1 1.1 (, 2013) (, 2013) 1.2 () ( ) /z/ [dz] [z] ( ) ( ) 70 > () 40 > 1.3 (i.e. ) 2
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1 II URL II AE11C61) AE11C ( ) C 1 11 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5 2D203 (1) / (2) / / (3) mizimada@ninjal.ac.jp 1
2 1 1.1 (, 2013) (, 2013) 1.2 () ( ) /z/ [dz] [z] ( ) ( ) 70 > () 40 > 1.3 (i.e. ) 2
3 1 /Z/ (, 2013) 2 (, 2013) ( *1 ( ) ) 1 (BCCWJ) 11 ( ) 100 () ( ) (Shift JIS, EUC-JP, UTF-8 ) (JIS X0213, Unicode ) ( ) *1... 3
4 1.4 (i.e. ) (i.e. ) Brown Corpus (1950 ) (1951) (1955) 60 ( 30 ) (1), (2)(1960, 1963) I III( ) (1970) (1980 ) ( ) CD-ROM( 4
5 )... CD-ROM CD-HIASK CD- CD-ROM 100 (1990) 2011 ( ) 2. () ATR ATR EDR (EDR) EDR 500 (EDR ) RWC (RWCP) 90 ( 5 ) (1990 ) 1. PC () J-TEXTS (1997) (2002) 2 CD-ROM KY 90 OPI( )
6 NAIST (2000 ) DVD CASTEL/J CASTEL/J( ) Yahoo! Google (2000 ) UniDic Yahoo! ( 2 )
7 BCCWJ 1030 JpWaC (Japanese Web as Corpus) 4.1 SketchEngine 11 Lago Ninjal-LWP ( 16 ) (GSK) Web N 1 Google n-gram (2013) [ ] 1. (2013) [ ] 1. (2013) [ ] 1. 7
8 2 2.1 ( ) (CSJ) X-JToBI(eXtended Japanese Tones and Break Indices) 2: X-JToBI ( ) * 2 8
9 BI Break Index( ) (1) (2) (3) 3 BI 4 X-JToBI JUMAN IPADIC UniDic JUMAN JUMAN IPADIC ChaSen MeCab (IPA) IPA UniDic 2 (UniDic ) JUMAN IPADIC UniDic( ) *2 /h/ [a,e,o] [h]( ) [i] [ç]() [u] [F]( ) 9
10 形態論情報 読み 基本形 (辞書形) 品詞 活用型 (五段活用 一段活用など) 活用形 (未然形 連用形など) など 辞書によって登録されている情報の種類は異なる 図5 形態素解析の例 (徳永, 2013) 統語論レベル 英語では句構造文法 (Phrase Structural Grammar) 日本語では文節単位の依存文法 (Dependency Grammar) がよく用いられる 図 6 統語解析の例 (徳永, 2013) 図7 依存文法と句構造文法 (Wikipedia: Dependency Grammar) 意味論レベル 文を構成する要素の意味や文全体の意味構造に関する情報 語義 個々の語の意味に関する情報 語義曖昧性解消など 10
11 述語項構造 述語と項の意味関係に関する情報 格関係構造 格フレーム情報など 図 8 意味解析の例 (徳永, 2013) 談話レベル 文を超えたレベルの情報 照応 指示詞や代名詞とその先行詞との関係 共参照 同一指示 2 つの語の指示対象が同じであるという関係 太郎はうなぎバーガーを食べた 次郎も それを食べた という文では うなぎバーガー と それ は照応関係にあるが共参照関係にはない 談話構造 節と節の間の意味関係 原因と結果など 図 9 談話解析の例 (徳永, 2013) 2.2 コーパスの物理フォーマット 独自形式 KNP 形式 京大コーパスのフォーマット 構文解析システム KNP の出力形式に準拠 #, *, + がそれ ぞれ文 文節 タグ単位 (格関係情報などの付与単位) を表し その他の行が語を表す EOS は文末 (End Of Sentence) を表す # S-ID : KNP :97/01/21 MOD :2004/06/24 * 0 1D + 0 1D 昨年 さくねん * 名詞 時相名詞 * * * 1 6D + 1 6D 末 すえ * 名詞 時相名詞 * * * 特殊 読点 * * * 2 3D + 2 3D 今年 ことし * 名詞 時相名詞 * * の の * 助詞 接続助詞 * * * 3 4D + 3 4D <rel type =" 時 間 " target =" 今 年 " sid =" " tag ="2"/ > 干支 えと * 名詞 普通名詞 * * 11
12 16 * * * 17 * 4 6D D <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="3"/> 19 * * * 20 * * * 21 * 5 6D D 23 * * * * 24 * * * 25 * 6-1D D <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="1"/><rel type=" " target=" " sid =" " tag="4"/><rel type=" " target=" "/ > 27 * 28 * * * 29 EOS XML XML(Extensivle Markup Language) (de facto) (CSJ) (BCCWJ) XML 1 <article id=" " > 2 <sentence id=" " info="knp:97/01/21 MOD:2004/06/24" > 3 <chunk id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 4 <tag id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 5 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 6 </tag > 7 </chunk > 8 <chunk id="1" link="6" rel="d"> 9 <tag id="1" link="6" rel="d"> 10 <tok id="1" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 11 <tok id="2" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 12 </tag > 13 </chunk > 14 <chunk id="2" link="3" rel="d"> 15 <tag id="2" link="3" rel="d"> 16 <tok id="3" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 17 <tok id="4" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 18 </tag > 19 </chunk > 20 <chunk id="3" link="4" rel="d"> 21 <tag id="3" link="4" rel="d"> 