放射線化学, 103, 1-82 (2017)

Transcription

1 NO Radiation Radial Rays DNA DNA PADC 28 Optimist International Conference on Ionizing Processes ICIP 216 IRaP216 IMRP216 OECD Halden Reactor Project RadTech Asia HOKAER(13)1 82(217)

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3 217 No.13 Radiation Radial Rays , , DNA...,,,,,, DNA PADC,,,,,,,..., -,,, ,,,,, Optimist International Conference on Ionizing Processes ICIP IRaP IMRP

4 OECD Halden Reactor Project RadTech Asia , ( F, TEL , FAX , info@jaacc.jp).,, Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvera, MA1923, USA. TEL (978)75 84, FAX (978) ;

5 Houshasenkagaku (Radiation Chemistry) (13)1 82(217) Biannual Journal of Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry Radiation Chemistry No.13, April 217 Preface Ratiation and Radial Rays vs Fukusha ( ) and Housha-Sen ( )... Shu Seki... 1 Reviews Recent Advances of Radiation Chemistry by Vibration Spectroscopy... Mamoru Fujitsuka and Tetsuro Majima... 3 Topics Introduction of the characteristics and applied studies of thermoluminescence detector... Kiyomitsu Shinsho and Yusuke Koba Electron Beam Source using Semiconductor Photocathodes for Industrial Technologies and its Commercialization... Tomohiro Nishitani Reactivity of an antioxidant, edaravone, with reactive oxygen species and its chemical repair properties against oxidative damage on DNA... Kuniki Hata, Mingzhang Lin, Akinari Yokoya, Kentaro Fujii, Shinichi Yamashita, Yusa Muroya and Yosuke Katsumura Highlights of the 59 th Annual Meeting Secondary structural changes of histone proteins induced by DNA damage... Yudai Izumi Reagent-Free Radiation-Crosslinked Gelatin Hydrogel for Functional Scaffolds... Tomoko G. Oyama Dual stage formation process of the damage in radio-sensitive parts of PADC detector Tamon Kusumoto, Yutaka Mori, Masato Kanasaki, Keiji Oda, Tomoya Yamauchi,... Yoshihide Honda, Sachiko Tojo, Michel Fromm, Jean-Emmanuel Groetz, Satoshi Kodaira, Hisashi Kitamura and Remi Barillon Preparation of an asymmetric membrane by a novel radiation-induced graft polymerization method... Shin-ichi Sawada... 47

6 Development of an experimental system for positive and negative secondary ion mass spectrometry from microdroplets induced by fast heavy ions... Takuya Majima, Kensei Kitajima, Yoshiki Oonishi, Manabu Saito, Hidetsugu Tsuchida and Akio Itoh From Members The commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology for Dr. Masao Tamada... Editorial Committee of JSRC Memory of Dr. Masashi Imamura and Dr. Tadamasa Shida... Editor-in-chief and Editorial Committee of JSRC A prefatory note in the past (volume 19, 1975)... Masashi Imamura A prefatory note in the past (volume 33, 1982)... Masashi Imamura A prefatory note in the past (volume 37, 1984)... Tadamasa Shida... 6 Overseas Report of International Conference on Ionizing Processes (ICIP) Masao Gohdo Report of IRaP Yumi Yamahara Report of IMRP Yuji Ueki Report on secondment to OECD Halden reactor project in Norway... Kuniki Hata News Report of the 59th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry... Mikiko Koushima Report of the 59th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry... Wataru Kanamori Report of the 59th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry... Sayaka Noda Report of JSRC Summer School for Young Scientists... Akihiro Konda Report of the 16th Symposium on Radiation Processing... Shinobu Kinoshita... 7 Report of 216 Fall Meeting of AESJ... Yusa Muroya... 72

7 Report of RadTech Asia Masahiro Furutani Information Announcement of the 6th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry... Kenji Ito Announcements List of Support Members

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9 Radiation Radial Rays Röntgen Radiation Radial Ray 2 Ratiation and Radial Rays vs Fukusha ( ) and Housha- Sen ( ) Shu Seki (Kyoto University), A A4 TEL: , FAX: , seki@moleng.kyoto-u.ac.jp Pressure of Radiation SPOKE Röntgen X-rays ON A NEW KIND OF RAYS Nature, 53 (1896) Röntgen Über eine neue Art von Strahlen 26 Wikipedia 1 14 DNA Radial SPOKE Rayleigh Wien Black Body Radiation Wien Helmholtz Aachen Würtzburg München Lenard Röntgen Wien Rayleigh-Jeans Feature Curie Le Radium 13 (217) 1

