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1 * A Review of Nonsinusoidal Waveform Measurements Tatsuji YAMADA Abstract Nonsinusoidal waveforms we wention here are voltage and current waveforms distorted by combining a power-frequency waveform with harmonics. The nonsinusoidal waveforms have been noticeable in metrology with the demands for calibration of power analyzers and electronic revenue meters increasing. These instrumentations which have a variety of functions for measuring power quality is being increasingly used. This paper describes the backgrounds and definitions of harmonics, and then introduces reviews on the measurement techniques in NMIs which have already developed a nonsinusoidal calibration system. NMI * Vol. 5, No

2 1990 EU IEC IEEE V JIS IEC IEC 1 EU 1) IEC Edition.0 (00-03) IEC Edition.0 (00-06) IEC Edition 1.0 (003-04) IEC Edition 3.0 (005-11) IEC Edition 1. (005-10) IEC/TS Edition 1.0 ( ) IEC/TS Edition 1.0 (1994-1) IEC Edition 1.0 ( IEC Edition 1.0 (004-11) IEC Edition.0 (00-08) IEC Edition 1.0 (00-03) IEC Edition 1.1 (003-0) IEC Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part -: Environment - Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part -4: Environment - Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbance Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part -1: Environment - Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public medium-voltage power supply systems Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-: Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current < 16 A per phase) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-3: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current < 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-4: Limits - Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 16 A Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3: Limits - Section 5: Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current greater than 16 A Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-11: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems - Equipment with rated current < 75 A and subjet to conditional connection Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-1: Limits - Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current >16 A and <75 A per phase Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques - General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-13: Testing and measurement techniques - armonics and interharmonics including mains signalling at a.c. power port, low frequency immunity tests Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques - Section 15: Flickermeter - Functional and design specifications AIST Bulletin of Metrology Vol. 5, No January 007

3 1995 IEEE WG ) 000 IEEE Standard ) S S ( V1I1 ) + ( V1I ) + ( V I1) + ( V I ) (1) 1 (1) (V 1 I 1 ) Fundamental Apparent Power Non-fundamental Apparent Power S 1 S N (1) S S N 1 I I 1 V + V1 V I + V I 1 1 () TD S S N 1 ( ITD) + ( VTD) + ( ITD VTD) () (3) ITD TD VTD TD 1996 IEEE WG 0.05 < ITD < < VTD < 0.03 (S N /S 1 ) ITD Total Power Factor PF P P + P S S 1 P 1 P armonic Apparent Power ( V I ) P Q S + (4) (5) (S /S 1 ) ITD VTD (S N /S 1 ) + VTD V rms V1 V V1 VTD V1 (6) VTD 3% 0.045% ITD 60% 18% 198 Clark 4) A/D 5) discrete integration FFT DFT discrete Fourier transform DFT DFT IEC ) ms 1.5 s LPF IEC IEC IEC % 0.15% Svensson NMI 0.5% 0.05% 5) Vol. 5, No

4 6) 6) DFT 1 A/D A/D A/D SP 3 M/N fac A/D fac*n/m M N PLL A/D AIST Bulletin of Metrology Vol. 5, No January 007

5 SP 5) Dr. Stenbakken 7) 6) P 1 1 n n k 0 V ( t )* I( ) k t k ( t ) V ( kγ + α ) V k sin ( t ) I sin( kγ + α + β ) I k (8) (9) (7) n 1 VI 1 P cos β cos n k 0 ( kγ + α + β ) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1 E δ πc nγ (11) VI sinδ E cos( α + β δ γ ) n sin γ (1) E A/D A/D DMM A/D 1 A/D A/D A/D 16 A/D 15 ppm IEC A/D -3 db/z LPF A/D Wagdy 8) D D ( K 1) D (13) K E / δ E (14) 1 N DFT E A δ δ (15) ( N / ) 6N 1 1 δ φ δ A (16) Vn I n δ δ A δ A P + + tan Φ δ φ (17) V1 I1 NMI NMI NRC National Research Council Canada 4 9)-10) NRC Vol. 5, No

