Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 level and replace them to the original category, and (2) cut not-is-a links between categories and category-to-articles. E
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1 Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a (1) Wikipedia (2) Wikipedia is-a (1) Wikipedia (2) Wikipedia not-is-a 3 Wikipedia is-a not-is-a is-a is-a 95.3% 96.6% 96.2% 95.6% 84.5% 34, % 422,000 is-a Wikipedia Constructing Large-Scale General Ontology from Wikipedia Yumi Shibaki, Masaaki Nagata and Kazuhide Yamamoto We have built a Japanese large-scale general ontology restructured from Wikipedia, that represents a is-a relation hierarchy. A Wikipedia s article page belongs to one or more categories that are organized hierarchically by linking to others. However, there are the following two issues to be solved in order to use the categories and the articles as is-a ontology: (1) The higher levels of the hierarchy seems to be too abstract so that it cannot be applied directly into an ontology. (2) There are many not-is-a links seen in the articles, because of low-quality descriptions that may happen in consumer-generated media. In order to solve these, we (1) redefine the highest, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology NTT, NTT Communication Science Laboratories
2 Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 level and replace them to the original category, and (2) cut not-is-a links between categories and category-to-articles. Experimental results show that the accuracy of is-a links between categories is 95.3% precision and 96.6% recall, while that of is-a links between a category and the article is 96.2% and 95.6% respectively. The accuracies significantly outperform the previous methods. We extracted 84.5% categories (approximately 34,000) and 88.6% articles (approximately 420,000) in Wikipedia. Key Words: ontology, thesaurus, is-a relation, super-subrelation, Wikipedia 1 is-a 1 part-of Wikipedia is-a ( 2010) 2 WordNet (Fellbaum 1998) synset ( 1997) 7.1 Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia 10 1 is-a B is a (kind of) A A B 230
3 Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a 1. Wikipedia is-a is-a (Ponzetto and Strube 2007; 2008; 2010) 2. WordNet Wikipedia (Suchanek, Kasneci, and Weikum 2007; 2008, 2010) 3. Wikipedia ( 2009) 1 3 is-a 2 Wikipedia 3 Wikipedia 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia 1 is-a Wikipedia Wikipedia 2. Wikipedia (broad coverage) (disjoint) Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a not-is-a is-a Wikipedia is-a 1 1 (1) (2) (3) (1)
4 Vol. 19 No. 4 December (2) (3) Wikipedia Wikipedia 232
5 Wikipedia? ONE PIECE? ONE PIECE 2 Wikipedia Wikipedia 8 2 Wikipedia is-a part-of is-a B is a AB A B A A B 2 is-a A B part-of B is a part of A B A A B 2 part-of 2 233
6 Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 A B is-a is-a ( 1997) 30 3,000 2, is-a ( 2010) Wikipedia part-of 234
7 Wikipedia Wikipedia Web XML 4 4 is-a is-a is-a is-a 2,500 is-a 72.1% 74.7% 5 Wikipedia is-a 9 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia 235
8 Vol. 19 No. 4 December Wikipedia 1 Wikipedia is-a not-is-a is-a Wikipedia 7 is-a 2 is-a not-is-a not-is-a 3.1 Wikipedia not-is-a not-is-a is-a 3.6 Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a 4 Wikipedia 9 is-a Wikipedia is-a is-a Wikipedia is-a 3 236