10 Pierre Curie Pierre Curie Ising Landau Marie Curie Pierre Curie Lavoisier 1 Boltzmann Diffraction of Cathode Rays by Calcite, Nature, 122 (1928) 726 de Broglie 216 Solvay 7 Positive Universal Comprehensive Versatile 12 2

11 , Pulse radiolysis has been applied to studies on various reaction intermediates, because wide variety of materials can be selectively oxidized or reduced during pulse radiolysis. In many studies, reaction processes of intermediates generated by pulse radiolysis have been followed by transient absorption spectroscopy. On the other hand, vibrational spectroscopy is expected to provide information on molecular structure of reaction intermediates. From this viewpoint we have tried to apply time-resolved resonant Raman (TR 3 ) spectroscopy to pulse radiolysis. In the present paper, we will summarize our recent research results based on TR 3 spectroscopy during pulse radiolysis of various materials including basic organic molecules, π-conjugated oligomers, nucleic acid bases, and proteins. Keywords: vibration spectroscopy, time-resolved resonant Raman, density functional theory, radical ions, radiation chemistry 1 1) 2) Recent Advances of Radiation Chemistry by Vibration Spectroscopy Mamoru Fujitsuka and Tetsuro Majima (ISIR, Osaka University), TEL: , FAX: , majima@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp 1.5 μm Raman Brookhaven Wishart 3, 4) CN Raman Notre Dame 5, 6) Raman 13 (217) 3

12 , Raman Raman Raman Raman time-resolved resonant Raman: TR 3 2 /TR 3 L LINAC 28 MeV 8ns.7 kgy per pulse 1Hz 2mm Ar Ar Raman Nd:YAG 4 ns 532 nm 355 nm Raman 683 nm 416 nm LINAC digital delay generator 12 g/mm ICCD ICCD 5ns 1 TR 3 N 2 O KSCN (SCN) 2 (SCN) 2 48 nm 532 nm TR 3-1 ns ns 1 ns 2 ns 4 ns 6 ns 8 ns 1 ns 12 ns 14 ns 15 ns Figure 1. TR 3 spectra during pulse radiolysis of KSCN (1 mm) in N 2 O-saturated water. (SCN) 2 1 ns TR 3 22 cm 1 44 cm 1 65 cm 1 Fig. 1 S-S (SCN) 2 7) 1 ns TR 3 3 TR 3 TR Raman St cis-trans poly(pphenylenevinylene) PPV StD Fig ) StD PPV TR 3 2 4

13 ' α' 1' 1 α 2' RCH=CHR' 5' 3' St (1) MSt (2) DMSt (3) 4' MOSt (4) 24DMOSt (5) 33DMOSt (6) 34DMOSt (7) 35DMOSt (8) 44DMOSt (9) R C 6 H 5 4-CH 3 C 6 H 4 4-CH 3 C 6 H 4 4-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 2,4-(CH3O)2C 6 H 3 3-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 3,4-(CH3O)2C 6 H 3 3,5-(CH3O)2C 6 H 3 4-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 R' C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 4-CH 3 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 3-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 4-CH 3 OC 6 H 4 Figure 2. Molecular structures of StD. Reprinted with permission from a literature 11). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. 11) Figure 3 St St Raman St St Gaussian 9 St Raman Fig. 3 St 1579 cm 1 Raman Aquino Schatz Raman TDDFT 12) St Fig. 3 St + TR 3 Raman TDDFT Figure 2 StD StD StD + Raman TDDFT (1) StD StD + StD StD + 81 cm 1 89 cm 1 68 cm 1 87 cm 1 (2) (1) StD StD + StD.3 Å.5 Å Figure 3. Raman spectra of St and St. Red and blue bars are theoretically calculated Raman intensities for non-resonance and resonance conditions, respectively. Numbers close to the peaks indicate peak positions. Identifications are also indicated. Reprinted with permission from a literature 11). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. Hammett σ Fig. 4 TR 3 StD TDDFT TR StD 13 (217) 5

