[1] [2] 2.4 GHz AN [3] IEEE AN 2.4 GHz AN 2 AN AN CSMA/CA AN AN 2. AN 3. AN AN 2.4 GHz AN AN AN AN AN IEEE 2.11g GHz 2.4 GHz
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1 THE INSTITUTE OF EECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS TECHNICA REPORT OF IEICE. AN ANocal Area Network AN AN AN AN AN AN Experimental Investigation of Time and Frequency Division of Microwave Power Transmission for Wireless AN Communications Norikatsu IMOTO, Shota YAMASHITA, Takuya ICHIHARA, Koji YAMAMOTO, Takayuki NISHIO, Masahiro MORIKURA, and Naoki SHINOHARA Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University Gokasyo, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Abstract Microwave power transmission (MPT) would interfere with frame receptions of wireless local area network (WAN) devices when the frequency of continuous MPT is set to the same channel as that used for WANs. In this paper, we discuss the division of radio resources in the time and frequency domains for WAN devices powered with microwave energy. In general, there are two ways to avoid MPT from influencing WAN data communications: adjacent channel operation of continuous MPT and WAN data transmission and co-channel operation of intermittent MPT and WAN data transmission. Experimental results reveal that even when we implement these methods, several problems arise because WAN devices have been developed without supposing the existence of MPT. In addition, the experimental results imply that a microwave energy source and a WAN device should share the information on the timings of intermittent MPT and data transmission. Key words Microwave power transmission, IEEE 2.11, CSMA/CA, WAN, adjacent channel interference 1. M2MMachine-to-Machine ANocal Area Network AN AN AN AN 1
2 [1] [2] 2.4 GHz AN [3] IEEE AN 2.4 GHz AN 2 AN AN CSMA/CA AN AN 2. AN 3. AN AN 2.4 GHz AN AN AN AN AN IEEE 2.11g GHz 2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz 2.46 m 2.49 m.4 nw/cm 2, Transmitting frames.4 nw/cm 2, Transmission power:.2 mw,.2 mw, 2 mw 2 (2.457 GHz).4 nw/cm Energy source AP aptop PC Data receiver Throughput (Mbit/s) Amplifier RF signal generator 2.49 m 2.46 m Data transmitter aptop PC Horn antenna Microwave power transmission.6 W/cm 2, (Frequency : GHz).6 W/cm 2, 6. W/cm 2 2 MHz Microwave power transmission frequency, f MPT (GHz) Received power density of data transmitter.6 W/cm 2.6 W/cm 2 6. W/cm 2 AN MacBook Pro, 13-inch, Early B UDP 15 Mbit/s Iperf 2..5 APAccess Point AP AT-TQ243 AP Iperf 16.3dB.2 mw.2 mw 2 mw.6 µw/cm 2.6 µw/cm 2 6. µw/cm AN.6 µw/cm 2.6 µw/cm 2 f MPT AN Mbit/s CSMA/CA 2
3 6. µw/cm 2 f MPT Mbit/s AN AN 6. µw/cm 2 [4] AN.3mW/cm 2 AN 6. µw/cm 2 f MPT AN 2.4 GHz 3. AN AN AN AN AN CSMA/CA AN AN AN AP AN AN Riverbed AirPcap ACKAcknowledgement.4 pw/cm 2 AP aptop PC Wireless capture device aptop PC Data receiver Frame analyzer 3 Transmission power: 1.7mW Energy source Amplifier RF signal generator 4.75 m 1.9 m Data frame transmission (2.457 GHz) Data transmitter aptop PC Horn antenna.26 W/cm 2 Intermittent microwave power transmission (2.457 GHz) AN T PS PT Power Transmission PS Power Suspension AN GHz 1.7 mw 1.9 m 4.75 m B UDP 15 Mbit/s T PS 2. AP AP 1 ms 3. 2 CSMA/CA AN 3. 1 P loss 3
