18 20 1 1950 4 5 2 20 23 24 3 18
1940 6,975 4 50 60 1949 3 Japanese American Citizens League JACL 1947 7 213 5 1947 6 Regina Lark 213 30 831 597 211 15 7 1950 1954 6 12 20 8 1950 A
1953 Auburn White River 9 B 10 1952 C saw factory 30 11 B
12 1929 1958 13 1970 1970 D 1970 14 15 D
16 1960 1970 1964 T.W.S 40 Japan-America Society of Oregon JASO 1976 1977 350 1986 1996 60 1941 865 1,869 17 10 JICA 20 1951 1955 3 columbine 40 E 18
1959 1955 11 30 19 3 1987 40 20 1987 11 125 21 22 60 8 6 F 23 G 1
24 E 1 25 26 1988 40 152 40 26 8 20 14 35 12 30 6 27
G E 4 4 4 4 28 1946 4 6 1 1959 12 42 8 10 24 29 H 30 JACL 31 1970 1 1955 3 1987 11 Aurora I
32 T.W.S B 20 5 20 33 1986 D 1975 6 5 6 1 2 10 18
400 350 34 2 50 60 1960 1970 JACL 35 10 1977 61.3% 36 2 3 40 770 2 1988 10 30 40 3 15 320 37 1994 230 2004 2006 1988
3 18 3 3 2010 10 174 1902 JCCCW 2010 National Trust for Historic Preservation JCCCW 7,500 2009 2010 7 8 38 50 1960 7 15 2009 2010 7 Minoru Yasui Community Volunteer Award, MYCVA Asian Avenue Magazine MYCVA 39
2 JACL Mile-Hi 88 3 1 JICA 2009 3 2 Caroline C., Simpson, Out of an Obscure Place : Japanese War Brides and Cultural Pluralism in the 1950s, differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 10.3, 1998, 47 U. S Commissioner and Naturalization Annual Reports, 1947-75 3 23 24 Anselm L., Strauss, Strain and Harmony in American-Japanese War Bride Marriages, Marriage and Family Living May 1954, 99-106. Gerald J. Schnepp, & Agnes Masako, Yui, Cultural and Marital Adjustment of Japanese War Brides, American Journal of Sociology, LXI 1955, 48-50; John W. Connor, A Study of The Marital Stability of Japanese War Brides San Francisco: R & E Research Associates, Inc., 1976, 60 8 10 08041084 2000 86 2005 77, 1999
4 1994 11 5 R 1982 293-294 6 PMC 1984 1069 7 They Challenged Two Nations: Marriages between Japanese Women and American GIs, 1945 to the Present, Ph.D. Diss., University of Southern California,1999 199-200 1947 7 22 8 Pacific Stars& Stripes 8 80 30 PMC 1982 191 9 A 2007 3 19 10 B 2007 3 19 11 C 2007 3 19 12 B 1960 13 PMC 1984 3 14 D 2007 3 19 15 16 17 60 2005 157 18 E 2006 8 28 2010 10 4 19 271 20 2007 3 22 21 Bill Hosokawa, Colorado s Japanese Americans: From 1886 to the Present Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005, 240. 22 2007 3 22 23 F 2007 3 22 24 G 2007 3 22 25 E 2007 3 22 26 1979 1999 3 2007 87 174 27 1989 5 5 28 2005 199-200 194-196 202-205
29 110-114 30 H 2007 3 22 31 116-124 JACL 1950 12 23 32 I 2007 3 22 33 B 2007 3 19 34 D 2007 3 19 35 124-142 36 Harry L. L., Kitano, Wai-Tsang Yeung, Lynn Chai, and Herbert Hatanaka, Asian-American Interracial Marriage, Journal of Marriage and the Family Studies, 46 1984, 180. 37 220 38 2010 7 14 39 Asian Avenue Magazine, September 2010 Denver, Colorado Connor, John W. 1976 A Study of The Marital Stability of Japanese War Brides, San Francisco: R & E Research Associates, Inc. 1982 Hosokawa, Bill. 2005 Colorado s Japanese Americans: From 1886 to the Present Boulder University Press of Colorado. 2005 60 1984 PMC 1982 80 30 PMC 1984 PMC Kitano, Harry L. L., Wai-Tsang Yeung, Lynn Chai, and Herbert Hatanaka. 1984 Asian-American Interracial Marriage, Journal of Marriage and the Family Studies, 46, 179-190. Lark, Regina. 1999 They Challenged Two Nations: Marriages between Japanese Women and American GIs, 1945 to the Present, Ph. D. Diss., University of Southern California. Schnepp, Gerald J. and Yui, Agnes Masako. 1955 Cultural and Marital Adjustment of Japanese War Brides, American Journal of Sociology, LXI, 48-50. 2009 JICA Simpson, Caroline C. 1998 Out of an Obscure Place Japanese War Brides and Cultural Pluralism the 1950s, differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 10.3, 47-81.
Strauss, Anselm L. 1954 Strain and Harmony in Ameican-Japanese War Bride Marriages, Marriage and Family Living, 99-106. 1994 : 2000 8 10 2005 : 2005 86 1989 5 5 1950 12 23 (Pacific Stars & Stripes )1947 7 22 8 23 2010 7 14 Asian Avenue Magazine, September 2010 A 2007 3 19 B 2007 3 19 C 2007 3 19 D 2007 3 19 E 2006 8 28 2007 3 22 2010 10 4 2007 3 22 G 2007 3 22 H 2007 3 22 I 2007 3 22 2007 3 22 2007 3 22
In the United States, Japanese war brides have struggled against prejudice within the Japanese- American community. Articles in Japanese newspapers and magazines influenced the image and stereotype of Japanese war brides as bar girls or pan-pan (prostitutes for occupation soldiers) among Japanese Americans. In this article, I will first give an outline of the Japanese community and the war brides in Seattle and Denver. I will shed light on the war brides and their community activities in both cities by examining their oral histories. Next, I will clarify how Japanese war brides felt as being viewed both metaphorically and literally by both the Issei (first generation) and Nisei (second generation) in the Japanese-American community. I will examine earlier literature on this subject, including the results of a questionnaire survey that I conducted in 1999. In the interviews, many interviewees said that Japanese Americans became friendlier and began changing their attitude toward war brides as time went on. Considering this change in attitude, I will finally examine why the Japanese-American community has changed its view of war brides. Keywords: War bride, Seattle, Denver, stereotype, Japanese-American community