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ひさともなかじゅく
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1 Bas Aarts (2001) English Syntax and Argumentation. New York: Palgrave. Chapter 7 Cross-Categorial Generalizations: X-bar Syntax p.104, l.1, p.107, l.1, p.111, -l.5 p.116, -l.13, p.119, l.17, p.121, l.14 p.104, l.1 p.106, end 7 X-bar (1) The defendants denied the charge: they claim that they did [not destroy the garden] (2) She proposed [an analysis of the sentence] (3) Jake is [so fond of coffee] (4) They are [quite in agreement] (5) My sister cycles [much faster than me] (1) destroy (2) of the sentence analysis analysis of the sentence analyze the sentence (2) (6) (6) She proposed to analyse the sentence. (3) (5) (1) (2) 1

2 . (7) (7) Phrase Head Complement (1) (5) (1) (5) not, an, so, quite (1) not destroy the garden (not) (destroy the garden) what did the players not do? destroy the garden (2) an analysis of the sentence (3) (5) so, quite, much fond of coffee, in agreement, faster than me (1) (5) ( Spec) (7) (1) (5) (8) VP Spec? V NP not destroy the garden (9) NP Spec? N PP an analysis of the sentence 2

3 (10) AP Spec? A PP so fond of coffee (11) PP Spec? P NP quite in agreement (12) AdvP Spec? Adv PP much faster than me (13) XP (Specifier)? X(Head) (Complement) XP X X (13) (13) XP X X ( ) 3

4 p.116, -l.13 p.119, l.16 (44) the defendants denied the charge: they claim that they did [ VP not unthinkingly deliberately destroy the garden] ( ) (45) [ NP a silly, preposterous analysis of the sentence] ( ) (46) (47) (46) [ AP so devotedly fond of coffee after dinner] ( ) (47) [ PP quite unhesitatingly in agreement with each other] ( ) (44) (46) (48) VP Spec V AdvP V AdvP V V NP not unthinkingly deliberately destroy the garden (49) AP Spec V AdvP V A PP A PP so devotedly fond of coffee after dinner Exercise (45) (47) 4

5 (50) NP Spec N AP N AP N N PP a silly preposterous analysis of the sentence (51) PP Spec P AdvP P P PP P PP quite unhesitatingly in agreement with each other *the my dog (52) * they did [not destroy deliberately the garden] (53) *[an analysis with tree diagrams of the sentence] (54) *[so fond after dinner of coffee] (55) *[quite with each other in agreement] 5

6 (56)??[much faster by far than me] 7.3 Table 7.3 NP, VP, AP, PP Phrase Heads Adjunct Examples NP N AP The warm summer ( ) NP The woman busdriver ( ) PP The tiles on the floor ( ) clause My youngest sister, who lives in Italy. ( ) The information that you supplied. ( ) VP V AdvPs He quickly absconded. ( ) She read the prospectus eagerly. ( ) PP We came here in the summer. ( ) Adjunct clauses She phoned because she likes you. ( ) AP A PP He was abusive to the extreme. ( ) AdvP We were unconsolably disappointed. ( ) PP P AdvP I was totally over the moon. ( ) She was in doubt entirely. ( ) PP They designed the museum in tandem with an Italian architect. ( ) p.107, l.1 p.111, -l.7 (1)-(5) (14) VP Spec V V NP not destroy the garden 6

7 (15) NP Spec N N PP an analysis of the sentence (16) AP Spec A A PP so fond of coffee (17) PP Spec P P NP quite in agreement (18) AdvP Spec Adv Adv PP much faster than me ( 4 ) (i) NP an analysis of the sentence 7

8 (i) NP Spec N PP An analysis of the sentence an analysis of the sentence NP an PP (15) (i) (14)-(18) VP VP not never Spec Spec-of-VP NP (13) VP not VP VP not NP( Trains are slow trains) 7.4 (13) XP, X, X XP ( X ) X ( ) 3 X, X, X (i) [the destruction of Carthage] ( ) (ii) He is [so envious of his sister] ( ) (iii)we are [citizens of the world] ( ) (iv) She [travelled to Rome] ( ) (v) He walked [straight through the door] ( ) 8

9 (i) NP Spec N Det N PP the destruction of Carthage (19) AP Spec A A PP so envious of his sister (20) NP Spec N N PP citizens of the world (21) VP Spec V V NP travelled to Rome (22) PP Spec P P NP straight through the door

10 7.1 NP, VP, AP, PP phrase Specifier Example(s) NP Determiner [the examination] [our car] [many answers] VP Negative elements He does [not like planes] She [never eats meat] AP Degree adverbs [how nice] They are [so eager to please] He isn t [that/this fat] ( ) [too bad] That s [rather/quite disgusting] ( ) She is [as rich as the Queen] PP Adverbs The supermarket is [right up your street] My office is [quite in disarray] The office is [just to your left] 7.2 NP,VP,AP and PP Phrase Head Complement Example(s) NP N PP His insistence[ PP on the arrangement] (cf. He insists on the arrangement. ) Their specialization [ PP in wines] (cf. They specialize in wines. ) Clause Their realization [ that-clause that all is lost] (cf. They realize that all is lost. 10

