- June Ḥizb Allāh Suechika : - L Weinberg, Pedahzur, and Perliger : - Kovacs
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2 - June Ḥizb Allāh Suechika : - L Weinberg, Pedahzur, and Perliger : - Kovacs
3 DDR al-muqāwama al-islāmīya Islamic Resistance Harik : -
4 - June Wathīqa al-wifāq al-waṭanī al-lubnānī Israel Defense Forces IDF Ittifāq al-ṭā if Hanf : - II- Umar al-karāmī,,,,,, Barak : -,, Gaub : IDF
5 III muqāwama resistance political wing Weinberg, Pedahzur, and Perliger : I- -Z institutionalized I- -A, Z-A I- -A, B, C, D : -
6 - June el-husseini : : DDR Ofeish : - pax-syriana II-, IV Mīshāl Awn privileged relations Harris : Rabil : :
7 - : - al-nah r, July, Gambill and Abou Aoun quasi-colony Rabil : Chartouni-Dubbary :
8 - June Ḥaraka Amal Hanf : - Picard : - Harris : - Zisser : - Ṣawt al-mustaḍ afīn, October, FBIS, October,
9 Abbās al-mūsawī Middle East International, November, IDF Munaẓẓama al-taḥrīr al-filasṭīnīya, Palestine Liberation Organization PLO Middle East International, September, Zisser : M Mikhail S. Gorbachev Middle East International, May, Goodman and Ekedahl : - Ḥāfiẓ al-asad
10 - June Ṣaddām Ḥusayn J James Baker Picard : Rabinovich : - Rabinovich : - Picard : Harris :
11 Ṣawt Lubnān, July, FBIS, July, al-ḥizb al-sūrī al-ijtimā i Ḥizb al-ba th al- Arabī al-ishtirākī Ehteshami and Hinnebusch : - Terry Anderson AP Ranstorp : - Picard : Rūḥ Allāh Mūsavī Khomeynī moderation S/RES/ Ehteshami : Ehteshami : Ch,
12 - June Ehteshami : - Alī Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī Ha aretz, April, Hamzeh : Sepāh-e Pasdarān-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmī, Middle East International, October, Kfoury : Hooglund : - Middle East International, June, TheLebanon Report, July Ṣawt al-mustaḍ afīn, October, April, SWB, October, April, Ehteshami and Hinnebusch :
13 lebanonization al-walī al-faqīh Hamzeh : - al-amīn al- āmm nā ib al-amīn al- āmm Ṣubḥī al-ṭufaylī Hamzeh : Ranstorp : Hamzeh : IDF
14 - June Ḥasan Naṣr Allāh Ṣawt al- Mustaḍ afīn, July, SWB, July, Kfoury : Majlis al-shūrā Hamzeh : - Ranstorp : al-majlis al-siyāsī Majlis al- Amal al-niyābīthe Lebanon Report, Fall : -, -
15 Qāsim : - Alagha : - Ṣawt Lubnān, June, SWB July, al-barnāmaj al-intikhābī li-ḥizb Allāh Faḍl Allāh : - Alagha : - Faḍl Allāh : al-risāla al-maftūḥa al-mashrū al-islāmī
16 - June al-masāliḥ al-mafāsid Qāsim : - taklīf sharī ī Alī Ḥoseinī Khāmeneī faṭwā Qāsim : Alagha : Muḥammad Ḥusayn Faḍl Allāh Soueid : Hamzeh :
17 Faḍl Allāh : - Hamzeh : - Kfoury : Norton and
18 - June = = =
19 = Markaz al- Arabī li-l-ma lūmāt al-safīr [ : vol ] Ḍāhir and Ghannīm [ ]
20 - June Schwedler : Kfoury : Hamzeh : Alagha : - Kutla al-wafā li-l-muqāwama Suechika : - A R Augustus R. Norton J Jillian Schwedler Norton and Schwedler :
21 Qānūn al-jam īyāt : Jam īya al-mashārī al-khayrīya al-islāmīyaal-aḥbāsh al-ḥaraka al-iṣlāḥīya al-katā ib Ḥizb al-wa d al-qūwāt al-lubnānīya el-khazen G Giovanni Sartori :, al-jabha al- Lubnānīya Samīr Ja ja Abdelnour Hanf : el-khazen :
22 - June L Larry Diamond competitive authoritarianism electoral authoritarianism hybrid regime Diamond : - Bashshār al-asad al-milaff al-lubnānī mukhābarāt
23 Iliyās al- Hirāwī : Hanf : -
24 - June : al-saqf al-sūrī Alagha : -
25 Hamzeh : Middle East International, September,, Usher : - The Lebanon Report, Fall, Usher : - al-nah r, April,
26 - June