6 PLL 104 x 60 z 16 A/D 18 1/8 RMS TDM DFT 50 ppm 100 ppm PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt 5 11) PTB DMM A/D D/A DMM DMM f 1/m m A/D.5 ppm (15) 0.4 ppm m L (M-L) DFT PTB 1)-13) SP Sveriges Provnings- och Forskningsinstitut DFT 5),14) 15) A/D TD DFT IMD: intermodulation distortion TD 150 ppm 150 µrad 60 ppm PTB 50 ppm NRC 9) AIST Bulletin of Metrology Vol. 5, No January 007

7 PTB 11) NRC PTB SP NIST National Institute of Standard and Technology NPL National Physical Laboratory 16) 000 NRC SP 17) NRC 18) VTD ITD PF S N /S 7 49 VTD % ITD SP NRC PF 100 ppm SN/S 50 ppm ITD NRC PTB 003 SP 16) NRC SP PTB NRC SP Vol. 5, No

8 1) :,, 006. ) IEEE Working Group on Nonsinusodal Situations: Pratical Definitions for Powers in Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms and Unbalanced Loads: A Discussion., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No.1, pp.79-87, ) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: IEEE Standard IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions. IEEE, New York, ) F. J. J. Clark, J. R. Stockton: Principles and Theory of Wattmeters Operating on Basis of Regularly Spaced Sample Pairs, J. Phys. E. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 15, pp , ) S. Svensson: Power measurement techniques for non-sinusoidal conditions: The significance of harmonics for the measurement of power and other AC quantities. Doctoral thesis, ) IEC, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 4: Testing and measuremet techniques section 7: General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment and equipment connected thereto,, 00. 7) G. N. Stenbakken: A wideband sampling wattmeter, IEEE transactions on power apparatus and systems, Vol. 103, No. 10, pp , ) M. F. Wagdy: Effect of ADC Quantization Errors on Some Periodic Signal Measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.IM-36, No.4, pp , ) R. Arseneau, P. S. Filipski: A Calibration System for Evaluating the Performance of armonic Power Analyzers., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.10, No. 3, pp , ) R. Arseneau, P. S. Filipski, J. J. Zelle: An Improved Three-phase Digital Recorder System for Calibrating Power Instrumentation., IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.46, No., pp , ) G. Ramm,. Moser, and A. Braun: A new scheme for generating and measuring active reactive and apparent power at power frequencies with uncertainties of.5 ppm, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.48, No., pp.4-46, ) W. G. K. Ihlenfeld: Maintenance and Traceability of AC Voltage by Synchronous Digital Synthesis and Sampling PTB Report, E-75, ) W. G. K. Ihlenfeld: Traceability of AC Voltage Ratios and AC Power by Synchronous Digital Synthesis and Sampling PTB Report, E-76, ) S. Svensson, K. Rydler: A Measuring System for the Calibration of Power Analyzers. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.44, No., pp , ) S. Svensson: Verification of a Calibration System of Power Quality Instruments. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.47, No.5, pp , ) E. So: Pilot Study for ac Power Measurements under Nonsinusoidal Waveform Conditions., WGLF working document WGLF/05-05 (8th meeting), March ) R. Arseneau, M. E. Sutherland, J. J. Zelle, S. Svensson: Comparison of Nonsinusoidal Calibration Systems at NRC Canada and SP Sweden., IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.50, No., pp.75-77, ) R. Arseneau, P. S. Filipski, J. J. Zelle: A Portable and Stable Source of AC Voltage Current and Power., IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol.44, pp , AIST Bulletin of Metrology Vol. 5, No January 007

The EMC Directives - Guide for 89/336/EEC and 2004/108/EC

The EMC Directives - Guide for 89/336/EEC and 2004/108/EC EMC 89/336/EEC 2004/108/EC ( 2 ) EMC 2007 3 1 1 1.1 EMC............ 1 1.1.1......... 1 1.1.2........ 2 1.2................... 2 1.2.1.......... 2 1.2.2.......... 2 1.2.3......... 2 1.2.4............. 2