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1 Analysis of Energy Consumption Data for Commercial Buildings in Japan Yujiro HIRANO (Nagoya University) Hidefumi IMURA (Nagoya University) 1 1/23

2 Background CO2 emissions due to energy consumption in the building sector are intimately connected with the urban activities of human beings. Building Industry Residential sector Commercial sector The forms of energy usage are comparatively homogeneous and multiple large-scale studies have been conducted. Transport The energy-uses and building-types are diverse. It is difficult to understand the actual situation. The reliability of energy consumption data in the commercial sector is extremely important for studying the low-carbon city. 2 2/23

3 The Literature Survey Conducted by the Authors We have collected previous surveys containing specific energy consumption in the commercial sector in Japan. Existing survey documents on specific energy consumption (in Japanese) Definition: 1) 社団法人建築設備技術者協会 : 建築設備情報年鑑 ( 機関誌建築設備士 12 月号 ). 2) 新エネルギー産業技術総合開発機構 : 民生部門エネルギー消費実態調査, 委託先財団法人日本エネルギー経済研究所エネルギー計量分析センター. 3) 植村義幸, 村川三郎, 西名大作, 坂本和彦 : 広島市内の事務所ビルを対象としたエネルギー消費量の影響要因に関する解析, 空気調和衛生工学会論文集, No.125, pp.29-36, floor area. 4) 社団法人日本ビルエネルギー総合管理技術協会 : 平成 18 年度版建築物エネルギー消費量調査報告書 ( 調査 A 第 29 報 ), ) 環境自治体会議 : 環境自治体白書 2006 年版, 生活社, ) 財団法人省エネルギーセンター : ビルの省エネルギーガイドブック平成 18 年版, ) 早川智, 小峯裕己 : 百貨店に関する解析結果業務用建築物におけるエネルギー消費原単位に関する研究その2, 日本建築学会環境系論文集, No.600, pp.67-73, The amount of primary energy consumed per 8) 小山智子, 藤木洋徳, 原英嗣, 尾島俊雄 : 都心部における中規模オフィスビルのエネルギー消費量調査及び属性分析その 1 アンケート結果によるエネルギー消費量原単位分析, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集, pp , ) 財団法人省エネルギーセンター : オフィスビルの省エネルギー, 省エネルギーセンター技術部ビル調査グループ, ) 財団法人省エネルギーセンター : 商業ビルの省エネルギー, 省エネルギーセンター技術部ビル調査グループ, ) 早川智, 小峯裕己 : 事務所ビルに関する解析結果業務用建築物におけるエネルギー消費原単位に関する研究その 1, 日本建築学会環境系論文集, No.578, pp.85-90, ) 早川智, 小峯裕己 : 業務用建築物におけるエネルギー消費原単位に関する研究 -( その 2) 病院およびホテルに関する解析結果 -, 空気調和衛生工学会学術講演会講演論文集, pp , ) 日本建築学会北海道支部建築のエネルギー消費調査研究委員会 ( 主査 : 羽山広文, 幹事 : 田甫英之 ): 札幌市における業務用建物のエネルギー消費実態調査建築のエネルギー消費調査研究委員会報告, 日本建築学会北海道支部研究報告集, No.75, pp , ) 高西茂彰, 宋小華, 北沢綾, 森山正和 : 神戸市のエネルギー使用実態調査報告書, 神戸大学森山研究室, ) 田甫英之, 羽山広文, 繪内正道, 森太郎 : 北海道における事務所建物のエネルギー消費実態調査 ~ 第 1 報札幌市におけるエネルギー調査結果 ~, 空気調和衛生工学会学術講演会講演論文集, pp , ) 高西茂彰, 森山正和 : 事務所建物における冷暖房給湯用エネルギー消費量の推定, 空気調和衛生工学会学術講演会講演論文集, pp , ) 亀卦川幸浩 : 熱環境と空調エネルギー需要の相互作用を考慮した都市高温化対策の評価, 東京大学博士論文, ) 東京都環境局 : 都におけるエネルギー需給構造調査報告書, ) 須藤諭, 三浦秀一, 渡辺浩文 : 東北地方における業務用建築のエネルギー消費実態調査 < 第 2 版 >, 東北都市環境研究グループ発行, /23