22 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="2"/> 23 <tok id="5" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 24 <tok id="6" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 25 </tag > 26 </chunk > 27 <chunk id="4" link="6" rel="d"> 28 <tag id="4" link="6" rel="d"> 29 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="3"/> 30 <tok id="7" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 31 <tok id="8" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 32 </tag > 33 </chunk > 34 <chunk id="5" link="6" rel="d"> 35 <tag id="5" link="6" rel="d"> 36 <tok id="9" read=" " base=" " pos=" " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 37 <tok id="10" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 38 </tag > 39 </chunk > 40 <chunk id="6" link="-1" rel="d"> 41 <tag id="6" link="-1" rel="d"> 42 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="1"/> 43 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="4"/> 44 <rel type=" " target=" "/ > 12
13 45 <tok id="11" read=" " base=" " pos=" " ctype=" " cform=" " > </ tok > 46 <tok id="12" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 47 </tag > 48 </chunk > 49 </sentence > RDB RDBMS(RDB ) Microsoft SQL Server MySQL SQLite RDB (BCCWJ) BCCWJ ChaKi (NAIST) RDB MySQL SQLite RDBMS MSSQL MySQL SQLite RDBMS(SQLite) (CSJ) XML SQLite (CSJ-RDB) ChaKi *3 *4 SQLite ChaKi *5 RDB NoSQL(RDBMS ) Brown Corpus LOB Brown Corpus 10 Brown Corpus 100 BNC British National Corpus CLAWS ( ) ANC American National Corpus BNC (2003 ) 1100 ( 1 ) Web Open ANC 1400 Penn Treebank 1993 Wall Street Journal WSJ Brown Corpus *3 MeCab *4 CaboCha *5 KNB BCCWJ BCCWJ 13
14 PropBank Proposition Bank 2005 PTB Levin(1993) VerbNet FrameNet Fillmore(1982) BNC ANC WSJ OntoNote PTB PropBank PDTB Penn Discourse Tree Bank 2008 PTB PropBank WSJ EDR (EDR) ( ) RWC ( ) 3 7 ( 91 ) NAIST (CSJ) (BCCWJ) () (12 ) (Windows ) 14
15 (#) (*) (+) 4 1 # S-ID: KNP:97/01/21 MOD:2004/06/24 2 * 0 1D 3 * 0 1D 4 * * * JUMAN ( ) 6 1 * (D) (P) (I) (A) 4 + () ( ) 1 <tag id="6" link="-1" rel="d"> 2 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="1"/> 3 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="4"/> 4 <rel type=" " target=" "/ > 5 <tok id="11" read=" " base=" " pos=" " ctype=" " cform=" " > </ tok > 6 <tok id="12" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 7 </tag > 15
16 1 <rel type=" " target=" "/ > 2 <tok id="11" read=" " base=" " pos=" " ctype=" " cform=" " > </ tok > PO CO NO 1 <sentence id=" " info="knp:97/01/21 MOD:2004/06/24" > 2 <chunk id="0" link="2" rel="d"> 3 <tag id="0" link="2" rel="d"> 4 <rel type="=" target=" " sid=" " tag="10"/> 5 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 6 <tok id="1" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 7 </tag > 8 </chunk > 9 <chunk id="1" link="2" rel="d"> 10 <tag id="1" link="2" rel="d"> 11 <tok id="2" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 12 <tok id="3" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 13 <tok id="4" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 14 </tag > 15 </chunk > 16 <chunk id="2" link="-1" rel="d"> 17 <tag id="2" link="-1" rel="d"> 18 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="0"/> 19 <memo >CO</memo > 20 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="1"/> 21 <tok id="5" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 22 <tok id="6" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 23 </tag > 24 </chunk > 25 </sentence > = 1 <rel type="=" target=" " sid=" " tag="10"/> 2 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > DVD18 Disk1 Disk2 Disk CSJ (752 ) () (50 ) ( ) Praat WaveSurfer 16