27 B B terrorist group Weinberg, Pedahzur, and Perliger : Picard PLO Ḥaraka al-taḥrīr al-waṭanī al-filisṭīnīya Ḥaraka al-jihād al-islāmī Munaẓẓama al-talā i u Ḥarb al-sha abīya Quwwāt al-ṣā iqa Vanguard for the Popular Liberation War al-saiqa Ḥaraka al-muqāwama al-islāmīya Jabha al-taḥrīr al-filisṭīnīya al-ḥizb al-shuyū ī al- Filisṭīnī al-thawrī al-jabha al-sha abīya li-taḥrīr al-filisṭīn The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP al-jabha al-sha abīya li-taḥrīr al-filisṭīn al-qiyāda al- mm The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command PFLP-GC Jabha al- Niḍāl al-sha abī al-filisṭīnī Palestinian Popular Struggle Front PPSF al-jabha al-dīmuqrātīya li-taḥrīr al-filisṭīn The Democratic Front for the Liberation of
28 - June Palestine DFLP : - a b -G F Farid el Khazen el Khazen : Rīnī Mu awwaḍ Iliyās al-hirāwī al-nahār, July, Rabil : EC Rabinovich : IDF Rabil : -
29 Alī Akbar Mohtashemī Ehteshami and Hinnebusch : Na īm Qāsim Ehteshami and Hinnebusch : - Ranstorp : - Hamzeh : Majlis al-shūrā al-majlis al-siyāsī Majlis al- Amal al-niyābī al-majlis al-tanfīdhī al-majlis al-shar ī al-majlis al-jihādī Alagha : - J = Joseph Alagha = Alagha : -, Abd Allāh al-ḥīrarī lī Ḥubayqa T Tamirace Fakhoury-Mühlbacher semi-authoritarianism Fakhoury-Mühlbacher A Andreas Schedler Schedler S Steven Levitsky
30 - June Levitsky : Hudson : Imīl Laḥḥūd : -,, Hanf : - Ḥ B : - Suechika : - Maktab Ḥizb Allāh li-l- Alāqāt al-i lāmlīya No. JETRO a b
31 Abdelnour, Ziad K. Dossier: Samir Geagea: Leader of the Lebanese Forces LF Movement, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol., No. May. Alagha, Joseph The Shifts in Hizbullah s Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Barak, Oren The Lebanese Army: A National Institution in a Divided Society. New York: State University of New York Press. Chartouni-Dubarry, May Hizballah: From Militia to Political Party, Rosemary Hollis and Nadim Shehadi eds., Lebanon on Hold: Implication for Middle East Peace. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, pp. -. Ḍāhir, Adnān Muhsin and Riyāḍ Ghannīm al-mu jam al-niyābī al-lubnānī: Sīra wa Tarājim A ḍā al-majālis al-niyābīya wa A ḍā Majālis al-idāra fī Mutaṣarriffīya Jabal Lubnān Beirut: Dār Bilāl. Diamond,Larry Thinking about Hybrid Regimes, Journal of Democracy, Vol., No. April, pp. -. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic. London and New York: Routledge. and Raymond A. Hinnebusch Syria and Iran: Middle East Powers in a Penetrated Regional System. London and New York: Routledge. el-husseini, Rola Lebanon: Building Political Dynasties, Volker Perthes ed., Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. -. el Khazen, Farid Lebanon s First Postwar Parliamentary Election, 1992: An Imposed Choice. Beirut: American University of Beirut html. Political Parties in Postwar Lebanon: Parties in Search of Partisans, Middle East Journal, Vol., No. Autumn, pp. -. Faḍl Allāh, Ḥasan al-khiyār al-ākhir: Ḥizb Allāh al-sīra al-dhātiya wa al-mawqif. Beirut: Dār al-hādī. Gambill, Gary C. and Elie Abou Aoun Special Report: How Syria Orchestrates Lebanon s Elections, MEIB, Vol.. No. August. Gaub, Florence.. Multi-Ethnic Armies in the Aftermath of Civil War: Lessons Learned from Lebanon. Defense Strategies, Vol., No. March, pp. -. Goodman, Mavin A. and Carolyn M. Ekedahl Gorbachev s New Direction in the Middle East, Middle East Journal, Vol., No. Autumn, pp. -. Hamzeh, A. Nizar Lebanon s Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation, Third World Quarterly, Vol., No. Spring, pp. -. In the Path of Hizbullah. New York: Syracuse University Press. Hanf, Theodor Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation. London: Centre for Lebanese Studies and I. B. Tauris.