4 Specific Energy Consumption Obtained from the Literature Survey Although there are many surveys, - Many surveys are fragmentary and have not been systematically organized. - Variation between documents is generally large. - There has not been adequate comparison between documents, or analysis of variation factors. - Many documents do not provide information on accuracy, reliability or validity. 1 次エネルギー Office buildings 事務所 [MJ/m 2 / 年 ] 文献 No. 自社ビル ( 兼貸ビル ) 貸ビル官公庁広島市 [ ] 区役所, 大阪 [ ] 庁舎 [2006] [ ] 庁舎 [ ] 中規模オフィスビル庁舎自社ビルテナントビル Primary energy Secondary energy 2 次エネルギー Heat demand 熱需要 [ ] ( 文献調査 ) 札幌市神戸 [ ] 庁舎 [ ] 札幌 [ ] 神戸 [ ] 東京 [1996] 東京東北地方 [1997] 関西地区官公庁, 関西地区福岡市北九州市 [ ] 一般オフィスビル [ ] 一般オフィスビル [ ] 高層オフィスビル [ ] 高層オフィスビル庁舎ビル [1991] [ ] [1990] [ ] 官公庁, 九州 [ ] 自社ビル, 九州 [ ] 貸しビル, 九州 [ ] 官公庁, 名古屋 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] [ ] 福岡 [ ] [ ] ( 文献調査 ) [1977] 東京 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] [ ] オイルショック前 [ ] オイルショック後 [ ] 平均 (1 次 ):1758 自社ビル ( 兼貸ビル ) 貸ビル官公庁庁舎 [2006] ( 文献調査 ) 庁舎 [ ] 東京 [1996] 東京東北地方 [1997] [ ] [1990] [ ] 官公庁, 九州 [ ] 自社ビル, 九州 [ ] 貸しビル, 九州 [ ] [ ] 福岡 [ ] [ ] ( 文献調査 ) [1977] 東京 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] [ ] 平均 (2 次 ):811 事務所 ( テナント ) 事務所 ( 自社庁舎 ) 庁舎新潟市 [ ] 札幌 [ ] (p.223) (p.138) 名古屋 ( 電力データなし ) 東京 ( 電力データなし ) ( 電力データなし ) 暖房冷房給湯厨房照明動力用途分類なし Wholesales and retails 商業施設 [MJ/m 2 / 年 ] 文献 No. 1 次エネルギー Primary energy Secondary energy 2 次エネルギー Heat demand 熱需要百貨店量販店ショッピングセンター百貨店スーパー ( 食品あり ) スーパー ( 食品なし ) 家電量販店デパート / スーパー店舗 / 飲食店スーパー [ ] デパート [ ] 百貨店 [ ] 百貨店スーパーショッピングセンター ( 文献調査 ) 神戸 [ ] 百貨店, 東京各種商品小売業, 東京その他の卸小売業, 東京東北地方 [1997] デパート, 関西地区スーパー, 関西地区デパート, 福岡市北九州市 [ ] スーパー, 福岡市北九州市 [ ] デパート [1976] デパート [ ] ショッピングセンター [ ] スーパーマーケット [1976]( 電力には冷房も含む ) 百貨店, 名古屋関西 [ ] 量販店, 名古屋関西 [ ] 百貨店 [ ] スーパー [ ] 百貨店 [1981] セルフ店 [1981] ( 文献調査 ) スーパー, 埼玉東京 [1976] 百貨店, 埼玉東京 [1976] 百貨店, オイルショック前 [ ] 百貨店, オイルショック後 [ ] 百貨店平均 (1 次 ):3323 量販店ショッピングセンター百貨店スーパー ( 食品あり ) スーパー ( 食品なし ) 家電量販店デパート / スーパー卸小売デパート / スーパー店舗 / 飲食店 ( 文献調査 ) 百貨店, 東京各種商品小売業, 東京その他の卸小売業, 東京東北地方 [1997] 百貨店 [ ] スーパー [ ] 百貨店 [1981] セルフ店 [1981] ( 文献調査 ) スーパー, 埼玉東京 [1976] 百貨店, 埼玉東京 [1976] 平均 (2 次 ):1445 百貨店ショッピングセンター大規模店舗, 新潟市 [ ] 小規模店舗, 新潟市 [ ] 札幌 [ ] (p.223) (p.138) 店舗 / レストラン, 名古屋 ( 電力データなし ) 百貨店, 名古屋 ( 電力データなし ) 東京 ( 電力データなし ) ( 電力データなし ) 暖房冷房給湯厨房照明動力用途分類なし Hirano et al. (2008) J. Environ. Eng., AIJ, 4 Vol.73, No.633, pp /23

5 Objective Although there is inadequate understanding of the actual situation in the commercial sector, it is hard to imagine that further increasing the number of surveys is an effective solution. Not to conduct a similar survey, but to examine the reliability, validity and sources of error, by re-evaluating the large number of existing survey documents may be necessary. Objective: In this research, a detailed analysis of existing survey documents on specific energy consumption in the commercial sector in Japan were conducted. Analysis in this research also employed completed facility data (ELPAC data). This enabled use of data for individual buildings. 5 5/23

6 Variation factors affecting specific energy consumption examined in this research: (1) Regional climatic conditions (2) Secular changes (3) District heating and cooling (DHC) (4) Primary energy conversion factor for electric power (5) Survey sample size. 6 6/23

Regional Specific Energy Consumption Data Specific Energy Consumption In order to examine climatic conditions, the specific energy consumption data in existing documents was graphed by region.