17 1 % ID:A01M % 3 %<SOT > L: 5 (F ) & (F ) 6 & <H> L: 8 & L: 10 (F ) & (F ) 11 & 12 & <H> 13 & Excel A D E F G H 10 A D E F G H Q R 11 XML XML IPU(Inter-Pausal Unit: 200ms ) 1 <?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?> 2 <Talk SpeakerBirthGeneration ="55to59" SpeakerBirthPlace=" " SpeakerID ="47" SpeakerSex=" " TalkID=" A01M0007"> 3 <TalkComment > 4 <Comment CommentStrings=" ID:A01M0007"/> 5 <Comment CommentStrings=""/> 6 <Comment CommentStrings=""/> 7 </TalkComment > 8 <IPU Channel="L" IPUEndTime =" " IPUID ="0001" IPUStartTime =" " > 9 <LUW IsNewLine ="1" LUWDictionaryForm=" " LUWID="1" LUWLemma=" " LUWPOS=" " LineID="001"> 10 <SUW ClauseUnitID ="0" ColumnID ="001" Dep_BunsetsuUnitID ="0" OrthographicTranscription ="(F )" PhoneticTranscription ="(F )" PlainOrthographicTranscription=" " SUWDictionaryForm =" " SUWID="1" SUWLemma=" " SUWPOS=" " > 11 <TransSUW TagFillerEnd ="1" TagFillerStart ="1" TransSUWID="1"> 17
18 12 <Mora MoraEntity=" " MoraID="1"> 13 <Phoneme PhonemeEntity="e" PhonemeID="1"> 14 <Phone PhoneID ="1" PhoneEntity="e" PhoneClass="vowel" PhoneStartTime =" " PhoneEndTime =" " EndTimeUncertain ="1"/> 15 </Phoneme > XML 1 <?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?> XML 2 <Talk SpeakerBirthGeneration ="55to59" SpeakerBirthPlace=" " SpeakerID ="47" SpeakerSex=" " TalkID=" A01M0007"> 3 <ClauseUnit ClauseUnitID ="0" IPUID =" " IPUStartTime =" " IPUEndTime =" " > 4 <Bunsetsu Dep_BunsetsuUnitID="0"> 5 <LUW IsNewLine ="1" LUWDictionaryForm=" " LUWID="1" LUWLemma=" " LUWPOS=" " LineID ="001"> 6 <SUW ClauseUnitID ="0" ColumnID ="001" Dep_BunsetsuUnitID ="0" OrthographicTranscription ="(F )" PhoneticTranscription ="(F )" PlainOrthographicTranscription=" " SUWDictionaryForm=" " SUWID="1" SUWLemma=" " SUWPOS=" " PhoneStartTime =" " PhoneEndTime ="0.687"/ > 7 </LUW > 8 </Bunsetsu > 9 <Bunsetsu Dep_BunsetsuUnitID ="1" Dep_ModifieeBunsetsuUnitID ="2"> 10 <LUW IsNewLine ="1" LUWDictionaryForm=" " LUWID="2" LUWLemma=" " LUWPOS=" " LineID="002"> 11 <SUW ColumnID ="001" Dep_BunsetsuUnitID ="1" Dep_ModifieeBunsetsuUnitID ="2" OrthographicTranscription =" " PhoneticTranscription=" & lt;h>" PlainOrthographicTranscription=" " SUWDictionaryForm=" " SUWID="1" SUWLemma=" " SUWPOS=" " ClauseUnitID ="0" PhoneStartTime ="0.687" PhoneEndTime =" " IPUBoundary ="1"/> 12 </LUW > 13 </Bunsetsu > ()SC ,500 ()SC ,000 SC Yahoo!Yahoo! 3, , C-XML Character-base XML 1 <?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?> 18
19 2 <sample sampleid="oc01_00001" type="chiebukuro" version="1.0"> 3 <OCQuestion > 4 <webline > 5 <sentence > </ sentence > 6 </webline > 7 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 8 <webline > 9 <sentence > </ sentence > 10 </webline > 11 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 12 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 13 <webline > 14 <sentence > </ sentence > 15 </webline > 16 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 17 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 18 <webline > 19 <sentence type="quasi"> </ sentence > 20 </webline > 21 </OCQuestion > 22 <OCAnswer > 23 <webline > 24 <sentence > </ sentence > 25 </webline > 26 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 27 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> 28 <rejectedblock type="figure" /> 29 </OCAnswer > 30 </sample > M-XML Morphology-base XML 1 <?