14 , Figure 4. Relation between Raman peaks shift (-Δν) upon oxidation (open circles) or reduction (closed circles) and sum of Hammett s σ. Numbers close to the circles indicate the compounds number indicated in Fig. 2. Reprinted with permission from a literature 11). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. Figure 6. Raman spectra of (a) Bp-H, (b) Bp- OH, and (c) Bp-CN in the neutral (black) and radical anion (red) states. Reprinted with permission from a literature 13). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. Figure 5. Molecular structures of Bp-X. Reprinted with permission from a literature 13). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. biphenyl BpH ortho benzene Fig. 5 biphenyl Bp-X TR 3 13) Bp-X DMF Bp-X 4 nm 65 nm TR 3 Bp-X Raman 355 nm 416 nm TR 3 Figure 6 Bp-X Raman 5 ns TR 3 Bp-X Raman Bp-X inter-ring C-C (C1-C1 ) stretching ν cm cm 1 C1-C Å benzene 4 Bp-X ν 6 Δf : 2 cm 1 41 cm 1 Bp-H Δf 41 cm 1 Bp-X Δf Bp-H Δf Hammett σ Fig. 7 Δf 6

15 H n H n R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 H R 2 R2 n R 1 R1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 H R 2R2 n R 1 R R 1 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 2R2 T: n =, R 1 = H TF1: n = 1, R 1 = R 2 = C 6 H 13 TF2: n = 2, R 1 = R 2 = C 6 H 13 TF3: n = 3, R 1 = R 2 = C 6 H 13 TF4: n = 4, R 1 = R 2 = C 6 H 13 n H IT: n =, R 1 = H n H ITF1: n = 1, R 1 = C 2 H 5, R 2 = C 6 H 13 ITF2: n = 2, R 1 = C 2 H 5, R 2 = C 6 H 13 ITF3: n = 3, R 1 = C 2 H 5, R 2 = C 6 H 13 ITF4: n = 4, R 1 = C 2 H 5, R 2 = C 6 H 13 Figure 7. Relation between Δf and Hammett s σ. Reprinted with permission from a literature 13). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. R R R R R Bp-X Bp-H Bp-X C1-C1 Bp-H Bp-H Δf Bp-X Bp-X Bp-X TR TR 3 π- TR 3 R R R R R R R R CITF3 RR RR Figure 8. Molecular structures of TFn, ITFn, and CITF3. Reprinted with permission from a literature 15). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. π- Fig. 8 truxene T isotruxene IT π- T IT 3 π- R: 13 (217) 7

16 , TFn ITFn ) TDDFT TFn ITFn π- CITFn TR 3 15) Figure 9 ITFn ITFn + Raman ITF2 Gaussian 9 B3LYP/6-31G(d) Raman DCE ITFn TR 3 Fig. 9 ITFn + C=C 16 cm 1 8cm 1 11 cm 1 TFn CITFn CITFn: 7 cm 1 13 cm 1 TFn: 8 cm 1 13 cm 1 π- TFn ITFn Figure 1 ITF1 CITF2 ITF1 CITF2 (c) (d) Raman CITFn ITFn (e) (f) CITFn 3.4 Figure 9. Raman spectra of ITFn (black) and ITFn + (red). Reprinted with permission from a literature 15). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. DNA G + N1-H G (-H + ) Fig. 11 TR 3 G + 16) Figure 11 ammonium persulfate G 8

17 振動分光法による放射線化学の新展開 (a) (b) (d) (e) (f) (c) Figure 1. Structural change upon oxidation of ITF1 (a, c, and e) and CITF2 (b, d, and f). In (a) and (b), positive and negative bond length changes upon oxidation are indicated by blue and red numbers close to the bonds (unit: 1 5 Å), respectively. (c, d) Distribution of bond length change. (e, f) Distribution of dihedral angle in the oxidized form. Reprinted with permission from a literature 15). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. 第 13 号 (217) 9