Hokkaido Tohoku Kanto Koshinetu Hokuriku Chubu Kinki Chugoku Kyushu Shikoku 北海道 [1997-1999] 札幌市札幌 [1999-2001] 札幌 [1977] 北海道東北東北 [1997-1999] 東北地方 [1997] 関東東京中規模オフィスビル関東 [1997-1999] 東京 [1996] 東京東京

7 Regional Specific Energy Consumption Data Specific Energy Consumption In order to examine climatic conditions, the specific energy consumption data in existing documents was graphed by region. There was large variation between documents, and no clear trend was evident from the graph. An Example for Office Buildings 文献 No. Hokkaido Tohoku Kanto Koshinetu Hokuriku Chubu Kinki Chugoku Kyushu Shikoku 北海道 [ ] 札幌市札幌 [ ] 札幌 [1977] 北海道東北東北 [ ] 東北地方 [1997] 関東東京中規模オフィスビル関東 [ ] 東京 [1996] 東京東京 [ ] 東京 [1990] 東京 [ ] 東京 [1977] 東京 [ ] [ ] 東京 [ ] 東京 [ ] Cold 甲信越 [ ] 北陸 [ ] 中部北陸東海 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] 名古屋 [ ] 近畿近畿 [ ] 関西地区大阪 [1977] 神戸 [ ] 神戸 [ ] 広島市 [ ] 四国 [ ] 中国四国九州沖縄九州沖縄 [ ] 九州 [ ] 福岡市北九州市 [ ] 福岡 [ ] 九州 [1977] Warm 7 7/23

8 Derivation Method for the Temperature Sensitivity of Energy Consumption The variation component due to temperature was derived based on patterns of seasonal variation in energy consumption and temperature. Speci ific Energy Cons sumption Heating Cooling Base demand Month Energy consumption for the month when consumption is minimal It is assumed that it is not affected by temperature. (no energy consumption for air conditioning) 8 8/23

Specific Energy Consumption Reflecting Climatic Conditions Office buildings Wholesales and retails Cold Sapporo Cold Sapporo Sendai Sendai Tokyo Tokyo Warm Hotels Cold Kagoshima Sapporo Sendai Tokyo

9 Specific Energy Consumption Reflecting Climatic Conditions Office buildings Wholesales and retails Cold Sapporo Cold Sapporo Sendai Sendai Tokyo Tokyo Warm Hotels Cold Kagoshima Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Warm Hospitals Cold Kagoshima Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Heating Cooling Base demand Warm Kagoshima Warm Kagoshima Cooling is balanced out by heating. An area is cold does not mean that its energy consumption is low. 9 9/23

10 Specific Energy Consumption Reflecting Climatic Conditions Office buildings Cold Warm Hotels Cold Warm Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Kagoshima Wholesales and retails Cold Warm Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Kagoshima Heating Tokyo region (includes the Hospitals very large amount of building stock) Cooling Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Kagoshima Cold Warm Sapporo Sendai Tokyo Kagoshima Base demand This is consistent with the general knowledge that, in the commercial sector in Japan, cooling is more prevalent than heating /23

11 Variation factors affecting specific energy consumption examined in this research: (1) Regional climatic conditions (2) Secular changes (3) District heating and cooling (DHC) (4) Primary energy conversion factor for electric power (5) Survey sample size /23

12 Time-Series Specific Energy Consumption Data Wholesales and retails Department Department store and supermarket Specific Energy Consumption Office buildings Wholesales and retails Department store and supermarket Store/ Restaurant Wholesales and retails BEMA TMG (Tokyo) Nagoya/Kansai (Nakahara et al, 1984) IBEC, No21 [MJ/m There 2 /yr] appears to be a gradually [MJ/m increasing 2 /yr] trend in the 1980s. EDMC Other documents (Japan) Specific Energy Consumption Hotels Hospitals Other documents (Tokyo/Kanto) In order to examine the effects of secular changes, the various documents were plotted in a time series /23