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?> 2 <mergedsample sampleid="oc01_00001" type="bccwj -MorphXML" version="1.0"> 3 <article articleid="oc01_ Question"> 4 <webline > 5 <sentence ><LUW B="S" SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - - " l_formbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="10" lemmaid ="24777" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " ctype=" - " cform=" - " formbase=" " orthbase=" " kana=" " pron=" " start="10" end="30"> </ SUW ><SUW orderid ="20" lemmaid ="16629" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - - " formbase=" " pron=" " start ="30" end="50"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - " l_formbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="30" lemmaid ="28989" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " formbase=" " pron=" " start="50" end="60"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW B="B" SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - - " l_formbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="40" lemmaid ="34867" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - - " formbase=" " pron=" " start ="60" end="70"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - " l_formbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="50" lemmaid ="41407" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " formbase=" " pron=" " start ="70" end="80"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW B="B" SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - " l_ctype=" - " l_cform=" - " l_formbase=" " l_orthbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="60" lemmaid ="5951" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " ctype=" - " cform=" - " formbase=" " orthbase=" " kana=" " pron=" " start ="80" end="100"> </ SUW ></LUW >< LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - " l_formbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="70" lemmaid ="24874" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " formbase=" " pron=" " start ="100" end="110"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW B="B" SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos =" - " l_ctype=" " l_cform=" - " l_formbase=" " l_orthbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="80" lemmaid ="10518" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" - " ctype=" " cform =" - " formbase=" " orthbase=" " kana=" " pron=" " start ="110" end="120"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" " l_ctype=" - " l_cform=" - " l_formbase=" " l_orthbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="90" lemmaid ="35697" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" " ctype=" - " cform=" - " formbase=" " orthbase=" " kana=" " pron=" " start ="120" end="140"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform=" " l_wtype=" " l_pos=" " l_ctype=" - " l_cform=" - " l_formbase=" " l_orthbase=" " > < SUW orderid ="100" lemmaid ="21642" lemma=" " lform=" " wtype=" " pos=" " ctype=" - " cform =" - " formbase=" " orthbase=" " pron=" " start ="140" end="150"> </ SUW ></LUW ><LUW SL="v" l_lemma=" " l_lform="" l_wtype=" " l_pos=" - " > < SUW orderid ="110" lemmaid ="25" lemma=" " lform="" wtype=" " pos=" - " formbase="" pron="" start ="150" end="160"> </ SUW ></LUW ></ sentence > 6 </webline > 19
