Table 1, Physical characteristics of the subjects before the dieting. (n=7)

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EFFECT OF THE WELL-REGULATED DIET ON BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY OF FEMALE COLLEGE GYMNASTS KAORU KITAGAWA and HIROKI MATSUOKA Abstract Competitive gymnasts are confronted with the

1 EFFECT OF THE WELL-REGULATED DIET ON BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY OF FEMALE COLLEGE GYMNASTS KAORU KITAGAWA and HIROKI MATSUOKA Abstract Competitive gymnasts are confronted with the problem of weight loss before a competition. They intend to decrease body fat, but not muscle. One of the most reasonable method for the purpose is a dieting. Neverthless, a dieting often leads to decrease not only body fat but also lean body weight (LBW) of which 47% is composed of muscle. That is, a dieting has the possibility of decreasing the competitive performance. The well-regulated diet is, therefore, required very much for weight loss of the gymnasts. The body composition (under-water weighing), physical working capacity (submaximal endurance capacity, muscle strength and vertical jump) and blood constituents of seven female gymnasts were measured before and after the 33 day-diet. They, ranging from 18 to 22 years of age, were high ranked athletes in Japan. The diet program was arranged by the dietitian taking gymnasts' favours into consideration. The averaged daily diet evaluated by means of a dietary recall had 1194 kcal with 54.7 g of protein, 28.5 g of fat and g of carbohydrate. On the other hand, the usual intakes just before the dieting were 1722 kcal in energy, 43.0 g in protein, 57.1 g in fat and g in carbohydrate. All the intakes of vitamins and minerals of the diet were higher than the Japanese recommended dietary allowance (RDA). They practiced about four hours a day, six days a week, during the diet period. The daily energy expenditures before and at the last stage of the dieting were 2332 kcal and 2551 kcal on the average respectively, which were estimated through motion and time study. After the dieting body weight decreased significantly from kg to kg, of which difference was composed of 2.99 kg of body fat and 0.77 kg of LBW. The decrease of body fat was statistically significant, but LBW was not so. Concerning all the physical working capacities in oxygen uptake and heart rate, muscle strength except trunk extension strength, and vertical jump, there were no significant changes after the dieting. But respiratory exchange ratio (R) decreased significantly at the same work loads. This decrease suggested increased usage of stored body fat as energy during daily practice, and might support the significant decrease of body fat. Most of blood constituents were still in normal ranges in spite of significant changes. Marked change was found in serum FFA which increased three times after the dieting. This change also meant the increased usage of body fat after the dieting. These data indicated that the diet program arranged in this study proved successful and the wellregulated diet was very effective in conditioning the body composition and the physical working capacity of female gymnasts. (J. Physical Fitness Japan 1984, 33: 119 `129) key words : diet, body composition, physical working capacities. Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Faculty of Physical Education, Chukyo University Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi , Japan

2 Table 1, Physical characteristics of the subjects before the dieting. (n=7)

3 Table 2, Fourteen menu for the dieting.

4 Table 3. Comparison of the diet and Japanese recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Table 4. Comparison of the diets before and during the dieting according to the nutrition survey. (n=5)

5 Table 5. Changes of body weight and body composition before and after the dieting. (n=7) Fig. 1. Intakes of vitamins and minerals of the diet compared to Japanese recommended dietary allowances,(n=5) Fig. 3. Changes of skinfold thickness before and after the dieting.(n= 7 ) Fig. 2. The practice time during the 33 daydieting and energy expenditure by motion and time study,(n=5)

6 Table 6. Changes of muscle strength and vertical jump before and after the dieting. (n=7) Fig. 4. Changes in heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2, VO2/wt.) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) before and after the dieting.(n=7)

7 Table 7. Changes of blood constituents before and after the dieting. (n=7)

Fit.1, 58-62. 2) American College of Sports Medicine(1976): Weight loss in wrestlers. xi-xiii. Med. Sci. Sports. 8, 3) Bosco, J. S., Terjung, R. L. and Greenleaf, J. E.

9 Fit.1, ) American College of Sports Medicine(1976): Weight loss in wrestlers. xi-xiii. Med. Sci. Sports. 8, 3) Bosco, J. S., Terjung, R. L. and Greenleaf, J. E. (1968): Effects of progressive hypohydration on maximal isometric muscular strength. J. Sports 1) Ahlman, K, and Karvonen, M. J.(1961): Weight reduction by sweating in wrestlers and its effect on physical fitness. J. Sports Med. Phys. Med. Phys. Fit. 8, ) Bro ek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J. T, and

Keys, A.(1963): Densitometric analysis of body composition.: Review of some quantitative assumptions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110, 113-140. 5) Buskirk, E. R., Thompson, R. H., Lutwak, L. and Whedon, G.

10 Keys, A.(1963): Densitometric analysis of body composition.: Review of some quantitative assumptions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110, ) Buskirk, E. R., Thompson, R. H., Lutwak, L. and Whedon, G. D.(1963): Energy balance of obese patients during weight reduction.: Influence of diet restriction and exercise. Ann, N. Y. Acad. Sci. 110, ) Keys, A, and Bro ek, J. (1953): Body fat in adult men. Physiol. Rev. 33, ) Kitagawa, K., Miyashita, M. and Yamamoto, K. (1977): Maximal oxygen uptake, body composition, and running performance in young Japanese adults of both sexes. Jap. J. Phys. 21, Educ. 23) Palmer, W.(1968): Selected physiological responses of normal young men following dehydration and rehydration. Res. Quart. 39, ) Rahn, H., Fenn, W. O. and Otis, A. B.(1949): Daily variations of vital capacity, residual air, expiratory reserve including a study of the residual air method. J. Appl. Physiol. 1, ) Ribisl, P. M. and Herbert, W. G.(1970): Effect of rapid weight reduction and subsequent rehydration upon the physical working capacity of wrestlers. Res. Quart. 45, ) Saltin, B.(1964): Circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise after thermal dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, ) Singer, R. N, and Weiss, S. A.(1968): Effects of weight reduction on selected anthropometric, physical, and performance measures of wrestlers. Res. Quart. 39, ) Taylor, H. L., Buskirk, E, R., BroCek, J., Anderson, J. T, and Grande, F.(1957): Performance

capacity and effects of caloric restriction with hard physical work on young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 10, 421-429. 35) Widerman, P. M. and Hagan, R. D.

11 capacity and effects of caloric restriction with hard physical work on young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 10, ) Widerman, P. M. and Hagan, R. D.(1982): Body weight loss in a wrestler preparing for competition: a case report. Med. Sci. Sports. 14, ) Wilmore, J. H., Girandola, R. N. and Moody, D. L.(1970): Validity of skinfold and girth assessment for predicting alteration in body composition. J. Appl. Physiol. 29, ) Yoshimura, H.(1970): Anemia during physical training(sports anemia). Nutr. Rev. 28, ) Zuti, W. B, and Golding, L. A.(1976): Comparing diet and exercise as weight reduction tolls. Physician Sportsmed. 4, ) Zwiren, L., Skinner, J. F, and Buskirk, E. R. (1973): Use of body density and various skinfold equations for estimating small reductions in body fatness. J. Sports Med. 13,

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2 94 32 2008 pp. 93 106 1 Received October 30, 2008 The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of aerobics training class on weight loss for female students in HOKURIKU UNIVERSITY. Seventy four female