29 28 39 1936 Acquiring technique and forming character in physical education after 1936 Analysis of articles of Kenji Shinozaki FUJIKAWA Kazutoshi The United Graduate School of Education Tokyo Gakugei University Abstract According to previous studies, acquiring technique came to be related to forming character after 1936. This study considers how Kenji Shinozaki thought about acquiring technique to contribute to forming character to clarify the factor that acquiring technique took root in physical education. The historical materials used in this study are journal articles of Kenji Shinozaki published after 1936. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1 Based on the theory of Sukeichi Shinohara and consideration about development of technique, Shinozaki thought technique as the expression of the spirit and character. And he thought forming character as unify the spirit with body by the acquiring technique. 2 Shinozaki thought that it was necessary to make traditional training of Japan an ideal for forming character by acquiring technique. Concretely, he thought that following two were indispensable. First, it is to rouse longing of students for exercise. Second, it is spiritual movement which consists of willing movement effort for the realization of longingand restrained movement restraint of the harmful desire. 3 In order to rouse longing, Shinozaki thought it was effective in free gymnastics to compare the technique by aiming for the skillful student or observing each other. On the other hand, in gymnastics, he thought it was effective to aim for acquiring technique first, and raising the workmanship next. In addition, he thought it was indispensable to aim for acquiring technique which matches each student s skill. 4 As regards spiritual movement, it was emphasized in gymnastics that the students made an effort for a long term to acquire technique. This is a concrete example of willing movement. However, Shinozaki didn t mention restrained movement. As described above, it is considered acquiring technique to contribute to forming character was incomplete. However, the view that acquiring technique has the usefulness that rouses longing for exercise of students kept existing from the 1920 s. Therefore, it is considered that usefulness to rouse interest and longing for exercise became the factor of acquiring technique in physical education class after 1936.

40 1936 1 2 1913 2 3 1926 15 4 1936 11 5 1920-30 6 7 1936 8 1936-37 11-12 9 1936 1936 10 1936

1936 41 1936 10 11 1 1911 44 4 30 1936 2 1939 14 3 121314 1936 15 16 17 1936 40 2 1936 11 18

42 1936 1 1936 15 5 10-13. ( ) 1936 15 6 62-65 ( ) 1936 15 11 2-8. ( ) 1936 15 12 14-27 90 ( ) 1937 16 3 5-12. ( ) 1937 16 4 7-13. ( ) 1937 16 5 12-15. ( ) 1937 16 6 14-27 64 1937 16 8 12-16. ( ) 1938 17 6 7-9. 1938 17 12 26-32 1939 18 2 33-36 ( ) 1939 18 3 30-34 ( ) 1939 18 11 40-43 1940 19 6 57-60 1940 19 7 65-70 ( ) 1940 19 9 38-44 ( ) 1940 19 10 45-49 ( ) 1940 19 12 62-68 14 1937 2 11 21-25 1937 2 12 30-35 ( ) 1938 3 1 30-37 1938 3 5 35-39 1938 3 7 69-71 1938 3 12 27-33 1938 4 1 38-41 () 1939 4 2 18-22 ( ) 1939 4 8 108-111 1939 4 10 31-39 ( ) 1939 4 11 80-85 ( ) 1940 5 1 70-78 1939 9 8 10-13. 1939 9 11 22-23 1940 10 1 20-21 1940 10 2 14-18 1940 10 3 4-5 45 1940 10 6 51-53 1940 10 11 5-8 18 1941 1 3 43-46 1941 1 4 38-41 1941 1 8 21-25

1936 43 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 1937 5 22 23 1936 12 24

44 1936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 28 26 3 0 0 0 27 1940 1512 29 30 1 1937 3 31

1936 45 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 1937 4 34 35 1939 1410 0 0 0 0 0 36 37 38 39

46 1936 40 2 41 42 43 44 45 4

1936 47 1 1937 11 46 1939 11 47 1940 1 48 49 50 51 52 0 0 53

48 1936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 55 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57

1936 49 58 0 0 0 0 59 60 1940 10 61

50 1936 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 2 64

1936 51 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 66

52 1936 1920-30 67 1936 1 200744 16 30 2 1282008 45 4 161997 2 1936

1936 53 3 1475361913 1 28 4 41266841926 5 27 5 577135 1937 3 1 6 1970 1959 1983 7 1920-30 32102015 8 10 9 1986154 10154-155 11 1 1 1 1936 12 3 1956429 13 1970 14 19861176 15718-719 16 3 7 69-701938 17 19 9 40 1940 18 15 113 1936 193 204 218 22 16 5 131937 23 8 24 15 12231936 2524 2625 2720 2890 2919 12631940 3068 31 16 3 101937 3211 3311 34 16 4 101937 3512 36 4 1035 1939 3735 3836 3936 4036 417

54 1936 429 438 4414 4515 46 2 1124 1937 47 4 1180 1939 48 5 1 711940 49 81 5082 5175 5276 5377 5476-77 5577 5677-78 57 82-83 58 37 5937 6083 61 19 1048 1940 62 83-84 6384 6483 65 47 66 82 671920-30 9-10