20 7 <br type=" logicalline_original" /> LUW ( ) 1 OC OC01_ B B 2 OC OC01_ I 3 OC OC01_ B I 4 OC OC01_ I 5 OC OC01_ B I 6 OC OC01_ I 7 OC OC01_ B I 8 OC OC01_ I 9 OC OC01_ I 10 OC OC01_ I LUW ( ) 1 OC OC01_ B OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I OC OC01_ I (2013), [ ](2013) 1 ( 4 ),. (2006). (2011)
21 ( ) [,, ] 3.2 [, ] [] [ ] [, ] () ( ) [, ]? 0 1? [, ] * 0 * [,,,...] [,,,...] 1 wagahaiwa_nekodearu.txt [] [] [ ] [,, ] [ˆ] [ˆ ] [,, ] [x-y] [A-C] [ A, B, C]
22 Shift JIS UTF-8 (\r), (\v), (\f) \n \t \n \t ( ) (,) \W, \S, \D \w, \s, \d ( ) \w, \s, \d. 1. [,,,...] \w ([0-9A-Za-z_]) \w [,,,...] \s ([ \n\t\r\v\f]) \d 10 ([0-9]) \d [ 1, 2, 3,...] ( ) \p{ll} \p{lowercase_letter} \p{lu} \p{uppercase_letter} \p{lo} \p{other_letter} \p{l} \p{letter} \p{zs} \p{space_separator} 22
23 \p{sm} \p{math_symbol} +,,,, \p{sc} \p{currency_symbol} \p{pd} \p{dash_punctuation} \p{ps} \p{open_punctuation} \p{pe} \p{close_punctuation} \p{pi} \p{initial_punctuation} ( ) \p{pf} \p{final_punctuation} ( ) \p{pc} \p{connector_punctuation} \p{pc} \p{othero_punctuation}!, &,, :, \p{cc} \p{control} \p{hira} \p{hiragana} \p{kana} \p{katakana} \p{han} \p{ˆ...}, \P{...} (NOT) (OR) (AND) && [ˆx] x () [ˆ ] [xy] x y( ) [\p{hira}\p{kana}] [x&&y] x y( ) [\p{han}&&[ˆ ]] 3.4? 0 1? [, ] * 0 * [,,,...] [,,,...] {n,m} n m {2,4} [,, ] {n,} n {2,} [,,,...] {n} n {2} [ ] 8 3? + 23
24 ????+ * *? *+ + +? ++ {n,m} {n,m}? {n,m}+ {n,}???+ + ( ) +? ( ) *? * 3.5 ˆ ˆ $ $ \b \bcat category cat \B \Bcat cat ( ) \1 \1, \2, \3,... ( ( )\1 ( ( ))\1\2 24
25 \1, \2, \3,... \0 [ ] \ \1, \2, \3,... () ( ( )) \1 (?:) (?: ( )) \1 (?=) (?= ) (?!) (?! ) (?<=) (?<= ) (?<!) (?<= ) (?<name>) \k<name> (?<neko>[ ]) \k<neko> [, ] \1 \k<name>\g<name> ( ) ( ) \g<name> (?<neko>[ ]) \g<neko> [,,, ] 25
26 Chomsky (1956) n n+1 0 ψ ϕ 1 αaβ αϕβ () 2 A ϕ () 3 A ϕ 2 ( ) A ab A Ba 3 S 1 ab S 1 a + S 2 S 2 b a S 2 b S 1 a S 1 a*b S 1 a + S 1 S 1 b a S 1 b 26
27 S 1 a+b S 1 a + S 2 S 2 a + S 2 S 2 b a S 2 a S 2 b 14 a?b Chomsky, Noam (1956). Three models for the description of language. IRE Transactions on Information Theory(2): Friedl, E. F. Jeffrey (2006). Mastering Regular Expressions 3rd Edition. Oreilly & Associates Inc. ( [ ], 2008, 3.) 27
28 ( ) JUMAN JUMAN ChaSen NAIST( ) IPADIC MeCab NTT ( NAIST ) IPADIC JUMAN JUMAN MeCab IPADIC ChaSen MeCab (IPA) IPA (THiMCO97) UniDic (NINJAL) ChaSen MeCab JUMAN IPADIC UniDic JUMAN - - ChaSen - MeCab 4.3 (wagahaiwa_nekodearu.txt) Shift JIS wagahaiwa_nekodearu.txt Shift JIS Windows MeCab (IPADIC) Shift JIS 28
29 3. a b c : ˆ( ) $( ) \n( ) JIS X 0213 U n i c o d e U R L ( 16 ) 4.4 MeCab MeCab MeCab MeCab 29
30 4.4.1 PC MeCab Windows ( mecab exe) MeCab *6 *7 > C:\ Program Files ( x86)\ MeCab\ bin\ mecab. exe mecab C:\Program Files (x86)\mecab\bin\mecab C:\Program Files (x86)\mecab\bin\ mecab Windows mecab 1. (Windows 7 ) Path ;C:\Program Files (x86)\mecab\bin mecab.exe cd Windows waganeko Windows waganeko cmd 12 Z:\ *6 cmd *7 mecab.exe mecab CTRL+C 30
31 cd z:\desktop\waganeko ( ) ( ) mecab waganeko_sjis.txt waganeko_sjis_ipadic.txt > mecab waganeko_sjis. txt > waganeko_sjis_ipadic. txt MeCab cmd MeCab PC launch.bat waganeko 1 set PATH=% PATH%;C:\ Program Files ( x86)\ MeCab\ bin 2 cmd \k "cd Z:\ Desktop\ waganeko" mecab waganeko_sjis.txt > waganeko_sjis_ipadic.txt 4.5 MeCab IPADIC UniDic Windows UniDic MeCab UniDic Windows MeCab UniDic UTF-8 UTF-8 ( UTF-8 UTF-8 ) 5 wagahaiwa_nekodearu.txt waganeko_utf8_unidic.mecab 6 waganeko_utf8_unidic.mecab waganeko_sjis_ipadic.mecab 31