9 Wikipedia 1. not-is-a is-a 2. not-is-a ONE PIECE 3. not-is-a is-a part-of Wikipedia is-a is-a 2,500 9 is-a 98.9% 99.3% 99.3% 98.9% not-is-a is-a is-a not-is-a is-a 237
10 Vol. 19 No. 4 December * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * ** Wikipedia * Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia 2. not-is-a 1 1. not-is-a
11 Wikipedia 1 2 2,500 Wikipedia 86.3% 90.4% 5 2 GPE (a) (b) 5 Wikipedia 2,
12 Vol. 19 No. 4 December not-is-a not-is-a 9 9 SVM 2 not-is-a Wikipedia SVM 9 one-vs-rest SVM 0 Wikipedia
13 Wikipedia a. b. c. d. e [ ]... [ ]... [ ] 4 e JUMAN 9 1 Wikipedia 10 a e JUMAN d (2008) (2009) 9 JUMAN
14 Vol. 19 No. 4 December a: b: c: d: e: X 2 a: b: c: X a b c d e a b c 6 X= X= X= X= X= X= X= X= 3 a: X a X= 4 a: b: c: d: e: X 5 a: b: c: d: e: JUMAN X a b c d e a b c d e X=,... X= X= X=... X=,... X= X= X= X= X= 6 a: b: c: d: a X= e: b X= X c X= d X= e X= 6 242
15 Wikipedia SVM SVM 11 a. b. c. d
16 Vol. 19 No. 4 December b: c: X b X= c X= 2 a: b: c: (b c) X 3 e: b: c: (b c) X 4 a: b: c: b c) X 5 e: b: c: (b c) X 6 a: b: c: X 7 e: b: c: X a-b a-c e-b e-c a-b a-c a-b a-c a-b a-c e-b e-c X= X= X= SVM SVM is-a Wikipedia is-a is-a is-a is-a is-a (2010) is-a is-a (2008) 244
17 Wikipedia a: b: c: X a X= b X= c X= a: b: X a X= b X= a: b: c: X a: b: c: JUMAN X a: b: c: X a b c a b c a b c X= X= X= X= X= X= X= X= X= d: X 1 0 d X= c: X c X= 2 c: (c) X 3 c: (c) X 4 a: b: c: (c) X 5 a: b: c: (c) X 6 a: b: c: X c c a-c b-c a-c b-c a-c b-c X= X= X= X= X= is-a
18 Vol. 19 No. 4 December % 80% 246
19 Wikipedia SVM 3.4 not-is-a not-is-a MeCab Wikipedia MeCab MeCab Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia Musicians at, of, the, on, and, in, to the 2 (Violaceae) (Rosidae) 247
20 Vol. 19 No. 4 December (European Americans) (United States Senators) is-a 11 Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia 12 Wikipedia 2 not-is-a 2 is-a is-a 11 Wikipedia 13 of, in, to, on, at 248
21 Wikipedia 12 Wikipedia 2 not-is-a (1) 2 X 2 X not-is-a (2) not-is-a 3.5 not-is-a not-is-a 2 2 not-is-a Wikipedia not-is-a Wikipedia
22 Vol. 19 No. 4 December Wikipedia is-a 250
23 Wikipedia 13 Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia ID 14 is-a not-is-a Wikipedia 15 40, ,941 85,353 1,173, , % 2, ,000 JUMAN Ver JUMAN SVM TinySVM , Wikipedia ID Wikipedia Help: 1986 C taku/software/tinysvm/ 251
24 Vol. 19 No. 4 December % Wikipedia NAIST-jene NAIST-jene Wikipedia 11,554 11, ,554 F ,000 1 MeCab MeCab IPA Ver Apple Pie Parser Wikipedia is-a 2,500 1 is-a % 98.8% is-a 4.2 is-a is-a (2010) Wikipedia Pie Parser
25 Wikipedia one-vs-rest Wikipedia TinySVM is-a is-a (2008) is-a Wikipedia is-a is-a (2008) 14 Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia is-a is-a is-a (2008) 14 (2008) 253
26 Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 is-a is-a JUMAN Ver % 98.1% 96.5% 93.4% Wikipedia 84.5% 34, % 421, % 99% 9 95% 100% % 100%
27 Wikipedia 7 2,500 [%] [%] [%] 99.1 (568/573) 98.8 (568/575) 8, (279/288) 95.9 (279/291) 4, (326/332) 98.8 (326/330) 5, (262/266) (262/262) 4, (80/80) (80/80) 1, (136/138) 95.8 (136/142) 2, (316/328) 98.1 (316/322) 5, (57/59) (57/57) 1, (92/95) 93.9 (92/98) 1, (2116/2159) 98.1 (2116/2157) 34, [%] [%] [%] 97.7 (709/726) 99.0 (709/716) 141, (217/234) 91.6 (217/237) 43, (338/349) 94.2 (338/359) 70, (171/174) 92.4 (171/185) 31, (47/48) 83.9 (47/56) 10, (185/201) 89.8 (185/206) 34, (308/317) 95.7 (308/322) 64, (60/60) 78.9 (60/76) 11, (76/78) 73.8 (76/103) 13, (2111/2187) 93.4 (2111/2260) 421, % 81.5% 95.5% 98.1% 255
