(n ) 1. Ungerboe TCM (trellis oded modulation) 3 [4] (i ) (ii) (iii).1 TV [,3]. MPEG PCM 1/10. 3 (B.B.) 1/ B.B. (i ) AC AMI (ii) ( ) (n ) (iii) NRZ (i

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Fundamentals of Modulation and Demodulation Tehniques ----- Observations in the time and frequeny domains ----- Yoihi Saito Waayama University Abstra: This tutorial paper presents fundamental aspes of digital modulation and demodulation tehniques. The modem onverts logial symbols (information) into physial signals (radio waves), and vie varsa. In this ontext, the modulated wave is observed from the time and frequeny domains. Moreover, various demodulation tehniques are analyzed from a view point of the power effiieny that is another important faor for wireless systems. AM FM 110% (iii)1 IEEE IRE [1]modulation is the proess or result of the proess whereby some parameter of one wave is varied in aordane with another wave. FDM, TDM, CDM (iv) FM CDMA (v) FDM OFDM (B.B.) 1 (CW) CW (i ) 3 4 (ii)

(n ) 1. Ungerboe TCM (trellis oded modulation) 3 [4] (i ) (ii) (iii).1 TV [,3]. MPEG PCM 1/10. 3 (B.B.) 1/ B.B. (i ) AC AMI (ii) ( ) (n ) (iii) NRZ (iv) ETC (line oding) B.B. NRZ (hannel oding)

tt 4 ( 0) h ideal (T)0 1/t B.B. (.3) [4] (a) H ideal (f) h ideal ( T L ft (1 α) / H ( f ) 0 L ft > (1 + α) / (.3) T L ft 1/ H ideal ( f ) (.1) ( ft 1 + α) π 0 L ft > 1/ T os L elsewhere 4α h ideal sin( πt / T ) ( sin( t / T ) πt / T (.) α (0 α 1) α/t 1/ t 3 os( απt / T ) h( sin( t / T ) (.4) 1 (αt / T ) NRZ H(f) S (f)tsin(ft) H(f)/S(f) 5 3. 4. 5.

(b) I 0 1 1 0 (.6) (ontrolled ISI) j π ft H I ( f ) (1 + e ) H ideal ( f ) 1 jπ ft T os( π ft ) e L ft 1/ (.7) 0 LLLLLL ft > 1/ 6 h I ( sin( t / T ) + sin[( t T ) / T ] sin( π t / T ) (.8) δ ( πt / T (1 t / T ) 1/t n 1 z( δ ( t T) (.5) (.7),(.8) 0 7 8 H(f) H ( f ) Z( f ) H ( f ) H ideal ( f ideal n 1 ) 0 e j ft π (.6) 1 Σ 7. T { } 6. 8.

(CW) f aos(π f t +φ ) a φ B.B. s( os{π f + φ( } (3.1) B.B. m( 3 9. (i) a( m( (ii) φ( m( (iii) dφ( / dt m( [6,7] (APSK) 3. 3.1 s((3.1) (3.1) s( i( os π f t q( sin π f t (3.) jφ ( jπ f s( Re[ a( e e ] (3.4) Re[z]z i( osφ( jφ ( } (3.3) u( e (3.5) q( sinφ( (3.) f (omplex envelope) B.B. i( q( u( tt 9 u(t) B.B. i( q( B.B. (a) (ASK).1 a (3.3) a {0, 1} 1 T DSP NRZ p( ASK OOK(on-off eying) ASK φ (0 B.B. [5] u ASK ( a p( t T) (3.6) s( 0 or 1 u ASK ( u ASK ( CAP (arrierless amplitude and phase modulation) B.B. ADSL ASK

(b) (PSK) BPSK (binary PSK) ASK u(t) 10 a(1 a φ 0 or π BPSK u BPSK ( e ( 1) jφ ( jφ a e p( t T) p( t T) (3.7) ±1 NRZ BPSK ASK B.B. BPSK u BPSK ( u BPSK ( 10. (3.6)(3.7) M PSK 9 8 u ASK ( {1 + u BPSK ( }/ (3.8) PSK 3 1/ B.B. ASK BPSK QPSK ASK BPSK φ ( 3 db () M PSK M a φ 10 φ ( a + 1) π / M, a {0,1, L, M 1} (3.9) M4 QPSK (quadrature PSK) 3.3 a( B.B. jφ uqpsk ( e p( t T ) (3.10) ( i + jq ) p( t T ) i, q ±1 a (a) DSB SSB b, i ( 1) ^b, q ( 1) ^ QPSK 1 9 (3.) NRZ s(