13 Time Series Specific Energy Consumption Data Wholesales and retails Department Department store and supermarket Specific Energy Consumption Office buildings Wholesales and retails Department store and supermarket Store/ Restaurant Wholesales and retails BEMA TMG (Tokyo) Nagoya/Kansai (Nakahara et al, 1984) IBEC, No21 EDMC Other documents (Japan) Specific Energy Consumption Hotels Hospitals Other documents (Tokyo/Kanto) The range of variation between documents is greater than secular changes. When actually using data, selecting data with an emphasis on survey reliability is likely a better approach than using new data /23

14 Variation factors affecting specific energy consumption examined in this research: (1) Regional climatic conditions (2) Secular changes (3) District heating and cooling (DHC) (4) Primary energy conversion factor for electric power (5) Survey sample size /23

15 Examination of District Heat and Cooling In the majority of existing documents, the surveys focus on energy sources such as electric power, natural gas or oil, and there are extremely few examples which cover district heating and cooling (DHC). Even in documents which cover DHC, the supplied amount of heat is taken to be energy consumption. The supplied amount of heat should be converted to the amount of primary energy consumed at the plant to compare it on equal terms with fuel /23

16 The Energy Efficiency of the DHC Plants The energy efficiency of DHC plants was calculated from the relationship between the amount of raw fuel consumed and the amount of supplied heat. Sup pplied heat [GJ/yr] y = 0.695x The Energy Efficiency: 69.5% Primary energy consumed at the plant [GJ/yr] 16 16/23

Examination Result (Example for Office Buildings) All offices The supplied amount of heat was taken to be energy consumption Heat was converted to

Offices using DHC The supplied amount of heat was taken to be energy consumption Heat was converted to primary energy consumption of the DHC plant

17 Examination Result (Example for Office Buildings) All offices The supplied amount of heat was taken to be energy consumption Heat was converted to primary energy consumption of the DHC plant The difference was 2.3% This is smaller than the variation in existing documents. Offices using DHC The supplied amount of heat was taken to be energy consumption Heat was converted to primary energy consumption of the DHC plant The difference was 7.9% In dense urban areas where DHC has been adopted, the efficiency of plants will have to be considered. Electricity Supplied Heat Gas, Oil 17 17/23

18 Variation factors affecting specific energy consumption examined in this research: (1) Regional climatic conditions (2) Secular changes (3) District heating and cooling (DHC) (4) Primary energy conversion factor for electric power (5) Survey sample size /23

19 Primary Energy Conversion Factor for Electric Power In many existing documents, differences in the primary energy conversion factors for electric power may cause the variation in the documents. The conversion factors were varied to check variation in the resulting values. Office buildings Wholesales and retails Conversion factors 9.42 [MJ/kWh] 9.0 The assumed values in the majority of existing documents are in this range. The difference is (4.7%) Hotels Hospitals Conversion factors 9.42 [MJ/kWh] 9.0 This value is closer to recent power generation efficiency. There is a difference of (11.2%) Electricity Fuel (Gas, Oil) 19 19/23

20 Variation factors affecting specific energy consumption examined in this research: (1) Regional climatic conditions (2) Secular changes (3) District heating and cooling (DHC) (4) Primary energy conversion factor for electric power (5) Survey sample size /23

Examination of Survey Sample Size In documents using sample surveys, an inadequate

Examine the relationship of data with the number of samples of each survey Specific

M [ Office buildings The number of samples The number of samples 95% statistical

retails The number of samples The range of variation between documents was clearly

Variation in documents cannot be explained by random variation during sampling.

21 Examination of Survey Sample Size In documents using sample surveys, an inadequate number of samples may be a factor in document variation. Examine the relationship of data with the number of samples of each survey Specific Ene ergy Consumption Specific Energy Consumption ] r y / 2 m J/ J M [ ] r y / 2 m J/ M [ Office buildings The number of samples The number of samples 95% statistical confidence intervals The mean in ELPAC data The mean in ELPAC data Wholesales and retails The number of samples The range of variation between documents was clearly larger than the width of the confidence interval. Variation in documents cannot be explained by random variation during sampling. There is a possibility that the documents contain a Hotels Hospitals bias due to the sampling method. The number of samples The mean in all documents 21 21/23

22 Conclusion In this research, we conducted a detailed analysis of variation factors affecting specific energy consumption in the commercial sector in Japan. This research focused on five factors: - regional climatic conditions - secular changes - district heating - primary energy conversion factor for electric power - survey sample size The results clarified the degree to which specific energy consumption can vary due to these factors. This research can be regarded as basic research for properly selecting the data to be used when conducting design and evaluation of a low-carbon city /23

23 Acknowledgment The study was carried out based on the financial support of the Global Environment Research Fund in FY2008(Hc-086), Study on the Strategic Urban Planning and Assessment of Low-Carbon Cities (Hidefumi IMURA) /23

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