32 - June Harik, Judith Palmer Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. Harris, William Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions. Princeton: Markus Wiener. Hooglund, Eric Iranian Views of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol., No. Autumn, pp. -. Hudson, Micheal C. Lebanon after Ta if: Another Reform Opportunity Lost? Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol., No. Winter, pp. -. Kovacs, Mimmi Söderberg When Rebels Change Their Stripes: Armed Insurgents in Post-war Politics, Anna Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk eds., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. -. Kfoury, Assaf Hizb Allah and the Lebanese State, Joel Beinin and Joe Stork eds., Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. -. Levitsky, Steven Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Fakhoury-Müehlbacher, Tamirace Democracy and Power-Sharing in Stormy Weather: The Case of Lebanon. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Markaz al- Arabī li-l-ma lūmāt al-safīr Ḥ izb Allāh: al-muqāwama wa al-taḥrīr, vols. Beirut: Edito International. Norton, Augustus Richard and Jillan Schwedler Swiss Soldiers, Ta if Clocks, and Early Elections: Toward a Happy Ending?, Deirdre Collings ed., Peace for Lebanon?: From War to Reconstruction. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. -. Ofeish, Sami A. Lebanon s Second Republic: Secular Talk, Sectarian Application, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol., No. Winter, pp. -. Picard, Elizabeth The Lebanese Shi a and Political Violence, Discussion Paper April, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRISD. The Virtual Sovereignty of the Lebanese State: From Deviant Case to Ideal-type, Laura Guazzone and Daniela Pioppi eds., The Arab State and Neo-Liberal Globalization: The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East. Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. -. Qāsim, Na īm Ḥizb Allāh: al-minhaj, al-tajriba, al-mustaqbal. seventh edition. Beirut: Dār al- Maḥajja al-baydā. Rabil, Robert G. The Maronite and Syrian Withdrawal: From Isolationists to Traitors?, Middle East Policy, Vol., No. September, pp. -. Embattled Neighbors: Syria, Israel and Lebanon. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Rabinovich, Itamar The Brink of Peace: The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Ranstorp, Magnus Hiz Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. New York: St. Martin s Press. Schedler, Andreas The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism, Andreas Schedler ed., Electoral
33 Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Lyenne Rienner, pp. -. Soueid, Mahmoud Islamic Unity and Political Change: Interview with Shaykh Muhammad Hussayn Fadlallah, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol., No. Autumn, pp. -. Suechika, Kota Rethinking Hizballah in Postwar Lebanon: Transformation of an Islamic Organisation, Usher, Graham Hizballah, Syria, and the Lebanese Elections, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol., No., Winter, pp. -. Wathīqa al-wifāq al-waṭanī al-lubnānī: Allatī Aqarra-hā al-liqā al-niyābī fī Madīna al-ṭā if bi-al- Mamlaka al- Arabīya al-sa ūdīya bi-tārīkh / / m wa allatī addada-hā Majlis al-nuwwāb fī Jalsa-hi al-mun aqida fī al-qulay āt bi-tārīkh / / m. Weinberg, Leonard, and Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perliger Political Parties and Terrorist Groups. second edition. London and New York: Routledge. Zisser, Eyal Hizballah in Lebanon: At the Crossroads, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman and Efraim Inbar eds., Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East. London: Franc Cass, pp. -.
34 - June When a Terrorist Group becomes a Political Party: The Emergence of the Lebanese Second Republic and Lebanonizaion of Hizballah Lebanon s Hizballah (The Party of God), due to its effective ideological mobilization and transnational network based on the revolutionary Islamic political doctrine, became one of the most powerful political groups/militias in Lebanon during the civil war ( ), that shook the whole region as well as the Western countries through a series of suicide bombings and civilian-kidnappings. Hizballah was thus regarded as a terrorist group. However, as soon as the civil war was ended in 1990, it was determined to transform into a legitimate political party and won eight seats in the Lebanon s first post-war parliamentary election in The international community as well as other domestic political groups voiced astonishment at its success as a political party. The aim of this paper is to explore why and how Hizballah managed to become a legitimate Lebanese political party. A key to answering this question could be the post-war political situation in Lebanon, that is Syrian control over the country. One can say that Hizballah s transformation was a product of Syria s policies in which Damascus aimed to manipulate it as a bargaining card in its peace negotiation with Israel; i.e. Hizballah became a political party with a military wing deployed in the Lebanon-Israel border areas. Though this argument is reasonable to some extent, it overlooks at least two facts. First, it cannot explain why Hizballah did not lose its supporters and political influence. In general, an ideological group will face internal strife when modifying or abolishing its ideology or basic doctrine. However, Hizballah actually did not. Second, Hizballah s transformation into a political party was not simply a result of the bilateral relations between Lebanon and Syria, but of the multilateral ones among the other neighboring countries including Israel, Iran and the United States. While Syria played the most critical role, Iran as Hizballah s patron state and Israel as its opponent must not be ignored. Accordingly, this paper will tackle the question of Hizballah s transformation in the early 1990s by dealing with the following two perspectives. The first is inner organizational dynamics, such as policy disputes among its rank and file, and structural changes. The second is the postwar political situation that should be expanded from the domestic to the regional and international; i.e. covering cases of cooperation as well as conflict among Hizballah, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Iran and the United States.
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