Noise Source Acoustic Region Analog Region Digital Region 1 Primary Path P(z) Reference Mic. Pre- Anti-aliasing x(n) ADC Secondary Path Model Control

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1 1,a) ANC: Acitive Noise Control ANC ANC ANC 1. PNC: Passive Noise Control PNC ANC: Active Noise Control [1 5] DSP ANC ANC PNC ANC ANC 1 Kansai University, Suita, Osaka , Japan a) kaji@kansai-u.ac.jp ANC ANC ANC 2. ANC ANC ANC c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

2 Noise Source Acoustic Region Analog Region Digital Region 1 Primary Path P(z) Reference Mic. Pre- Anti-aliasing x(n) ADC Secondary Path Model Control x (n) Power Reconstruction DAC y (n) Secondary Source (Loudspeaker) Secondary Path Error Mic. Pre- Anti-aliasing ADC ANC ANC 1 ANC W (z) ANC Ŝ(z) ed-x P (z) W (z) W (z) = P (z) (1) FIR ed-x ANC ANC ANC ANC IMC(Internal Model Control) ANC IMC ANC ed-x IMC 2 ANC c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

3 Noise Source Error Mic. Acoustic Region Secondary Source (Loudspeaker) d(n) y(n) Power Pre- 3 IMC Analog Region Digital Region x(n) Secondary Path Model 2 Control x (n) Reconstruction DAC d(n) y(n) Secondary Path Secondary Path Model Anti-aliasing ADC ANC W (z) ANC Ŝ(z) ˆd(n) d(n) 2 3 W (z) W (z) = 1 (2) FIR ed-x ANC ANC ANC 30 mph dba 120mph 116dBA 500Hz ANC [6] ANC 200Hz 40dB 15dB [7] [8] c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

4 4 Near-End Signal x(n) Noise Source x (n) P(z) y(n) d(n) Reference Mic. b(n) Near-End Noise Copy H(z) u(n) a(n) Recieved Signal (From Far-End) Ear-Cup d(n) Primary Noise e (n) ef(n) a (n) Transmit Unit (To Far End) Error Mic. ANC ANC ANC ANC ANC [9, 10] 4 ANC 500Hz 30 40dB 25dB ANC ANC ANC [11] 5 ANC ANC 2 2 IIR FIR ANC HATS (Head And Torso Simulator) 10 20dB HATS 5 10dB ANC [12 14] ANC ANC ANC ANC ANC MRI ANC MRI c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

5 情報処理学会研究報告 図 5 図 6 ベッドに導入されたいびき用 ANC の外観図 Amplitude を撮像可能であるなどの利点がある しかし 一方で非常 に大きく且つ耳障りな騒音 (MRI 騒音) が発生するという 短所がある よって 患者や医療スタッフは長時間に渡っ ヘッドマウント型 ANC システムの概観 て MRI 騒音に曝されることになり さらには 患者やス タッフ間での肉声による会話が困難になるという問題があ 図 7 る そこで MRI 騒音の低減のために ANC を利用するこ とが検討されてきている ANC による MRI 騒音の低減の ホンに ANC を導入した事例が多いが ヘッドホンの利用 は肉声による対話を阻害するとともに 耳への圧迫感など のため長時間の利用は困難である そして医療スタッフへ の適用を考えた場合 据え置き型の ANC では医療スタッ ANC off ANC on -40 Amplitude [db] 験による成果のみについて議論されている また ヘッド 120 ANC 稼動時の誤差信号波形 -30 果が実現されたという報告もある しかしながら これら ず 多くの試みがシミュレーションや実験室による模擬実 試みは多くなされており [15 18] 30 db 以上の騒音低減効 の多くにおいては以下のような問題点が残されている ま Time [s] Frequency[Hz] 図 8 ANC 稼働前後の誤差信号スペクトルの比較 フの移動に追従ができないという問題があり ヘッドホン 型の ANC では先に述べたとおり肉声による対話を阻害す るという問題点がある 実際に MRI 室内において消音実験を行った結果として 誤差マイクロホン地点における誤差信号波形を図 7 に シ そこで上記のような問題点を考慮した上で 医療スタッ ステム収束後の誤差信号スペクトルを図 8 に示す まず図 フのための ANC システムが検討されている [17] 具体的 7 より 本システムは磁界中においても安定に動作してい には MRI 騒音環境下において医療スタッフ間の肉声に ることがわかる 次に Fig. 8 より 本システムが誤差マイ よる対話を実現するため ヘッドマウント型の構成が提案 クロホン地点において MRI 騒音の Hz の帯域に されている また 制御方式としては MRI 騒音が比較的 おける周期的なピークを 30 db 以上大きく低減できている 周期性の強い信号であるという性質に着目し IMC 構成 ことが確認できる に基づくフィードバック型 ANC システムが採用されてい しかしながら 図 7 を見てもわかるようにインパルス状 る さらに MRI 装置は撮像時に非常に強い磁場を発生す の騒音が残っていることがわかる これはフィードバッ るため 一般的な音響機器が正常に動作せず ANC シス ク ANC システムが周期騒音や狭帯域騒音などの低減に特 テムを実現するためには光マイクロホンや圧電セラミック 化しているためである すなわち インパルス状の騒音を スピーカのような特殊な音響機器を用いる必要がある し フィードバック ANC は低減することができないからであ かし 圧電セラミックスピーカは低域の出力音圧が低いた る したがって インパルス状の騒音を低減可能な新たな め 図 6 に示されるようなヘッドマウント型の ANC シス ANC システムの検討が重要である そのような観点の下 テムが開発されている このシステムでは耳元に光マイク インパルス騒音を低減することを目的とした ANC システ ロホンと圧電セラミックスピーカを配置することでユーザ ムの検討が行われている [19 22] これらのシステムにお の耳元に消音エリアを生成し 不快な MRI 騒音のみを低 ける適応アルゴリズムの多くはインパルス音の統計的性質 減し その他の必要な音情報 スタッフの音声など は耳 に着目して開発されており シミュレーション上では有効 をオープンにしているため聴取できるようになっている 性が示されている しかしながら 実際のインパルス音を c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 5