4 P loss := N generated N received N generated (1) N received + T PS N generated + T PS N received N generated T PS T PS T PS T PS T PS T PS Z G < = Z (2) G (2) = Z G =:,longps (3) T PS >,longps + T PS N discarded N discarded := N generated N received = G Z UDP (4) < =,longps T PS T PS G( + T PS ) < = T PS τ τ (5) T PS = (5) GTPT /τ G =: T PS,shortPT (6) < =,longps T PS <T PS,shortPT N discarded N discarded = G( + T PS ) T PS /τ (7) >,longps N discarded (4) (7) T PS T PS (Z + GT PS )/ Z + GT PS < = TPS τ N discarded (7) () T PS = () Z /τ G =: T PS,longPT (9) (2) (6) N generated = G( + T PS ) (1) P loss G( + T PS ) T PS /τ, (11a) G( + T PS) T PS <T PS,shortPT or T PS <T PS,longPT ; >< G Z P loss = G( + T, (11b) PS) >,longps and T PS > = T PS,shortPT ;, (11c) >: < =,longps and T PS > = T PS,shortPT P loss T PS (11c) < =,longps T PS > = T PS,shortPT T PS T PS > T PS,shortPT 1 T = = PT,longPS /Gτ 1 T PS / (12) T PS,shortPT /,longps G T PS / T PS / T PS / p PT p e = < = = ppttpt + T PS = p PT p PT 1+T PS/ 1+T PS,shortPT /,longps 1 Gτ «p PT =: p e,max (13) 4
5 1 1 p e,max / p PT Frame loss rate, P loss (11a) (11a) (11c) (11b) 4 Average data rate (Mbit/s) Average data rate (Mbit/s).5.4 1k 1k 1M 1M Offered load, G (bit/s) p e,max /p PT Gτ =.67 ms =147B Time (s) (a) =.5 s, T PS =2. s Time (s) (b) =1. s, T PS =2. s. 5.1s (a) =.5 st PS = 2.s (b) =1.sT PS =2.s G 4 τ =.67 ms =147B p e,max /p PT G 4 AN G (a) =.5 st PS =2.s.1s 5(b) =1.sT PS =2.s.1s 5(a) 5(b) ACK ACK ARFAuto Rate Fallback[5] CSMA/CA Period during which the energy source stops MPT, T PS (s) = 1. s =.5 s = 1. s, Theoretical curve (14) =.5 s, Theoretical curve (15) =1.s Z =1.6MBτ =.65 ms =.5s Z =1.6MB τ =.6 ms T PS T PS s1.s T PS P loss (11a)(11b)(11c) P loss T PS =1.sT PS > = 2.s (11a) (11b) τ T PS.65 ms Z T PS =1.s (11a)(11b)(11c) Z τz 1.2s >< T PS +1.s.21, T PS < 4.4s; P loss = >:.15 s T PS +1.s, T PS > = 4.4s (14) T PS > = 2.sT PS =1., 1.5s
6 Frame loss rate, P loss (11c) (11b) Power transmission period, (s) T PS = 6. s T PS = 2. s T PS = 6. s, Theoretical curve (16) T PS =6.s Z =1.9MBτ =.67 ms =.5 s T PS > =.7 s (11a)(11c) τ T PS.69 ms <.5 s P loss = T PS +.5 s.15, TPS < 3.5s; :, T PS > = 3.5s (15) T PS > =.7 s T PS =.5 s =1.s T PS 2. s6. s P loss (11a)(11b)(11c) P loss T PS =2.s (11a)(11b)(11c) T PS =6.s < = 2.5s (11b)(11c) τ.67 ms Z 1.s< = < = 2.5s (11b) τz < 5.s 1. P loss = +6.s, > 1.s; :, < = 1.s (16) < = 2.5s > = 2.6s > = 2.6s AN > = 2.6s IEEE 2.11g 2.4 GHz AN AN AN AN AN AN (B) (METAB). [1] T. Umeda, H. Yoshida, S. Sekine, Y. Fujita, T. Suzuki, and S. Otaka, A 95-MHz rectifier circuit for sensor network tags with 1-m distance, J. IEEE Solid-State Circuits, vol.41, no.1, pp.35 41, Jan. 26. [2] N. Shinohara, M. Tomohiko, and H. Matsumoto, Study on ubiquitous power source with microwave power transmission, Proc. Union Radio Science (URSI) General Assembly 25, pp.1 4, 25. [3] T. Ichihara, T. Mitani, and N. Shinohara, Study on intermittent microwave power transmission to a ZigBee device, Proc. IEEE Microwave Workshop Series (IMWS) on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications 212, pp , Kyoto, Japan, May 212. [4] S. Yamashita, N. Imoto, T. Ichihara, K. Yamamoto, T. Nishio, M. Morikura, and N. Shinohara, Implementation and feasibility study of co-channel operation system of microwave power transmissions to IEEE 2.11-based battery-less sensors, submitted to IEICE Trans. Commun., Special Section on Ambient Intelligence and Sensor Networks, Jan [5] A. Kamerman and. Monteban, WaveAN-II: A highperformance wireless AN for the unlicensed band, J. Bell abs Technical, vol.2, no.3, pp , Aug
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WPT (2017) ( ) *JST Center of Innovation ( 13- ) Last 5X * 16 8, 15 7, 14 6 METLAB 16 20, 15 18 WPT * IEEE MTTS Wireless Power Transfer Conference ( 11-, ) MTTS TC-26 (Wireless Energy Transfer and Conversion
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