11 ) Her consideration [ whether-clause whether the expense was worth it] cf. She considered whether the expense was worth it. Her requirement [ for-clause for all candidates to comply with the rules] cf. She requires all candidates to comply with the rules. NP A literature teacher cf. He teaches literature. A teacher of literature : (2) (6) ) VP V NP She placed [ NP an advertisement.] Clause They know [ that-clause that the sun will shine tomorrow] PP He looked [ PP at the picture] : AP A PP Glad [ PP about your decision] Pleased [ PP with the result] Dependent [ PP on his brother] Clause I am so eager [ to-infinitive clause to work with you] He s engaged [ -ing clause teaching the students] She s unsure [ wh-clause what we should do next] PP P NP In/under/behind [ NP the car] ( ) PP Out [ PP of love] From [ PP behind the bookcase] 11

12 Down [ PP by the sea] Clause He is uncertain about [ Wh-clause what you said to me] p.111, -l.5 p. 116, -l.14. VP 23 The defendants denied the charge: they claim that they did [vp not destroy the garden deliberately] ( ) deliberately destroy the garden destroy the garden (23) VP (24) 14 (24) VP Spec V V NP not destroy the garden (25) AdvP V (25) VP Spec V AdvP V NP not deliberately destroy the garden 12

13 deliberately destroy thegarden VP V (26) VP Spec V V AdvP V NP not destroy the garden deliberately V B A 1 B A 2 A B A A A A B A B (26) (27) deliberately V' (27) VP Spec V AdvP V V NP not deliberately destroy the garden 13

14 (26) (27) the garden deliberately destroy V V V deliberately destroy destroy the garden destroy how when where why (23) deliberately VP ( ) (28) [ NP an analysis of the sentence with tree diagrams] ( ) (29) [ AP so fond of coffee after dinner] ( ) (30) [ PP quite in agreement about this] ( ) (31) [ AdvP much faster than me by far] ( ) (26) (27) deliberately VP( ) Exercize (28) (31) (32) (35) (32) NP Spec N N PP N PP an analysis of the sentence with tree diagram 14

15 (33) AP Spec A A PP A PP so fond of coffee after dinner (34) PP Spec P P PP P NP quite in agreement about this (35) AdvP Spec Adv Adv PP Adv PP much faster than me by far (36) (39) (36) [ NP a silly analysis of the sentence] ( ) (37) [ AP so terribly fond of coffee] ( ) (38) [ PP quite unhesitatingly in agreement] ( ) (39) [ AdvP clearly faster than me] ( ) ((27) ) (40) (43) 15

16 p.121, l ( ) destroy destroy (verb) [, NP] destroy He sent some details of the plan. send send (verb) [, NP, NP] send her some details of the plan send Martin didn t come to the party, but he sent his sister. send send (verb) [, (NP), NP] NP blush blush (verb), believe (61) I believed the allegations. (62) I believed that the allegations were true. (63) I believed the allegations to be true. 16

17 believe believe (verb) NP [ that clause ] to infinitive clause fact (noun) [, (that clause)] e.g. She hates the fact that he is a genius. appreciative (adjective) [, of-np] e.g. She is appreciative of classical music. behind (preposition) [, NP] e.g. The bike is behind the shed. fortunately (adverb) [, (for-np)] e.g. Fortunately for me the train departed late. hit, put, idea, smile Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary hit (verb) [, NP] e.g. You should never hit animals. put (verb) [, NP, PP] e.g. He put the glasses on the table. 17

18 idea (noun) [, (that-clause)] e.g. The idea that we will all go to heaven is absurd. smile (verb) [, ] e.g. She smiled / destroy [, NP] smile [, ] drive (22)-(26) 18

19 p.119, l.17 p.121, l (57) XP (Specifier) X X (Adjunct) Head/X (Complement) X X X X X 58 a silly analysis of the sentence with tree diagrams analysis e.g. silly, with tree diagrams e.g. of the sentence NP Det AP N PP PP a silly analysis of the sentence with tree diagrams 19

20 (60) NP Spec N AP N N PP N PP a silly analysis of the sentence with tree diagram X - 58 a 60 a N - silly analysis of the sentence with tree diagram 59 Spec Spec analysis of the sentence silly with tree diagrams 60 N X 57 XP 20

Cain & Abel

Cain & Abel: False Religion vs. The Gospel Now Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and bore Cain, saying, I have gotten a man with the help of the LORD. And again, she bore his brother Abel. Now