1 17 object 1 observation 17.1 X electromagnetic wave photon 1 = c (17.1) c =3 10 8 ms ;1 m mm = 10 ;3 m m =10 ;6 m nm = 10 ;9 m 1 Hz 17.1 spectrum radio 2 infrared 3 visual light optical light 4 ultraviolet 5 X 2 10km 1km 10km 100m 1km 10m 100m 1m 10m 1cm 1m 1mm 1cm 0.1mm 1mm 3 1mm 0.77 m 770nm IR 4 400nm 770nm 5 400nm 10nm 400nm 320nm UVA 320nm 290nm UVB 290nm 190nm UVC
2 X-ray 6 gamma-ray 7 1 17.1 0:38m 0:77m nm 17.2 Hz Hz 1 E p E E = h = ch= (17.2) p = E=c = h=c = h= (17.3) continuum continuous spectrum line spectrum emission line absorption line h = 6:62610 ;34 J s ev = 1:6021910 ;19 J kev =10 3 ev MeV 10 6 ev X 17.2 17.3 X 2keV 20 kev 17.4 2 6 1nm X 7 X 0.01nm 0.001nm 17.3
3 17.2 17.4 17.5 3C273 NASA 17.5 power law spectrum ; 17.6
4 thermal spectrum optically thick blackbody radiation optically thin bremsstrahlung nonthermal spectrum synchrotron radiation inverse Compton scattering X atomic spectrum transition CO molecular spectrum 21 cm X cyclotron line annihilation line
5 17.1 HII X 21 cm
6 radio 1864 1888 FM 15cm infrared 1800 visual light optical light 1666 ultraviolet 1801 X X-ray 1885 X X 1901 1 X X X X gamma-ray 1896 1900 X
7 18 18.1 temperature thermodynamic equilibrium Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution Planck distribution blackbody radiation B B (T ) blackbody B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 Hz ;1 B (T ) T B (T )= 2h c 2 3 e h=kt ; 1 (18.1) c = 2:997910 10 ms ;1 h = 6:626110 ;27 erg s k = 1:3807 10 ;16 erg K ;1 18.2 1K 10 10 K 18.1 T B (T ) 18.1 3K 300K 6000K 10000000K
8 18.2 B (T ) = (2h=c 2 )T 3 (=T) 3 =(e h=kt ; 1) max =5:88 10 10 T [Hz] (18.2) max =2:90 10 3 =T [m] (18.3) 18.3 18.2 18.3 18.1 18.3 18.4 3K 300K 6000K 10000000K 18.1 h kt 2kT 2 B (T ) c 2 (18.4) h kt B (T ) 2h3 c 2 e ;h=kt (18.5) 18.5 18.4 18.5 B (T ) R B (T )d B ( T ) erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 B(T )= T 4 (18.6) Stefan- Boltzmann law = 25 k 4 15c 2 h 3 = 5:6705 10 ;5 erg cm ;2 deg ;4 (18.7) s ;1 18.6 4 18.6 R 18.6 [x 3 =(e x ;1)]dx = 4 =15 18.7 R F F L F = F = Z Z B cos d =B (18.8) B cos d =B = T 4 (18.9) L =4R 2 T 4 (18.10) B B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 Hz ;1 18.1 B erg s ;1 cm ;2 sr ;1 cm ;1 B (T )= 2hc2 5 1 e hc=kt ; 1 (18.11) 18.8 18.9 18.11
9 18.2 X 6000K 12 I I I 0 18.10 0.38nm 0.77nm 3000K 6000K 10000K 18.4 http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ 18.3 18.3 http:// www.tak2000.com/ data/planets/ solarrad.gif photosphere 9 cosmic background radiation 3K 3K 100 137 1
10 18.6 18.5 http:// particleadventure. org/ 10 10 4000K 3K 18.11 T 0 T T 0 z 1+z = T=T 0 (18.12) 18.12 T 0 = 4000K COBE WMAP
11 19 19.1 thermal emission T emissivity Z n i n e () j () cgs () = 4j () = 6:8 10 ;38 g X Z Z 2 n e n i T ;1=2 e ;h=kt (19.1) erg cm ;3 s ;1 Hz ;1 g 1 19.1 thermal bremsstrahlung free-free emission 19.2 () =4j () =7:810 ;38 g n 2 e T ;1=2 e ;h=kt (19.2) erg cm ;3 s ;1 Hz ;1 19.2 e ;h=kt