18 , Figure 11. Representative oxidation of G and deprotonation of G +. Reprinted with permission from a literature 16). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. 3 ns 4 nm s 1 ph G (-H + ) G (G + ) TR 3 3 ns 3 μs (G + ) Fig. 12 TR cm 1 C6=O N7 Fig. 13 (G + ) 17, 18) TDDFT 3.5 heme X NMR TR 3 Mb Mb-Fe 3+ metmb Mb-Fe 2+ deoxymb folded form metmb deoxymb mebmb deoxymb urea GdHCl unfolded form guanidine HCl GdHCl heme Figure 12. TR 3 spectra of G during pulse radiolysis. Reprinted with permission from a literature 16). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. TR 3 / metmb folded/unfolded metmb 19) GdHCl.5 M metmb folded 1

19 4 Figure 13. Structures of (G + ). Reprinted with permission from a literature 16). Copyright (217) American Chemical Society. 3.3 μs folded metmb deoxymb GdHCl 2.5 M metmb unfolded deoxymb 8 μs 44 μs Folded metmb TR 3 porphyrin breathing μ cm cm 1 heme H 2 O 5 unfolded metmb TR 3 unfolded deoxymb 1 μs 1379 cm cm 1 5 μs 1379 cm 1 H 2 O 5 Hys H 2 O 6 metmb TR 3 Mb Raman TR 3 π- Raman Jungkweon Choi IBS Dae Won Cho Korea University ) Y. Tabata, Y. Ito, S. Tagawa, CRC Press, Boston, ) M. Fujitsuka, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2 (211) ) D. C. Grills, A. R. Cook, E. Fujita, M. W. George, J. M. Preses, J. F. Wishart, Appl. Spectrosc., 64 (21) ) D. C. Grills, J. A. Farrington, B. H. Layne, J. M. Pre- 13 (217) 11

20 , ses, H. J. Bernstein, J. F. Wishart, Rev. Sci. Instum., 86 (215) ) G. N. R. Tripathi, J. Chem. Phys., 74 (1981) ) G. N. R. Tripathi, R. H. Schuler, J. Chem. Phys., 76 (1982) ) R. Wilbrandt, N. H. Jensen, P. Pagsberg, A. H. Sillesen,K.B.Hansen,R.E.Hester,Chem.Phys.Lett.,6 (1979) ) S. Tojo, K. Morishima, A. Ishida, T. Majima, S. Takamuku, J. Org. Chem., 6 (1995) ) T. Majima, S. Tojo, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku, J. Org. Chem., 61 (1996) ) T. Majima, S. Tojo, A. Ishida, S. Takamuku, J. Phys. Chem., 1 (1996) ) M. Fujitsuka, D.W. Cho, J. Choi, S. Tojo, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119 (215) ) F. W. Aquino, G. C. Schatz, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118 (214) ) J. Choi, D. W. Cho, S. Tojo, M. Fujitsuka, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119 (215) ) M. Fujitsuka, S. Tojo, J.-S. Yang, T. Majima, Chem. Phys., 419 (213) ) M. Fujitsuka, D. W. Cho, S. Tojo, J. Choi, H.-H. Huang, J.-S. Yang, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118 (214) ) J. Choi, C. Yang, M. Fujitsuka, S. Tojo, H. Ihee, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 6 (215) ) M. D. Sevilla, A. Kumar, A. Adhikary, J. Phys. Chem. B, 12 (216) ) J. Choi, C. Yang, M. Fujitsuka, S. Tojo, H. Ihee, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. B, 12 (216) ) J. Choi, S. Tojo, M. Fujitsuka, T. Majima, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 9 (214)

21 Thermoluminescence detectors have several characteristic depending on dose, LET, and other factors. When using thermoluminescence detector in dosimetry, we should consider the range of dose and correction factors sufficiently. On the other hand, glow curve of thermoluminescence detector has much interesting information. The slow heating rate method provides highly reproducible glow curves. Thermoluminescence dosimeters still have potential for many applications. Keywords: thermoluminescence, glow curve, dosimetry, dose dependence, LET dependence 1 Thermoluminescence Fluorescence Phosphorescence X 35 Sir Robert Boyle 1) glimmering light Introduction of the characteristics and applied studies of thermoluminescence detector Kiyomitsu Shinsho (Tokyo Metropolitan University), Yusuke Koba (National Institute of Radiological Sciences), TEL: , FAX: , shinsho@tmu.ac.jp F. Daniels 2) 3 75 %.1 Cs Figure 1 X TL (217) 13