32 4.6 MeCab Excel waganeko_utf8_unidic.mecab Excel 32
33 5 5.1 NINJAL-LWP NINJAL-LWP BCCWJ *8 Lago BCCWJ UniDic NLB NLT MeCab+IPADIC BCCWJ (NLB) (NLT) (TWC) ( ) 11 (BCCWJ 1 11 () 100 ) Frequency MI (Mutual information) 1 LD LogDice ( 1 ) X + Y 2 X Y X Y X Y 2 X + Y NINJAL-LWP LogDice SketchEngine logdice = 14 + log 2 2 X Y X + Y X Y = 1, 213 ( ) *8 BCCWJ NINJAL-LWP Lago NLB NLB BCCWJ UniDic NLB NLT MeCab+IPADIC 33
34 X = 6, 007 ( ) Y = 31, 037 ( ) 2 1, 213 Dice = 6, , 037 = , 213 logdice = 14 + log 2 6, , 371 = 14 + log = 14 + ( 3.93) = Dice logdice 2 14 Dice logdice (= log 2 ) NINJAL-LWP MI SketchEngine MI = log 2 f AB N f A f B f A f B f AB N 11 f A = 6, 007 f B = 31, 037 f AB = 1, 213 N = 11 N p A = f A N p B = f B N p AB = f AB N ( ) p e AB = p A p B = f A f B N 2 34
35 f e AB = N pe AB = f A f B N 7 f AB f e AB MI = f AB N f A f B = = 7, f AB f AB N MI = log 2 fab e = log 2 = 12.8 f A f B MI 2 0 MI MI ( / ) MI LD 5.2 ( ) BCCWJ 5.3 ( ) BCCWJ 5.4 ChaKi NAIST ( ) mecab cabocha & 35
36 6 6.1 Ruby MSXML (B) XML XML Ruby XML 1 <?xml version ="1.0" encoding="utf -8"?> 2 <?xml -model href=" kyoto_corpus.rnc" type="application/relax -ng-compact -syntax"?> 3 <?xml -stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="kyoto_corpus.xsl"?> 4 <document id="950101" > 5 <article id=" " > 6 <sentence id=" " info="knp:96/10/27 MOD:2005/03/08" > 7 <chunk id="0" link="26" rel="d"> 8 <tag id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 9 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 10 <tok id="1" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 11 </tag > 12 <tag id="1" link="37" rel="d"> 13 <rel type="=" target=" " sid=" " tag="0"/> 14 <tok id="2" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 15 <tok id="3" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 16 </tag > 17 </chunk > 18 <chunk id="1" link="2" rel="d"> 19 <tag id="2" link="3" rel="d"> 20 <tok id="4" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 21 <tok id="5" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 22 </tag > 23 </chunk > 24 <chunk id="2" link="6" rel="d"> 25 <tag id="3" link="10" rel="d"> 26 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="2"/> 27 <rel type=" " target=" : "/ > 28 <tok id="6" read=" " base=" " pos=" " ctype=" " cform=" " > </ tok > 29 </tag > 30 </chunk > 36
37 6.4 NP 1 NP 2 NP 1 NP 2 1 <article id=" " > 2 <sentence id=" " info="knp:96/10/27 MOD:2002/04/22" > 3 <chunk id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 4 <tag id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 5 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 6 <tok id="1" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 7 <tok id="2" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 8 </tag > 9 </chunk > 10 <chunk id="1" link="2" rel="d"> 11 <tag id="1" link="2" rel="d" subj="true" subj_cat="noun"> 12 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="0"/> 13 <tok id="3" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 14 <tok id="4" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 15 </tag > 16 </chunk > 17 <chunk id="2" link="-1" rel="d"> 18 <tag id="2" link="-1" rel="d" copula="omitted" pred_cat="noun" pred_range ="5:5"> 19 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="1" subj_cat="noun" subj_range ="3:3"/> 20 <memo >CO</memo > 21 <tok id="5" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 22 <tok id="6" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 23 </tag > 24 </chunk > 25 </sentence > <tag> 1. (etc.) 2. (<memo>co</memo>) ( ) copula pred_range pred_cat obvious omitted ( or ) () (tok ID) () (noun adv adj verb other) <sentence id=" " info="knp:96/11/01 MOD:2003/12/29" > 37
