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1 No pp Physiographical features in upper Hunza region, Karakoram, Northern Pakistan: Preliminary data Tetsuya WARAGAI Received September 30, 2007 Both temperature and humidity measurements during one year started from 16 August 2003 were carried out at upper Hunza Valley, Northern PakistanFig. 1. A couple of data was obtained from four selected data loggers, however seven data loggers were installed at snouts of glacier and villages having different altitudestable 2. As a result, maximum and minimum temperature are July 2004, Pasu glacierand February 2004, Gulmit glacier, respectively, in a study area,table 3. It shows large annual temperature changes of approximately A period that a daily maximum temperature is below 0 starts from late December, keeps on till early February except Gulmit glacierfig. 2. The period at Gulmit glacier is one month earlier than other sites. Relative humidity is in average and 5 8 in minimum. While absolute humidity shows 12.6Ghulkin glacier 0.5Pasu glacierg/m 3 in range per annum. During late October to March, there is extremely dry in the study area. Although temperatures of each site have a little difference, it considers that temperature differences result from a decreasing rate of temperature with an increase of altitude. Keywords : Climatic condition, Temperature monitoring, Karakoram Mountains 1 2 K2 8,611 m7,000 8,000 m 130 Hewitt 1968, 1989; Miller 1984; MacDonald 1989; Owen 1989, 1991; Owen and Derbyshire 1989; Xu 1991; Kalvoda 1992; Shroder 1993; 1996, 1997a, b, 2001; Waragai 1997, 1998, Hewitt et al. 1989; Wake 1989; Young and Schmok 1989; Ding 1991 Desio and Martina 1972; Searle 1991; Treloar and Searle ; Cronin et al. 1993; 1995 Hunza ValleyDistaghil Sar, 7,885 m Gilgit1,490 m 6,000 m Upper Hunza : Department of Geography, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University: Sakurajosui Setagaya ku, Tokyo, Japan 67 67

Wakhi Dani 2001 Kreutzmann 2003 1990 1 1:250000BaltitArmy Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army1962 500 Fig.

2 Wakhi Dani 2001 Kreutzmann :250000BaltitArmy Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Fig. 1 Study area including measuring sites of air temperature and humidity

3 2 2.1 BaturaHispar 1 2,300 m 5,000 m Shispare7,611 multar or Ultar7,388 mbojohaghur Duanasir or Ultar7,329 mghenta7,090 m 7,000 m6,000 m PasuGhulkin GulmitAbdigar 220 km 2 56 kmswiss Foundation for Alpine Research 1990 Goudie et al. 1984; Li et al. 1984; Owen 1989, 1991; Owen and Derbyshire Shanoz, Yunz, Borit JheelGhulkin I, Ghulkin II 3 Batura, Pasu I, Pasu II Hewitt 1968; Goudie 1984; Whalley et al. 1984; 1996, 1997a, b, 2001Waragai 1997, 1998, 1999 Desio and Martina1972Searle1991Crawford and Searle 1993Zanchi1993 Searle1991Crawford and Searle Table 1Glacier stages and tentative dates in Hunza Valley. Geological age Stage name Tentative dateska, yr BP Carbonate development* Pasu II Historical19th and 20th centuries No C Pasu I C No Holocene OSL OSL Batura CRN crust under stones OSL OSL Ghulkin II OSL CRN crust under stones OSL OSL CRN Ghulkin I incipient calcrete OSL Pleistocene TL CRN Borit Jheel TL calcreted TL Yunz 60 CRN TL? Shanoz?? TL : thermoluminescence age, 14 C: uncalibrated radiocarbon dating agederbyshire et al. 1984, CRN: cosmogenic radionuclide ageowen et al. 2002, OSL: optically stimulated luminescence agespencer & Owen * The investigation observed on presence / absence of CaCO 3 films or crust beneath stones was organized by Derbyshire et al

4 MaU-Pb Shimshal Lupghur 2.2 Hewitt1993 4,500 m 500 mm 4,500 m 500 mm 4,500 m 2,000 mm Owen mm Goudie mm mm mm 14Goudie et al Waragai ; Shishkat 3,000 m 3,000 4,000 m 4,000 5,000 m 5,000 m 3 Onset Computer Co. H cm 8cm Table 2Installation sites of data loggers. No. Name of location LatitudeN LongitudeE AltitudemDate of installation Height from the ground, cm Differences of height from A4, m A1 Pasu village 3628' '' 7453' '' Aug, A2 Pasulake 3627' '' 7452' '' Aug, * 60 A3 Sesoni village 3625' '' 7452' '' Aug, A4 Pasu glacier 3627' '' 7453' '' Aug, A5 Ghulmitglacier 3623' '' 7450' '' Aug, A6 Gulkinglacier 3624' '' 7452' '' Aug, A7 Baturaglacier 3630' '' 7451' '' no data 19-Aug, no data * height from the water surface

