NIEs M New Rich OKB: Orang Kaya Baru 1990 (1) 1990
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2 NIEs M New Rich OKB: Orang Kaya Baru 1990 (1) 1990
3 New Economic Policy 1971_90 NEP Bumiputera NEP
4 135 NEP 1991 National Development Policy 1991_2000 NDP 2001 National Vision Policy 2001_2010 NVP NEP NEP NDP NVP NEP 1971 NEP Mahathir b. Mohamad Middle Class Bumiputera Entrepreneurs/Kelas Menengah Usahawan Bumipuetera
5 (2) \
6 137 \ Abdul Rahaman Embong 1998 Crouch : 4_5
7 138 Kahn a 1996b 1980 NEP United Malays National Organisation UMNO Party Capitalism UMNO
8 139 Abdul Rahman Embong NEP NEP NEP New Economic Policy NEP NEP
9 Bumiputera Ekonomic Kongeress Shamsul 1986: 214_ : 12_24 NEP 13 (3) Tun Abdul Razak National Operations Council, NOC Faaland, Rais and Parkinson 1990: 25_72 Puthucheary 1990: 284_287 NEP NOC, NEP race (4)
10 141 NEP 1973 NEP NEP 20 Natinal Archives 1973 NEP Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie Malaysian Business, 1986 NEP NEP NEP 1976 NEP \ Eradication of Poverty \ Restructuring of Malaysian Society (5)
11 142 Bumiputera Commercial and Industrial Community BCIC (6) 1970 \ NEP \ (7) BCIC BCIC community BCIC
12 143 NEP \ ) , , , , ,364, , , ,436,656 1,034, ,543 2,793, \ ) , , , , ,700, ,072, ,397, ,920,900 1,923, ,800 5,449, Government of Malaysia, Third Malaysia Plan 1976_1980, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1976, pp.82_83.
13 144 (8) BCIC Government of Malaysia 1976:
14 145 \ a 129, , , , , , , , , a 292, , , b 316, , , c 462, ,397, , b c 778, ,843, ,064, a b c 1,070, ,676, ,605, ,364, ,700, , , ,072, , ,793, ,449, ,655, \ b b/a 61, , , , , , , , , a 113, , , b 75, , , c 198, , , b c 273, , , a b c 386, ,303, , , ,060, , , , , ,436, ,920, ,484,
15 NEP NEP NEP NEP 1981 NEP
16 NEP 1981 (9) NEP
17 148 1, a b c b c a b c a b c b c a b c \ \ Government of Malaysia, Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981_1985, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, 1981, p.175. Government of Malaysia, Fifth Malaysia Plan 1986_1990, 1986, p.120. Government of Malaysia, Sixth Malaysia Plan 1991_1995, 1991, p.34. Government of Malaysia, Mid-Term Review of the Seventh Malaysia Plan 1996_2000, Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, pp.78_79.
18 b c 1990 NEP Vision Malaysia Nation (10)
19 150 NDP NEP NDP NDP NEP Second Industrial Master Plan 1996_2005 total factor productivity 1997 NDP BCIC UMNO BCIC
20 NEP \ \ \ NEP (11) Government of Malaysia 1973: 184
21 (12) NEP 1971 Reid 1988: 46_53 Andressen 1993: 46_53 Kua 1999: 93_ A (13) NEP NEP NEP NEP
22 153 NEP NEP Rugayah 1995 NEP 1973 NEP 1975 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange KLSE NEP 1975 Industrial Coordination Act ICA NEP
23 154 NEP UMNO Biro Ekonomi UMNO 1971 MARA UMNO 1974: : 42_46 NEP Heavy Industries of Malaysia HICOM
24 a: 134_135 BCIC NEP ICA ICA BCIC MBO Management Buy Out: BOT Build Operation and Transfer MBO BOT
25 156 BOT (14) BCIC NEP 1990 BCIC 1995 Ministry of Entrepreneur Development Kelas Menengah Usahawan (15) \ 5000 \ \ \ \ \ Vendor Development Programme VDP Franchise Development Programme FDP
26 157 VDP FDP VDP 11 (16) FDP (17) NEP (18) NEP
27 , a b c b c a b c 1, , , , , , , , ,000 3, , , Government of Malaysia, The Second Outline Perspective Plan 1991_2000, Kuala Lumpur: National Printer, 1991, pp.118_ NEP (19) NEP
28 NEP
29 160 NEP NEP (20) NEP NEP (21) ICA KLSE (22)
30 161 1) ) 3) 1 2) 3,084 3, ,677 8,600 5, , ) 3 3,084 3, ,677 8,600 5, , ) 3) 1 12,879 5,161 1,193 19,467 22,271 9,142 2,431 34, , ,482 6,034 13,406 3,108 22, ,563 2, ,706 14,340 6,848 1,252 22,674 29,868 24,647 5,581 60, ) ) ) 4) 1970 Government of Malaysia, Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981_85, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, pp.351_ Government of Malaysia, Fifth Malaysia Plan 1986_90, Kuala Lumpur: Gonernment Printer, pp.491_492. NEP 1975
31 (23) 1971 NEP NEP 1980 BCIC 1990 BCIC
32 163 NEP 1980
33 164 \ Constitutional Crisis NGOs \ Razali 1991 Abdul Rahaman Embong \ UMNO \ to reduce and eventually eliminate the identification of race with economic function. Government of Malaysia 1973: 1 Government of Malaysia 1976: 6 \fi \fl \ \ \
34 165 \ b \ Government of Malaysia 1972 \12 \ NEP Sensitive Issues \14 MBO BOT 1994 \ \16 VDP \17 FDP \