38 2 <chunk id="0" link="1" rel="d"> 3 <tag id="0" link="1" rel="d" subj="true" subj_cat="noun"> 4 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="8"/> 5 <tok id="0" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 6 <tok id="1" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 7 </tag > 8 </chunk > 9 <chunk id="1" link="-1" rel="d"> 10 <tag id="1" link="-1" rel="d" copula="omitted" pred_cat="noun" pred_range ="2:2"> 11 <memo >CO</memo > 12 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="0" subj_cat="noun" subj_range ="0:0"/> 13 <rel type=" " target=" " sid=" " tag="7"/> 14 <tok id="2" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 15 <tok id="3" read=" " base=" " pos=" - " ctype="*" cform="*"> </ tok > 16 </tag > 17 </chunk > 18 </sentence > (<tag>) (<rel>) subj subj_range subj_cat true ( ) () (tok ID) () (noun adv adj verb other) SUMO(Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) Process ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical ContentBearingObject Physical Artifact Substance Object Region CorpuscularObject OrganicObject AnatomicalStructure Entity SelfConnectedObject Agent Organism Human Attribute Collection Group Organization Abstract Relation SocialRole Proposition Quantity TimeMeasure 38
39 a i. - Human b i. WordNet ii. WordNet SUMO iii. SUMO 2. a / WordNet SUMO WordNet WordNet SUMO WordNet word 猫 sense synset ネコ sense synlink feline xlink にゃんにゃん sense sense true_cat synlink synlink house_cat xlink SUMO cat wildcat xlink Feline xlink (synset) (synlink) / 39
40 Hype Hypernym Hypo Hyponym Mprt Meronyms Part ( ) Hprt Holonyms Part ( ) WordNet SQLite XML SQLite Ruby SQLite sqlite3-ruby ActiveRecord WordNet (word) (synset) ( ) WordNet (sense) (freq) WordNet 13 WordNet (Bond et al., 2009) SUMO SUMO (Merge.kif) (Economy.kif, Food.kif, Human.kif,...) (MILO.kif) SUO-KIF(Standard Upper Ontology - Knowledge Interchange Format) 1 (subclass Physical Entity) 2 (partition Physical Object Process) 40
41 3 (documentation Physical EnglishLanguage "An entity that has a location in space -time. 4 Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in 5 space -time.") 6 7 (<=> 8 (instance?phys Physical) 9 (exists (?LOC?TIME) 10 (and 11 (located?phys?loc) 12 (time?phys?time)))) ( ) SQLite WordNet Ruby Cohen κ Cohen κ Pr(a) Pr(e) κ = 1 Pr(e) Pr(a) 2 Pr(e) B Yes No Total A Yes No Total A B Yes 20 No Pr(a) = 35/50 = 0.7 A Yes 25 A Yes 25/50 = 0.5 B Yes 30 B Yes 30/50 = 0.6 A B Yes = 0.3 A B No 0.2 A B Pr(e) = = 0.5 κ κ = = 0.4 κ 2 1 ( ) 0 ( ) () 41
42 14 κ (N 1 N 2 ) (N 1 N 2 ) 2 7 is-a value-of equal-to property-of attribute-of correspond-to participant-of WordNet SUMO κ (N 1 N 2 ) (N 1 N 2 ) (taxonomic) (non-taxonomic) (cleft) % 42
43 6.7 vs variant( ) value( ) a b ( ) 2. a b 3. a (= be(n 1, N 2 )) b (= (, 53 )) 4. a ( ) (1997) 3, pp (1975) 103:1 17. (2011) : 1: (1992) I. (2003). (1996)., 1992,,. [ ], [ ], 2012,,. Bond, F., H. Isahara, S. Fujita, K. Uchimoto, T. Kuribayashi and K. Kanzaki Enhancing the Japanese WordNet. In The 7th Workshop on Asian Language Resources, in conjunction with ACL-IJCNLP Niles, I., and A. Pease Towards a Standard Upper Ontology. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19,
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