239, 1998. 2-12 p.21, 2001 2-13 C.E.Cook and M.Bernfeld, Radar Signals, p.12,p.35,p.130,academic Press,1967 2-14 vol79 No10 pp.977-981oct1996 2-15 vol 80 No 9 pp.921-924sept 1997 31
2-16 vol 87 No9pp.756-759Sept2004 2-17 p.31-36, SANE99-100,2000. 2-18 FM-CW p.73-77, SANE2001-111,2001. 2-19 Barker p.79-84, SANE2001-112,2001. 2-20 p.1-8, SANE92-78,1992. 2-21 FM-CW p.99-105, SANE2000-147,2000. 2-22 p.113-120, Bvol.J83-B, no.1, 2001. 2-23 2 p.9-14, SANE92-79,1992. 2-24 S/N p.180-183, B vol.j82-b, no.1, 1999. 2-25 FM-CW p.107-114, SANE2000-148,2000. 32