Pinus thunbergii Parl. Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc e.g. Kamijo et al
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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 保全情報 Vegetation change in various coastal forest habitats after a huge tsunami: a three-year study Hiroshi Kanno 1, Yoshihiko Hirabuki 2, Takiko Sugiyama 3, Mizuki Tomita 4 and Keitarou Hara 4 1 Tohoku Afforestation & Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., 2 Tohoku Gakuin University, 3 Miyagi Botanical Society, 4 Tokyo University of Information Sciences Abstract: Much of the coastal forest along Sendai Bay was severely disturbed by the huge tsunami resulting from the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011). To evaluate changes in coastal forest vegetation after the tsunami, we implemented a phytosociological survey in four different microhabitats remnant-forest, disturbed-forest, bare-soil, and moist-soil between 2011 and In 2011, pioneer species such as Chenopodium acuminatum Willd., Oenothera laciniata Hill, and Phytolacca americana L. dominated the forest floor in all microhabitats except moist-soil areas. We propose that these species originated from seeds in sand deposited by the tsunami. However, in 2013, biennial and perennial herbs (Erigeron Canadensis L., Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. and Solidago altissima L.) increased while pioneer species declined. In addition, forest plants (e.g., Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino, Lonicera japonica Thunb.), which began growing before the tsunami, increased in both disturbedand remnant-forest areas. Seedlings of tall tree species, such as Pinus thunbergii Parl., P. densiflora Siebold et Zucc., Prunus verecunda (Koidz.) Koehne, also emerged in bare-soil areas. These results suggest that the coastal forest vegetation is recovering autonomously in the study area. On the other hand, exotic plants (e.g., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruitcosa L.) were also vigorously resprouting from below-ground roots, and may inhibit the recovery of native species. Keywords: annual herb, disturbance, exotic plant, monitoring, soil seed bank Tohoku Afforestation & Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., 5-1, Hontyou 2-chome, Aoba, Sendai , Japan kanno-h@tohoku-aep.co.jp
2 Pinus thunbergii Parl. Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc e.g. Kamijo et al 調査地 N E m 240m 1b 20 m 2002 Hirabuki and Nagashima Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy. Prunus verecunda (Koidz.) Koehne Prunus grayana Maxim. 202
3 1ab c 1 20m 20m Quercus serrata Murray Rhus trichocarpa Miq. Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. japonica cm 2013 植生区分と植生調査 Google Earth m Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud m 2 10 m 10 m 6.25 m m 2.5 m
4 8 9 Braun-Blanquet : 5 2: : : : 87.5 津波後の植生区分 c 津波後の植生変化 m a b Robinia pseudoacacia L. Vaccinium oldhamii Miq. Ilex serrata Thunb. Coriaria japonica A.Gray Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre var. lapathifolia 4a b2013 Erigeron canadensis L. Solidago altissima L. Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg a b 2011 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Rhus ambigua Lavalleé Lonicera japonica Thunb. Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino Oenothera laciniata Hill Phytolacca americana L. Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC a 204
5 The Ecological Society of Japan 巨大津波直後の多様な立地の植生回復 図 3 調査プロットの 2011 年 左側 と 2013 年 右側 の様子 残存林 a と b 倒壊林 c と d 表層露出地 e と f イグサやヨウシュヤマゴボウなどの外来植物であった 2 倒壊林 津波によって高木層から亜高木層が失われてしまい 高さ m ほどの低木林となり 代わりに萌芽によ 一方 ナツハゼやヒメヤブラン テリハノイバラ Rosa luciae Rochebr. et Franch. ex Crép. ズミ Malus toringo って再生した外来の木本植物であるハリエンジュやイタ (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese コナラなどの津波発生以 チハギ Amorpha fruticosa L. のほか ウワミズザクラや 前から生育していたと考えられる種の出現頻度も比較的 カスミザクラが優占していた 付表 2 図 3c d 高かった 2013 年には群落高は 2 7 m に達したが これはハ 一年生草本や外来植物の種数および相対優占度は 残 リエンジュの樹高が年間で 1 2 m 近く成長したためで 存林と同様に 2012 年 2013 年に急激に減少した 図 あった 他に セイタカアワダチソウやオオアレチノギ 4c d 図 5b 一方 越年生草本とツル性植物の相対 ク Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. ヒメムカシヨモギといっ 優占度は 2013 年にかけて高くなった また クロマ た外来植物の出現もさらに顕著となっていた ツやコナラ カスミザクラといった高木性樹種の稚樹や 草本層では 2011 年に出現回数が高かったのは 残 実生の優占度も高くなった 存林と同様 マルバアカザなどの一年生草本 コマツヨ 205
6 4 a, c, e, g b, d, f, h a b c d e fg h e f e f c Digitaria violascens Link QB2 QB6 Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br. subsp. leschenaultii (J.Gay ex Laharpe) Kirschner QB4 QB8 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Kunth Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. et Sav.) T.Koyama Juncus fauriei H.Lév. et Vaniot
7 5ab cf 2011 Carex scabrifolia Steud g h 5d 2012 Eclipta thermalis Bunge Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross 2013 Salix udensis Trautv. et C.A.Mey. Salix integra Thunb d Hayasaka et al. 2012a, b 7.4 cm 5.3 cm 2013 Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack Potamogeton pusillus L. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Ruppia maritima L. 207
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9 S Bazzaz FA (1996) Plants in Changing Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hayasaka D, Goka K, Thawatchai W, Fujiwara K (2012a) Ecological impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on coastal sand-dune species on Phuket Island, Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: Hayasaka D, Shimada N, Konno H, Sudayama H, Kawanishi M, Uchida T, Goka K (2012b) Floristic variation of beach vegetation caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in northern Tohoku, Japan. Ecological Engineering 44: (2012). 66:2. (1999).. pp ,. (2013) :. 6: Hirabuki Y, Nagashima Y (2002) Invasion of endozoochorous woody species into old-growth Pinus-plantation on seaside dunes. Saito-Ho-on Kai Museum Research Bulletin 68: (2002). ( ). pp ,. (2011). 33: (2005) :. 50: Kamijo T, Kitayama K, Sugawara A, Urushimichi S, Sasai K (2002) Primary succession of the warm-temperate broadleaved forest on a volcanic island, Miyake-jima, Japan. Folia Geobotanica 37: (2012) pp ,. (1998). 2: (2012). 11: (1973). 55: (1982). ( ). pp ,. (2011). 16: (2013). 38:9-15. (2012). CROSSROADS 27:8-9. (2013). 6: (2008). ( ). pp ,. (2008). 53: (2013) SPOT. 6:
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