But what is a traitor? One English dictionary 2 a traitor as a person 15 who betrays someone or something, such as a friend, cause, or principle. Anot

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1 第 3 講空所補充問題対策編ポイント 1 対比の発見 1 2 対比の発見 2 3 対比の発見 3 1 Read the following passages and choose the most appropriate word or phrase for each gap. As an old saying goes: a translator is a traitor. At first sight, it seems undeniably true because it is impossible to put any sentence, phrase, or word expressed in a certain language with its cultural background into another language while keeping all aspects of the original expression intact. For 5 example, comparing the title of a famous Japanese novel by Soseki Natsume, Wagahai Wa Neko De Aru, with that of its English-translated version, I Am a Cat, you will notice, or at least feel, that something is 1 from the original. Their literal meanings may be the same, but the impressions they give are different. Wagahai is one of several Japanese pronouns for the 10 first-person singular, male, and a particular one which assumes an air of importance. If it was Soseki s intention to give such a nuance to the protagonist s speech, the translator in this case can be said to be a traitor who betrays the author. 16

2 But what is a traitor? One English dictionary 2 a traitor as a person 15 who betrays someone or something, such as a friend, cause, or principle. Another dictionary says, someone who is not loyal to their country, friends, or beliefs. A translator may betray the person who writes the original texts in the way seen in the 3 example. But does it necessarily mean he or she is 4 the author? NOTE 17

3 20 In the Japanese version of an original English musical, Les Miserables, the translator Tokiko Iwatani puts a line of lyrics, I love him, into simple Japanese Aishiteru omitting the subject I and the object him. She betrays the author with these omissions. But by doing so, she succeeds in expressing the emotion of the speaker more vividly, which is what the author surely 25 wants, and remains loyal to both the author and the audience. So the old saying could be 5 : a translator is a loyal traitor. 1. a found b missing c recognized d worn 2. a defeats b defines c detects d directs 3. a above b before c beyond d over 4. a defiant of b obedient to c respectful to d unfaithful to 5. a abolished b collected c modified d registered 18

4 NOTE 19

5 2 Read the following passages and choose the most appropriate word or phrase for each gap. It has long been believed that human babies are incapable of communicating their thoughts, simply because they cannot speak properly as adults do, and it is therefore difficult to gauge them. However, there are recent findings which contradict this hypothesis. Baby signing is a system of 5 body language developed and promoted by American child psychologists Linda Acredolo and Susan Goodwyn. The language is comprised of manual signs or gestures expressing not only nouns dog, book, light, b u t a l s o 1 movements ( to open, to play, to sit down and emotions happy, sleepy, scary. These signs help deepen communication between parents 10 and their babies who have not learned to speak. How does this work? The following explanation highlights the remarkable sophistication of communication by babies. 2, babies start talking at around eighteen months, but they show interest in communicating with their parents at a much earlier age. However, 15 because their tongues and throats, vital for the pronunciation of actual words, are still underdeveloped, they constantly 3 the frustration of not being able to express what they want. On the other hand, at this age, babies manual movements are fairly well developed and so they use this method of communication rather than the 4 function. By practising baby signing, 20 the following effects result: babies frustration is reduced; parents are more 20

6 confident about their child s needs during the nursing period; and a much deeper bond of mutual understanding is developed. NOTE 21

7 The most frequently raised concern about this system is that baby signing may 5 babies acquisition of language and subsequently delay its 25 development. Surprisingly, however, follow-up research suggests the contrary: baby signing encourages babies to improve their linguistic ability, as they start training their initial communication skills by signs during such early phases. Another survey of seven-year-old children shows that the children who used baby signing scored twelve points higher in IQ tests than 30 those who did not. 1. a chemical b local c mechanical d physical 2. a Against expectations b Generally speaking c In addition d Surely enough 3. a come b face c meet d receive 4. a scientific b traditional c usual d verbal 5. a abandon b bore c discourage d exclude 22