35 166 \19 \20 \21 Department of Statistics 1991 \22 KLSE 1988 Lim 1978 \ ,86 87 Department of Statistics No NDP a NTT 2001b ASEAN ASEAN FELDA
36 Abdul Rahman Embong 1995 Malaysian Middle Class: Some Preliminary Observations, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Journal of Anthlopology and Sosiology), Vol Social Transformation, the State and the Middle Class in Postindependence Malaysia, Southeast Asian Studies, 34 3, December 1998 Malaysian Middle Class Studies: A Critical Review, in Malaysian Social Science Association MSSA ed., Rethinking Malaysia, Hong Kong: ASIA 2000 Ltd Andressen, Curtis 1993 Educational Refugees: Malaysian Students in Australia, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies,Monash University Victoria. Crouch, Harold 1993 Malaysia: Neither Authoritarian nor Democratic, in K. Hewison, R. Robison, and G. Rodan eds., Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism, St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. Department of Statistics 1988 Labour Force Survey Report Malaysia, 1981_1984, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer Labour Force Survey Report Malaysia, 1987_1988, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 1991: General Report of the Population Census, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer Labour Force Survey Report Malaysia, 1995, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer. Faaland, J., Rais Saniman and J. R. Parkinson 1990 Grouwth and Ethnic Inequality: Malaysia s New Economic Policy, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Government of Malaysia 1972 Parliamentary Debates on the Constitution Amendment Bill 1971, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer Mid-Term Review of the Second Malaysia Plan 1971_1975, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer Third Malaysia Plan 1976_1980, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer. Kahn, J. S Class, Ethnicity and Diversity: Some Remarks on Malay Culture in Malaysia, in J. S. Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah eds., Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Comtemporary Malaysia, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
37 a The Middle Class as a Field of Ethnological Study, in Muhamad Ikmal Said and Zahid Emby ed. Critical Perspectives: Essays in Horour Syed Husin Ali, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Social Science Association. 1996b Growth, Economic Transformation, Culture and the Middle Classes in Malaysia, in R. Robison and David S. G. Goodman ed., The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middleclass Revolution, London and New York: Routledge. Kementerian Pembangunan Usahawan Ministry of Entrepreneur Development 1993 Laporan Tahunan (Annual Report), Kuala Lumpur. Kua Kia Soong 1999 A Protean Saga: The Chinese School of Malaysia, Selangor: Dong Jiao Zong Higher Learning Centre. Lim Mah Hui 1978 Ownership annd Control of the One Hundred Largest Corporations in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. National Archives and Prime Minister s Department, Malaysia 1973, Ucapanucapan Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Hussein, 1973 (Collection of Tun Haji Abdul Razak s Speech 1973), Kuala Lumpur: Government of Malaysia. Puthucheary, Mavis 1990 Malaysia: The Shaping of Economic Policy in a Multi- Ethnic Environment; The Malaysian Experience In John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey ed., Economic Policy Making in the Asia Pacific Region, Halifax: Institute for Research on Public Policy. Razali Ibrahim 1991 The Residential Mobility of the Malay Middle Class in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Ph. D. Thesis,Sheffield University. Reid,Linda J The Politics of Education in Malaysia, University of Tasmannia, Monograph Series. Rugayah Mohamed 1995 Public Enterprises, in K. S. Jomo. ed., Privatizing Malaysia: Rents, Rhetoric, Realities, Boulder: Westview. Shamsul, A. B The Politics of Poverty Eradication: the Implementation of Development Projects in a Malaysian District, in B. Gale ed., Readings in Malaysian Politics, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications. United Malays National Oraganization UMNO 1971 Penyata Tahunan 1971 Annual Report, Kuala Lumpur Penyata Tahunan 1974 Annual Report, Kuala Lumpur.
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