28 Vol. 19 No. 4 December MeCab 2. Wikipedia 3. Wikipedia 3 is-a % 70.2% 8 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia 40,385 Wikipedia 20,713 10, Wikipedia 2. Wikipedia 44.4% (25/54)3. Wikipedia 83.6% (102/122) Independent Administrative InstitutionJapan Defense Ship Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia Johnny s Jr. 5.3 is-a is-a 3 not-is-a 8 1,000 [%] [%] F [%] 1. MeCab (75/75) 44.6 (75/168) , Wikipedia 88.9 (24/27) 14.3 (24/168) , Wikipedia 97.1 (102/105) 60.7 (102/168) , (118/124) 70.2 (118/168) , ,964 10,136 Wikipedia 256
29 Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia 95.7% 81.9% is-a 50, % 91.9% is-a 834,474 9 is-a is-a 9 is-a 15.9% 4.7% is-a 10 9 is-a 95.3% 96.6% 96.2% 95.6% 9 is-a 81.9% 91.9% % 95.6%is-a is-a is-a 95% 93% 91% 1. is-a Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia is-a 1 Wikipedia 34, ,000 3, , ,000 25,000 Wikipedia is-a 1 10 part-of 257
30 Vol. 19 No. 4 December is-a 2,500 [%] [%] is-a 95.8 (433/452) 98.9 (433/438) 14, (144/153) 95.4 (144/151) 5, (202/205) 97.1 (202/208) 6, (122/127) 93.1 (122/131) 4, (94/95) 96.9 (94/97) 2, (88/88) 94.6 (88/93) 3, (290/302) 96.7 (290/300) 9, (43/43) 93.5 (43/46) 1, (48/51) 94.1 (48/51) 1, (1464/1536) 96.6 (1464/1515) 50,396 [%] [%] is-a 97.9 (686/701) 98.6 (686/696) 330, (124/136) 91.2 (124/136) 68, (264/267) 94.6 (264/279) 128, (113/118) 96.6 (113/117) 48, (27/27) (27/27) 18, (78/83) 91.8 (78/85) 46, (336/346) 95.2 (336/353) 157, (52/52) 94.5 (52/55) 20, (21/25) 67.7 (21/31) 15, (1701/1769) 95.6 (1701/1779) 834,474 9 is-a is-a 17 is-a 18 is-a 258
31 Wikipedia 10 [%] 8, , , , ,273 43, , , ,134 70, , , ,310 31, , , ,538 10, ,487 34, , , ,094 64, , , ,116 11, ,237 13, , , ,873 2,080 25, , is-a Wikipedia is-a % 5 10 is-a is-a
32 Vol. 19 No. 4 December
33 Wikipedia 11 is-a UFJ AJS 1969 FIFA FIFA 2006 FIFA
34 Vol. 19 No. 4 December is-a is-a &BenQ ABC T. M. Revolution, Rockwell, BOYZ EF Education First 5 2 ALICE VI,, ALICE X, ALICE V, ALICE VII OpenOffice.org, KWord, WordStar, MindManager 262
35 Wikipedia 13 [%] [%] F [%] 91.6 (1863/2034) 82.4 (1863/2260) , (2111/2187) 93.4 (2111/2260) , , , is-a is-a is-a (2008) is-a (2008) is-a 1.9 is-a 263
36 Vol. 19 No. 4 December is-a [%] [%] F [%] 97.6 (1040/1066) 57.7 (1040/1802) , (1475/1542) 81.9 (1475/1802) , ,880 9 is-a is-a 15 is-a [%] [%] F [%] (2008) 93.0 (1268/1363) 67.9 (1268/1867) , (1714/1775) 91.9 (1714/1867) , ,253 9 is-a is-a (2008) is-a 3.6 (2008) is-a (2008) is-a not-is-a 24 is-a is-a 178 (178/1802 = 9.9%) is-a 613 (613/1802 = 34.0%) is-a is-a is-a 16 is-a is-a is-a 27 2 Wikipedia
37 Wikipedia 16 is-a is-a is-a 1999 NASDAQ Amazon.com NHK MAJOR 8 is-a is-a (2008) is-a 61 (61/1865 = 3.3%) is-a 506 (506/1865 = 27.1%) is-a (2008) is-a (2008) is-a 17 is-a (2008) is-a is-a is-a is-a Wikipedia 5 265
38 Vol. 19 No. 4 December (2008) is-a is-a (Mozilla) Firebug is-a IV Met. Ro. Sibley (Sibley) EZ ,500 5 [%] [%] F [%] F a b c d e SVM SVM
39 Wikipedia 19 [%] [%] F [%] (2058/2094) 95.4 (2058/2157) , (2116/2159) 98.1 (2116/2157) , , % 2, , % F
40 Vol. 19 No. 4 December [%] [%] F [%] 95.8 (2022/2111) 89.5 (2022/2260) , (2082/2151) 92.1 (2082/2260) , , [%] [%] F [%] 96.8 (2082/2151) 92.1 (2082/2260) , (2111/2187) 93.4 (2111/2260) , F 0.5 6, % 96.6% 93.0% % 95.0% 94.4% % 2, % 93.5% 100% 80% 93.5% 268
41 Wikipedia ,500 20% 6.3 not-is-a 3 not-is-a is-a is-a is-a F is-a is-a 3 is-a 3 2 is-a F 1.3 F