8 NOTE 23

9 夏期講習高 3 英語総合講座第 3 講解答第 3 講解答 1 1 b 2 b 3 a 4 d 5 c I Am a Cat traitor I love him I him 6

10 夏期講習高 3 英語総合講座第 3 講解答 2 1 d 2 b 3 b 4 d 5 c? 18 7 IQ 12 7

11 夏期講習高 3 英語総合講座第 3 講解答第 3 講重要語彙リスト 1 saying 2 traitor 3 at first sight 4 undeniably 5 put A into B A B 6 aspect 7 intact 8 literal 9 pronoun 10 assume 11 intention 12 betray 13 define 14 principle 15 loyal 16 lyric 17 omit 18 subject 19 object 20 modify 21 be incapable of 22 contradict 23 hypothesis 24 be comprised of 25 noun 26 highlight 27 sophistication 28 throat 29 subsequently 8

12 夏期講習高 3 英語総合講座第 3 講解答第 3 講音読用白文 As an old saying goes: a translator is a traitor. At first sight, it seems undeniably true because it is impossible to put any sentence, phrase, or word expressed in a certain language with its cultural background into another language while keeping all aspects of the original expression intact. For example, comparing the title of a famous Japanese novel by Soseki Natsume, Wagahai Wa Neko De Aru, with that of its English-translated version, I Am a Cat, you will notice, or at least feel, that something is missing from the original. Their literal meanings may be the same, but the impressions they give are different. Wagahai is one of several Japanese pronouns for the first-person singular, male, and a particular one which assumes an air of importance. If it was Soseki s intention to give such a nuance to the protagonist s speech, the translator in this case can be said to be a traitor who betrays the author. But what is a traitor? One English dictionary defines a traitor as a person who betrays someone or something, such as a friend, cause, or principle. Another dictionary says, someone who is not loyal to their country, friends, or beliefs. A translator may betray the person who writes the original texts in the way seen in the above example. But does it necessarily mean he or she is unfaithful to the author? In the Japanese version of an original English musical, Les Miserables, the translator Tokiko Iwatani puts a line of lyrics, I love him, into simple Japanese Aishiteru omitting the subject I and the object him. She betrays the author with these omissions. But by doing so, she succeeds in expressing the emotion of the speaker more vividly, which is what the author surely wants, and remains loyal to both the author and the audience. So the old saying could be modified: a translator is a loyal traitor. 9

13 2 夏期講習高 3 英語総合講座第 3 講解答 It has long been believed that human babies are incapable of communicating their thoughts, simply because they cannot speak properly as adults do, and it is therefore difficult to gauge them. However, there are recent findings which contradict this hypothesis. Baby signing is a system of body language developed and promoted by American child psychologists Linda Acredolo and Susan Goodwyn. The language is comprised of manual signs or gestures expressing not only nouns dog, book, light, but also physical movements to open, to play, to sit down and emotions happy, sleepy, scary. These signs help deepen communication between parents and their babies who have not learned to speak. How does this work? The following explanation highlights the remarkable sophistication of communication by babies. Generally speaking, babies start talking at around eighteen months, but they show interest in communicating with their parents at a much earlier age. However, because their tongues and throats, vital for the pronunciation of actual words, are still underdeveloped, they constantly face the frustration of not being able to express what they want. On the other hand, at this age, babies manual movements are fairly well developed and so they use this method of communication rather than the verbal function. By practising baby signing, the following effects result: babies frustration is reduced; parents are more confident about their child s needs during the nursing period; and a much deeper bond of mutual understanding is developed. The most frequently raised concern about this system is that baby signing may discourage babies acquisition of language and subsequently delay its development. Surprisingly, however, follow-up research suggests the contrary: baby signing encourages babies to improve their linguistic ability, as they start training their initial communication skills by signs during such early phases. Another survey of seven-year-old children shows that the children who used baby signing scored twelve points higher in IQ tests than those who did not. 10

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Speedy & Simple Kenji, Yoshio, and Goro are good at English. They have their ways of learning. Kenji often listens to English songs and tries to remember all the words. Yoshio reads one English book every