12 h kt h kt 1 ;2 2 cgs 4j = =1:6 10 ;27 g B n 2 e T 1=2 (19.3) erg cm ;3 s ;1 g B 1.1 1.5 19.3 19.2 H II 1 1 1 interstellar gas 19.3 nebula interstellar cloud
13 19.1 100 K K 1 K 100K 10K neutral state 21cm 24 19.4 VLT ESO 1 10 10 1 100 10K molecular state O B 91.2nm ionize ionized state HII HII HII region 100
14 HII M42 19.6 HII 19.1 1 cm 1 10 100 1 19.5 X NASA/STScI 30MHz 10m 30000MHz 0.01m 19.3 X X X X X X X-ray binary 19.7 X
15 X X X X X 21 X X X X X X X X X-ray burster X 19.8 X 19.10 X 19.9 X 19.11 X
16 X X X X X-ray pulsar 19.12 X Cen X-3 X X 6.4keV X X d = ds X X X X X X X X X X
17 20 20.1 power law spectrum synchrotron radiation magnetic bremsstrahlung 20.2 ; log log S log S = ; log + (20.1) S = ; (20.2) 20.1 1 1 ; spectral index 20.1 S = S 0 ; 1 2
18 20.2 1 main sequence star red giant 20.5 NASA/STScI 20.3 8 brown dwarf 20.4 229B NASA/STScI 229A 46 1 46 4 white dwarf planetary nebula 100 100 1 1.4
19 20.7 SN1987A Anglo-Australian Observatory http:// www.ast.cam.ac.uk/aao/ images/captions/aat050.html 20.6 M57 NASA/STScI 4 8 K 0.1 100 K supernova 8 8 neutron star black hole 10km 1 5 supernova explosion supernova remnant Crab Nebula M1 7200 5 1054 ( ) ( ) 2 1054 7 4 5 20 29 (1054 6 19 28 )
20 2 1968 33 20.9 20.8 N.A.Sharp/NOAO/AURA/NSF X 20.2 20.3 1931 8 8 Jy
21 20.10 M87 NASA/STScI NGC5128 1400 1954 A A 7 radio galaxy 10 53 J 1944 A A A A 1949 A A M87 A NGC5128 5900 M87 20.11 A http:// www.achilles.net VLA A A Cygnus A A
22 A A 10 20 A 0 at spectrum radio sources steep spectrum radio sources 13 22 2 100 2 20.3 A 20.12 A 20.4 Jy 10 ;26 Wm ;2 Hz ;1 A W/m 2 A 0.056 A W ; log log S log S = ; log + (20.3) S = ; (20.4) ; spectral index
23 hypernova 10 44 J 10 45;46 J I 40 10 10 Ia gamma-ray burst SN1997ef SN1998bw SN2002ap 2003 2 supernova super hypernova hyper hyper super supermarket hypermarket super hyper super s h hyper nova supernova hypernova 2
24 21 21.1 Thomson scattering electron scattering inverse Compton process inverse Compton scattering 21.2 21.1 Compton process Compton scattering X ; log log S log S = ; log + (21.1) S = ; (21.2)
25 ; spectral index 21.3 X X BH accretion disk13 22 21.1 21.2 BH X X 19 X X 21.4 BH 21.5 X-1 X X
26 X X-1 X X 21.6 X-1 HD226868 X-1 X 1970 X X-1 HD226868 9 1971 2.kpc O9 X 5.6 X HD226868 30 8 11 X-1 X X-1 X X 2 high state X 1000 2000 X X low state X X X X X 21.7 X-1 http:// heasarc. gsfc. nasa.gov/ 21.2 X-1
27 X X 1000 X X two-temperature model ADAF advection-dominated accretion ow disk corona model 6000 X X X X 21.8 X X 2 2 X 2 2 21.3 T =1000 K kt kev 21.3 Sgr A 17 46 ;28 56 0 Sgr A A 27000 X
28 Sgr Sgr A 10 Sgr A Sgr A West Sgr A East Sgr A 2m 10m Sgr A IRS 16 16 Sgr A IRS 16 Sgr A =IRS 16= Sgr A IRS 16 1 IRS 16 Sgr A IRS 16 Sgr A 10 6 {10 7 M 21.9 2MASS 21.10 90cm NRAO
29 21.11 Sgr A A X 22 2 3 21.12 ADAF XDAF ADAF BDAF CDAF XDAF