42 Vol. 19 No. 4 December is-a 2,500 F F is-a is-a is-a 23 is-a 2,500 [%] [%] F [%] F [%] [%] F [%] F is-a is-a F F 3 2 not-is-a 270
43 Wikipedia F F ,500 2 not-is-a 1 3. is-a Wikipedia not-is-a not-is-a 1. is-a not-is-a not-is-a NATO 2. is-a not-is-a not-is-a D part-of 3. is-a not-is-a not-is-a
44 Vol. 19 No. 4 December not-is-a 1 not-is-a part-of 3 not-is-a not-is-a not-is-a is-a 100% is-a is-a 3. not-is-a is-a 25 3 is-a not-is-a 26 3 is-a is-a not-is-a Wikipedia is-a Ponzetto and Strube (2007) Wikipedia is-a not-is-a (2008) Ponzetto and Strube Wikipedia is-a (2010) Infobox is-a is-a is-a 272
45 Wikipedia 25 is-a not-is-a is-a I ve G8 not-is-a is-a r part-of 3 is-a 100% not-is-a is-a C C not-is-a is-a ( 2009) ( De Saeger 2009) Wikipedia is-a is-a SVM is-a Wikipedia % Wikipedia 273
46 Vol. 19 No. 4 December is-a is-a not-is-a is-a not-is-a is-a 100% is-a not-is-a 2 is-a is-a is-a is-a is-a is-a Wikipedia 95.3% 96.6% % 95.6% % Wikipedia ( 2009) % 65% 90% 70% 274
47 Wikipedia 30 (De Saeger 2012) 7.2 Wikipedia Suchanek et al. (Suchanek et al. 2007) YAGO Wikipedia WordNet (synset) YAGO WordNet Wikipedia Wikipedia (2008) YAGO Wikipedia Wikipedia 1 (2010) is-a 31 is-a Wikipedia (2008) (2008) Wikipedia ( 2009) Wikipedia 2 Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a Wikipedia 7.3 Wikipedia Wikipedia (2008) (2009) (2010) CRF Wikipedia is-a (2008) 275
48 Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 (2009) Wikipedia one-vs-rest Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a 7.4 Wikipedia Bizer et al. (2009) Wikipedia Infobox RDF DBpedia DBpedia YAGO (2008) (2010) Infobox Infobox (2008) Wikipedia Infobox 8 Wikipedia 9 1 is-a is-a is-a not-is-a 276
49 Wikipedia not-is-a is-a not-is-a not-is-a is-a is-a is-a 95.3% 96.6% is-a 50, % 95.6% is-a 834,474 Wikipedia 84.5% 34, % 422,000 Wikipedia Wikipedia is-a 95.7% 81.9% 96.6% 91.9% is-a is-a not-is-a is-a is-a Bizer, C., Lehmann, J., Kobilarov, G., Auer, S., Becker, C., Cyganiak, R., and Hellmann, S. (2009). DBpedia-A crystallization point for the web of data. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 7 (3), pp Fellbaum, C. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database (Language, Speech, and Communication). The MIT Press. 277
50 Vol. 19 No. 4 December 2012 (2010). Wikipedia. 16 A1-4. (1997)... (2008).. NL-187-2, pp (2010). Wikipedia. D,, 12, pp (2009).. 15, pp (2010).., 25 (3), pp (2008). Wikipedia Web. (DEWS) A3-2. Ponzetto, S. P. and Strube, M. (2007). Deriving a large scale taxonomy from Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), pp (2008). Wikipedia. 18 Web SIG-SWO-A (2009). Wikipedia. NL Suchanek, F. M., Kasneci, G., and Weikum, G. (2007). Yago: A core of semantic knowledge unifying wordnet and Wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW), pp (2009). Wikipedia. NL-189-9, pp (2009). Wikipedia., 16 (3), pp (2010). Wikipedia. 2009, 25 (5), pp Stijn De Saeger (2009).. 15, pp
51 Wikipedia Stijn DeSaeger (2012). Wikipedia., 19 (1), pp (2008). Wikipedia., 23 (4), pp Wikipedia 1987 ACL (ATR) yamamoto@jnlp.org
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623 2009 Wikipedia Learning a Large Scale of Ontology from Japanese Wikipedia Susumu Tamagawa Shinya Sakurai Takuya Tejima Takeshi Morita Noriaki Izumi Keio University s tamagawa@ae.keio.ac.jp National
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