22 , Figure 1. Energy level scheme of thermoluminescence 3). E; electron trap H; hole trap, TL; Thermoluminescence Figure 2. Glow curve by Randall and Wilkins model (First order) Ranadall 4) Randall and Wilkins (First order) model ( I(T) = n exp E ) [ exp s T ( exp E ) ] kt β kt dt I(T) T TL n s (s 1) E (ev) k β Fig Fading Figure 2 %/ T Table kev 4 supralinearity Table Figure 3 Al 2 O 3 :Cr 1 Gy 5 Gy 44 % 4.2 Figure 4 BeO:Na 15 C 2 C 14

23 Table 1. Characteristics of commercial thermoluminescence dosimeters 5). Element Effective Relative intensity Aneeling method Linearity Fading atomic number ( 6 Co-γ ray) ( 6 Co-γ ray) Li 2 B 4 O 7 :Cu Infrared flash 1 Gy 1 %/month (National) BeO: Na C6min.25 Gy 9%/month (National) BeO: Na, Li C6min 1.8 Gy 9%/month (National) LiF C6min 4Gy 5%/year (Harshaw) MgB 4 O 7 :Tb C15min 9Gy (kasei-optonix) Mg 2 SiO 4 :Tb C2min.9 Gy (kasei-optonix) CaSO 4 :Tm C5min.9 Gy 1%/month (National) CaF 2 :Dy %/2week (Harshaw) Fig TL Intensity [arb.] Relative Output [a.u.] Gy 2 Gy 1 Gy 5 Gy 2 Gy 1 Gy Dose [Gy] Figure 3. Dose response curve for X-ray induced TL phosphor Al 2 O 3 :Cr Temperature [ o C] Figure 4. Dose dependent glow curves of BeO:Na TL phosphor BeO:Na. 13 (217) 15

24 , Relative Response per Dose [arb.] CaSO 4 :Tm CaSO 4 : 7 Li BeO C Dose Averaged LET in water [kev/μm] Relative Response per Dose [arb.] H.2 C Dose Averaged LET in water [kev/μm] Figure 5. Dependence of LET on relative TL response per unit dose to several phosphors irradiated with carbon ion beam. Figure 6. Dependence of LET on relative TL response per unit dose to Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu phosphor irradiated with proton and carbon ion beams. 5.1 kev kev, CaF 2 CaSO 4 kev 1 6) LiF BeO 5.2 LET T. Berger M. Hajek 7) HIMAC Figs. 5 6 Figure 5 3 Dose Averaged LET 1 kev/μm 1 kev/μm Fig. 6 Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu Relative Response per Dose [arb.] H He C Ne Ar Dose Averaged LET in water [kev/μm] Figure 7. Relative TL response per unit dose to Al 2 O 3 TL phosphor irradiated with several charged particle beams (H, He, C, Ne and Ar). 16

25 8 8 Relative TL/Dose Li 3 8B 7 O 12 IC7 Geant proton 16 MeV Relative Response [arb.] Li 3 B 7 O 12 IC Geant4 Carbon 29 MeV/u Water Equivalent Depth [mm] Figure 8. Comparative plots of relative dose distribution of proton beam against water equivalent depth, measured with Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu TL phosphor and with an ionization chamber (IC). A dotted curve denotes a simulation result with Geant Water Equivalent Depth [mm] Figure 9. Comparative plots of relative dose distribution of carbon ion beam against water equivalent depth, measured with Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu TL phosphor and with an ionization chamber (IC). A dotted curve denotes a simulation result with Geant4. Glow LET 8) Figure 7 Al 2 O 3 (Chiba Ceramic Mfg. CO, Ltd. A8).5 kev/μm 1 kev/μm 1 % 9 11) QA Quality Assurance 2 CCD 2 12) LET Figures % 6.2 LET LET 13 (217) 17