5 RH ,400 3,000 m 7 A1 A7 Pasu lakea2pasu glaciera4gulmit glacier A5Ghulkin glaciera6batura glaciera7 PasuA1 SesoniA PST0000JST A1A2 A7 3 Pasu glaciera4gulmit glaciera5ghulkin glaciera6 SesoniA Pasu glacier Gulmit glacier Pasu glacier7.0 Gulmit glacier Waragai Ghulkin glaciera6 13 g/m 3 SesoniA311 g/m g/m 3 Ghulkin glacier 100 Ghulkin glacier a. Sesoni, b. Pasu glacier, c. Gulmit glacier, d. Ghulkin glacier 3 Table 3Some results of meteorological observations obtained from the study sites. Air Temp. A3: Sesoni A4: Pasu glacier A5: Gulmit glacier A6: Ghulkin glacier Absolute Relative Humidity Humidity Air Temp. Absolute Relative Humidity Humidity Air Temp. Absolute Relative Humidity Humidity Air Temp. Absolute Relative Humidity Humidity g/m 3 g/m 3 g/m 3 g/m 3 Mean confidence interval Standard error Median Standard deviation Variance Minimum & mm.dd.yy 02/03/04 11/23/03 11/23/03 02/03/04 11/23/03 11/23/03 02/03/04 11/23/03 11/23/03 02/03/04 11/23/03 11/23/03 Maximum & mm.dd.yy 07/27/04 08/17/04 02/10/4 07/28/04 08/30/03 02/10/04 07/02/04 06/21/04 09/28/03 08/16/04 07/30/04 * Ranges Measuring period2000, 08/ 18/ , 08/ 23/ Measuring interval: 30minutesNumber of samples: *: 2003; Aug/21, 30,Sep/05, 06, 09, 25, 27, 28, 29,Oct/10, 11,2004; Jan/12, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24,Feb/09, 10, 27, 29, Apr/12, 13, 17, 20, 23, 27, 29,May/01, 09, 20, 24, 28,Jun/20, 21, Jul/18, 29, 30,Aug/11,

6 Fig. 2 Diurnal fluctuations of maximum and minimum temperature and mean absolute humidity. ; Maximum temperature, Minimum temperature, Absolute humidity 72 72

7 パキスタン北部山岳地帯アッパーフンザの地形地質および気候環境の特徴温および絶対湿度平均の日変化を示すいずれの地ここで Tp は Pasu glacier TSesoni は Sesoni TGulkin は点もそれぞれの値の変化パターンに大きい差は認められ Ghulkin glacier TGulmit は Gulmit glacier におけるそれぞない Gulmit glacier を除けば日最高気温が氷点下となれの測定値であるまた R2 は決定係数であるる期間はおおむね 12 月下旬から 2 月初旬である Gulmit これらの関係はとくに Gulmit glacier では Pasu gla- glacier では氷点下となる期日が約 1 ヶ月早い 11 月下 cier より標高が高いため気温が低く示されたことを推旬に訪れ 2 月中旬まで日最高気温は氷点下となる絶測させるそこで各地点の測定値は Pasu glacier の測対湿度の変化は 2003 年 10 月下旬から 2004 年 3 月にか定値を基準に次のような単純な一次式で推定できると考 3 けておよそ 3 g/m を下回っているしたがってこの期間はとくに乾燥化が著しい図 2 が示すように研究対象地域における気温や湿度の変化パターンは測定地点間で大きい違いはないようであるしかし気温ではおよそ 4 の差が認められ表 3 とくに Pasu glacier と Gulmit glacier における気候環境はやや異なっているようであるこれは 2 地点の高度差 430 m が大きく影響しているためと考えられるそこで気温差がおもに高度差に由来するものであることを考察するため Pasu glacier における気温を基準として他地点の測定値を比較するこれは Pasu glacier の測定地点は他の地点より測定環境に恵まれ高精度のデータが取得できたと考えられるためであるその結果図 3 に示すように Pasu glacier と他地点の気温との関係は次のような回帰式で表すことができた図 Pasu glacier に対する各測定地点の高度差と定数との関係 Fig. 4 Relationships between differences of height from Pasu glacier to each measuring site and constants of a and b. 図 3 Pasu glacier と他の測定地点における気温の関係 Fig. 3 Relationships of temperature between Pasu glacier and each measuring site. 図 5 測定地点における気温の測定値と計算値の関係 Fig. 5 Relationships between calculated temperatures and measured temperatures at each site. TSesoni TGhulkin TGulmit Tp Tp Tp R R 2 R

8 T c a T p b 4 abt c Pasu glacier D 2 a, b a a D 0.91 b b D a 1 a 1 4 T c T p D b Pasu glacier Gulmit glacier Gulmit glacier 12 2 Gulmit glacier Ghulkin glacier 0.5Pasu glacierg/m g/m 3 4 Meharban KarimShah Wali Darbar Karim 18 Crawford, M.B. and Searle, M.P.1993Collision-related granitoid magmatism and crustal structure of the Hunza Karakoram, North Pakistan. [In:] Treloar, P.J. and Searle, M.P.eds., Himalayan Tectonics, Geological Society Special Publication No.74, London, Cronin, V.S., Schurter, G.J. and Sverdrup, K.A.1993Preliminary Landsat lineament analysis of the northern Nanga Parbat-Haramosh Massif, northwest Himalaya. [In:] Treloar, P.J. and Searle, M.P.eds, Himalayan Tectonics, Geological Society Special Publication No.74, London, Dani, A.H.2001HISTORY OF NORTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN. Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 476p. Derbyshire, E., Li, J., Perrott, F.A., Xu, S. and Waters, R.S. 1984Quaternary glacial history of the Hunza Valley, Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Desio, A. and Martina, E.1972Geology of the upper Hunza valley, Karakoram, west Pakistan. Boll. Soc. Geol. Italiana, 91, Ding, Y.J.1991Precipitation conditions for the development of the present glaciers on the northern slope of Karakoram. Geojournal, 25, Goudie, A.S.1984Salt efflorescences and salt weathering in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,