6 MRI MRI ANC ANC 4. PAL Parametric Array Loudspeaker [23] ANC [24 26] 5. Northern Illinois University S. M. Kuo Nanyang Technological University W. S. Gan [1] P. A. Nelson and S. J. Elliott, Active control of sound, Academic Press, [2] S. M. Kuo and D. R. Morgan, Active noise control systems, John Willy & Sons, [3] S. J. Elliott, Signal processing for active control, Academic Press, [4],,,,, [5] Y. Kajikawa, W.-S. Gan, S. M. Kuo, Rencent advances on active noise control: open issues and innovative applications, APSIPA Trans. on Signal and Information Processing, vol. 1, no. 1, [6] K. Raghunathan, S. M. Kuo, and W. S. Gan, Active noise control for motorcycle helmets, in Proc. of ICGCS 2010, pp , [7] T. W. Wang, W. S. Gan, and S. M. Kuo, Subbandbased active noise equalizer for motocycle helmets, in APSIPA ASC 2010, Singapore, pp , Dec [8] R. Castae-Selga and R. Pea, Active noise hybrid timevarying control for motorcycle helmets, IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp , May [9] W. S. Gan and S. M. Kuo, An integrated active noise control headsets, IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol 48, no. 2, pp , May [10] L. Wang, W. S. Gan, S. M. Kuo, Integration of bass enhancement and active noise control system in automobile cabin, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Acoustics and Vibration, vol. 2008, Article ID , 9 pages, [11] S. R. Chakravarthy and S. M. Kuo, Application of active noise control for reducing snore, in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, pp. V , May [12] G. Bonito, S. J. Elliott, and C. C. Boucher, Generation of zones of quiet using a virtual microphone arrangement, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 101, no. 6, pp , Jun [13] D. J. Moreau, J. Ghan, B. S. Cazzolato, and A. C. Zander, Active noise control in a pure tone diffuse sound field using virtual sensing, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 125, no. 6, pp , Jun [14] N. Miyazaki and Y. Kajikawa, Head-mounted Active Noise Control System with Virtual Sensing Technique, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 339, pp , Mar [15] J. Chambers, D. Bullock, Y. Kahana, A. Kots, and A. Palmer, Developments in active noise control sound systems for magnetic resonance imaging, Applied Acoustics, vol. 68, no. 3, pp , Mar [16] R. Reddy, I. Panahi, and R. Briggs, Hybrid FxRLS- FxN adaptive algorithm for active noise control in fmri application, IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp , Mar [17] M. Kumamoto, M. Kida, R. Hirayama, Y. Kajikawa, T. Tani, and Y. Kurumi, Active noise control system for reducing MR noise, IEICE Trans. on Fundamentals, vol. E94-A, no. 7, pp , Jul [18] G. Kannan, A. A. Milani, I. Panahi, and R. W. Briggs, An efficient feedback active noise control algorithm based on reduced-order linear predictive modeling of fmri acoustic noise, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 58, no. 12, pp , Dec [19] X. Sun, S. M. Kuo, and G. Meng, Adaptive algorithm for active control of impulsive noise, J. of Sound and Vibration, vol. 291, no. 1 2, pp , Mar [20] M. T. Akhtar and W. Mitsuhashi, Improving performance of Fx algorithm for active noise control of impulsive noise, J. of Sound and Vibration, vol. 327, no. 3 5, pp , Nov [21] L. Wu, H. He, and X. Qiu, An active impulsive noise control algorithm with logarithmic transformation, IEEE Trans. on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 19, no. 4, pp , May [22] M. T. Akhtar and W. Mitsuhashi, Improving robustness of filtered-x least mean p-power algorithm for active attenuation of standard symmetric alpha stable impulsive noise, Applied Acoustics, vol. 72, no. 9, pp , Sep [23] W. S. Gan, E. L. Tan, and S. M. Kuo, Audio Projection: Directional sound and its application in immersive communication, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp , Jan [24] N. Tanaka and M. Tanaka, Active noise control using a steerable parametric array loudspeaker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 127, no. 6, pp , Jun [25] K. Tanaka, C. Shi, Y. Kajikawa, Study on Active Noise Control System Using Paramet-ric Array Loudspeakers, Forum Acusticum 2014, Krakow, Poland, Sep [26] K. Tanaka, C. Shi, Y. Kajikawa, Multi-channel Active Noise Control Using Parametric Array Loudspeakers, Proc. of Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Associa-tion 2014 Annual Summit and Conference (AP- SIPA ASC 2014), Siem Reap, Cambodia, Dec c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 6

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