SSB s( a( os π f j π f a( ( e + e jπ f t ) / (3.11) a( A(f) s( 1 F [sgn( f ) A( f )] j / πt jaˆ( (3.13) S( f ) s( e 1 A( f jπ ft dt 1 f ) + A( f + f ) (3.1) 1 SSB DSB sgn(f)a(f) aˆ ( a( B.B. 11 B.B.u ( + jaˆ( (3.14) ±f B.B. (w/w) s( os π f aˆ( sin π f (3.15) f (USB) (LSB) (DSB) (b) USB LSB. USB LSB B.B. FSK (3.)i(, q( [4] 11. B.B. (.3) (.3) S ( f ) H ( f f ) / 4 + H ( f + ) / 4 (3.16) f 1/T 13 14 1. SSB ( g(0, t <0 ) (3.14) DSB 0 [8]

QPSK D( os π f t os(π f + θ ) (4.1) {osθ + os(4π f + θ )} θ θ osθ SNR 16 QPSK BPSK 17 BPSK 13. (f /T) 15. BPSK 14. QPSK B.B. 16. 4.1 (a) BPSK 15 d( LPF D( 17. BPSK

erf(x) (DSB-SC ) erf( x ) exp( z ) dz (4.7) x π PLL γ CNR A / σ CNR [9] (UW) (b) [10] M PSK M mπ / M (m0m 1) (BER) (AWGN) BPSK (M) BPSK BER ψ0 π 0 os(πf t+ψ) BPF ψπ (4.1) d(a(osψ a( AWGN n( QPSK (M4) ψ0, π/, π, 3π/ n( x( os πf y( sin πf (4.) os(πf t+ψ) sin(πf t+ψ) n(, x(, y( 0 σ 1 x(y( BPSK s( I, Q a(osπf t D( {s(+n(}osπf t 1/ d(d( 1. d ( + x( (4.3) (QPSK) tt d α +x BER d (pdf) d α x pdf 1 ( x A) p ( xα A) exp (4.4) d πσ σ 1 ( x + A) pd ( xα A) exp (4.5) πσ σ BPSK BER φ 1 1 0 1 n tt Pe pd ( xα A) dx + pd ( xα A) dx 0 Φ 1 erf( γ CNR ) (4.6) (differential PSK) 1 Φ φ 1 φ (mod.π) (4.8)

+ 1 φ Φ φ (mod.π) (4.9) 18. BPSK A a a 1 (mod.) (4.11) BER (4.6) 4. ( 1)^A 1 NRZ (4.10) 1 Φ φ φ 1 (mod.π) (4.11) A 18 a A +a 1 (mod.) a {0,1} φ φ a π QPSK BPSK s( BPSK os(πf t+φ ) 1/ 1 QPSK D( s( s( t T ) π/4 os( φ φ 1) + os(4πf + φ + φ 1 ) 4 0, π/, π, 3π/ (4.10) π/ 1 1 d(d( π/4-dqpsk 1 π/4 π/4 B.B. φ Φ i (mod.π) 19 π/4- i DQPSK B.B. 0,1 d(i(+jq(

0(a) (BSC) BSC X 0,1 Y P(X Y) p (a) 0 19. π/4- DQPSK B.B. B.B. (b) S{s 0, s 1 } r * {ρ}ρ BSC g( d( d ( t T ) (4.1) * f P ( s d(e jπ ft 0 r ρ ) > P( s1 r ρ) Sˆ s0 (4.15) (MAP) g(e jπ ft [4] B.B. AFC 1 BER BER P( si ) pr ( ρ si ) S. Stein P ( si r ρ) (4.16) pr ( ρ) [4] P e 1 γ P e e (BPSK) (4.13) 1 a + b Q( a, b) exp I 0 ( ab) (QPSK) (4.14) s i rρ n γ E b /N 0 Q(a, b) ρs i +n s i Q I 0 ( ) 1 0 n ρ s i a ( ) γ, b ( + )γ (4.15) BER 1 (E b /N 0 ) 4.3 0.

pr ( ρ si ) pn ( ρ si si ) pn ( ρ si ) 1 ( ρ s ) i exp πσ σ (4.17) 1 s i ρ B.B. BPSK S{s 0, s 1 }{ A, A} ρ0 ρ >0 Ŝ s 1 ρ <0 Ŝ s 0 (ML) BER (4.6) MLSE [1] IRE Diionary of Eleronis Terms and Symbols, The IEEE In., 1961. [] 1998. 1 (4.17) [3] ρ s i ρ s i [11] BP 1996. (MLSE) [4] [1] 1996. 1 BER [5] MWE 97 ML Mirowave Worshop Digest, pp.361-370, 1997. MLSE ML [6] xdsl vol.84, No., pp.84-91, Feb. 001. [7] IV SSB RCS00-188, pp.41-46, Nov. 00. [8] 003. [9] W.C.Lindsey and M.K.Simon: Teleommuniation Systems Engineering, Prentie-Hall, 1971. [10] RLS B-II, 1, pp.97-935, De.1993. [11]Wozenraft and Jaobs: Priniples of Communiation Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, In., 1965. [1]G.D.Forney, Jr.: The Viterbi Algorithm, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.it-61, pp.68-78, Mar. 1973. 1.

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