9 Goudie, A.S., Jones, D.K.C. and Brunsden, D.1984Recent fluctuations in some glaciers of the Western Karakoram mountains, Hunza, Pakistan. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Goudie, A.S., Brunsden, D., Collins, D.N., Derbyshire, E., Ferguson, R.I., Hashmet, Z., Jones, D.K.C., Perrott, F.A., Said, M., Waters, R.S. and Whalley, W.B.1984The geomorphology of the Hunza Valley, Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARA- KORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Hewitt, K.1968The freeze-thaw environment of the Karakoram Himalaya. Canadian Geographer, 12, Hewitt, K.1989The altitudinal organisation of Karakoram geomorphic processes and depositional environments. Z. Geomorph. N.F. Suppl., 76, 932. Hewitt, K., Wake, C.P., Young, G.J. and David, C.1989 Hydrological investigations at Biafo glacier, Karakoram Range, Himalayaan important source of water for the Indus River. Ann. Glaciology, 13, Kalvoda, J.1992Geomorphological record of the Quaternary orogeny in the Himalaya and the Karakoram. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 315p No No Kreutzmann, H.2003Ethnic minorities and marginality in the Pamirian Knot: survival of Wakhi and Kirghiz in a harsh environment and global contexts. Geographical Journal, 169, Li, J., Derbyshire, E. and Xu, S.1984: Glacial and paraglacial sediments of the Hunza Valley North-West Karakoram, Pakistan: A preliminary analysis. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge MacDonald, K.I.1989: Impacts of glacier-related landslides on the settlement at Hopar, Karakoram Himalaya. Ann. Glaciology Miller, K.J.ed1984The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol. 1 and 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 412p. and 635p. 1990, Owen, L.A.1989Terraces, uprift and climate in the Karakoram Mountains, Northern Pakistan: Karakoram intermontane basin evolution. Z. Geomorph. N.F., Suppl., Owen, L.A.1991Mass movement deposits in the Karakoram Mountains: their sedimentary characteristics, recognition and role in Karakoram landform evolution. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 35, Owen, L.A. and Derbyshire, E.1989The Karakoram glacial depositional system. Z. Geomorph. N.F., Suppl., 76, Searle, M.P.1991GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS OF THE KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS. Wiley, Chichester, 358p Shroder, J.F., jr.ed.1993himalaya to the sea, Routledge, London, 429p. Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research1990KARAKORAM orographical sketch map. Treloar, P.J. and Searle, M.P.eds1993Himalayan Tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication No.74, London, 630p. Wake, C.P.1989Glaciochemical investigations as a tool for determining the spatial and seasonal variation of snow accumulation in the Central Karakoram, Northern Pakistan. Ann.Glaciology MSS a b 106, ,19 Waragai, T.1997Rock temperature effects on the formation of rock surface features in Karakoram Mountains. Supplementi di Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 3, Waragai, T.1998Effects of Rock Surface Temperature on Exfoliation, Rock varnish, and Lichens on a Boulder in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan. Arctic and Alpine Research, 30, Waragai, T.1999Weathering processes on rock surfaces in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram, North Pakistan. Z. Geomorph. N.F., Suppl., 119, Waragai, T.2005Holocene calcrete crust deposits on the moraine of Batura glacier, northern Pakistan. The Island Arc, 14, Whalley, W.B., McGreevy, J.P. and Ferguson, R.I.1984Rock temperature observations and chemical weathering in the Hunza region, Karakoram: Preliminary data. [In:] Miller, K.J.ed, The International KARAKORAM Project. Vol.2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Xu, D.1991Quaternary glaciation of the north slope of Karakoram Mountains. Geojournal, 25, Young, G.J. and Schmok, J.P.1989Ice loss in the ablation area of a Himalayan glacier; studies on Miar glacier, Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan. Ann. Glaciology, 13, Zanchi, A.1993: Structural evolution of the North Karakoram cover, North Pakistan. [In:] Treloar, P.J. and Searle, M.P.eds, Himalayan Tectonics, Geological Society Special Publication No.74, London,

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<30352D8EA D EA97592D C E B E88E B838B926E8BE682CC9FF39FF E706466> No.432008pp.43 53 Irrigation System in Gojal, Northern Area of Pakistan In Case Study of Hussaini Village Kazuo MIZUSHIMA Received September 30, 2007 This report is the case study of Hussaini village about