26 , Photon Counts I M HTR = I s / I M C 13.2 kev/μm 31.5 kev/μm 62. kev/μm 77.2 kev/μm 125 kev/μm 216 kev/μm I S HTR k, γ C Temperature [ o C] Dose Averaged LET in water [kev/μm] Figure 1. Change in glow curve of Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu phosphor irradiated with carbon ion beam of varying LET. Figure 11. LET dependence of the ratio (HTR k,γ ) between HTRs of Li 3 B 7 O 12 :Cu irradiated with carbon ion beam and with gamma ray. LET LET 13 15) HTR High Temperature peak Ratio LET HTR LET Li 3 B 7 O 12 LET Li 3 B 7 O 12 Fig. 1 Figure 1 I S I M HTR HTR HTR HTR k,γ LET Fig. 11 Li 3 B 7 O 12 LET LET 16) 7 1) R. Boyle, Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, Royal Society, 413 (1664). 2) F. Daniels, C. A. Boyd, D. F. Saunders, Science, 117 (1953) ),,, 24 (213) 26. 4) J. T. Randall, M. H. F. Wilkins, Proc. Roy. Soc., A184 (1945) ) : ( 1),. (22). 6) P. Christensen, L. Botter-Jensen, B. Majborn, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 33 (1982) ) T. Berger, M. Hajek, Radiat. Meas., 43 (28) ) Y. Koba, W. Chang, K. Shinsho, S. Yanagisawa, G. Wakabayashi, K. Matsumoto, H. Ushiba, T. Ando, Sensor. Mater., 28 (216) ) P. Olko, Radiat. Meas., 41 (27) S57. 1) P. Olko, P. Bilski, W. Gieszczyk, L. Grzanka, B. Obryk, Radiat. Meas., 46 (211) ) Y. S. Hrowitz, O. Avila, M. Rodriguez-Villafuerte, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 184 (21) ) K. Shinsho, Y. Kawaji, S. Yanagisawa, K. Otsubo, 18

27 Y. Koba, G. Wakabayashi, K. Matsumoto, H. Ushiba, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 111 (216) ) T. Berger, M. Hajek, M. Fugger, N. Vana, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 12 (26) ) P. Bilski, Radiat. Meas., 45 (21) ) P. Bilski, M. Sądel, J. Swakoń, A. Weber, Radiat. Meas., 71 (214) ) W. Chang, Y. Koba, S. Fukuda, G. Wakabayashi, H. Saitoh, K. Shinsho, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 53 (216) (217) 19

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29 / Photo electron Soul Inc. Photocathodes using III-V semiconductors with a negative electron affinity surface (semiconductor photocathodes) have played important roles as highly spin-polarized electron sources in several fields of fundamental science. Semiconductor photocathodes have become technologically advanced in the field of high-energy accelerators. Semiconductor photocathodes have versatile beam performance in that the beam current and emission area are tunable by adjusting the laser power and size, the beam structure is given a pulse profile by using pulsed laser irradiation, and a spin-polarized electron beam is generated by circularly polarized laser irradiation. Thus, semiconductor photocathodes provide a quality electron source for not only high-energy accelerators but also applications such as electron microscopy, processing, inspection and 3D printing. Keywords: surface photocathode, III-V semiconductor, NEA Electron Beam Source using Semiconductor Photocathodes for Industrial Technologies and its Commercialization Tomohiro Nishitani (Nagoya University Synchrotron Radiation Research Center / Photo electron Soul Inc.), TEL: , FAX: , t.nishitani@nusr.nagoya-u.ac.jp ) 2) 25 GaAs 3) 4) InGaN 5) Negative Electron Affinity: NEA 13 (217) 21

30 西谷 智博 表面の劣化にともない 量子効率が低下するという寿 であるとき 負の表面電子親和力状態が成立する 9) 命問題を抱える それゆえ その機能性表面の高耐久 化 すなわち長時間維持する NEA 表面の研究 開発が χeff = χ φd φb 半導体フォトカソードの産業技術への拡大の鍵を握っ ている 2 半導体フォトカソードからの電子放出 半導体フォトカソードは 負の電子親和力表面 NEA 表面 を利用している 半導体フォトカソードからの 電子ビーム生成は Fig. 1 に示すように 半導体へ励 起光を入射し電子を価電子帯から伝導帯へ励起する励 起過程 伝導帯へ励起された電子が表面へと拡散する 拡散過程 表面まで到達した電子が表面障壁をトンネ ルし 真空中へ脱出する脱出過程の 3 ステップモデル (1) NEA 表面の作成方法は 超高真空中で半導体表面を 清浄化した後に 半導体へ光照射しながら 半導体か ら発生する光電流が最大になるようにセシウム蒸着と 酸素を交互に付加する経験的手法 Fig. 2 を用いてい る NEA 表面状態の良否の判定方法は 入射光子数 に対する真空に取り出した電子数の割合 量子効率 Quantum Efficiency を指標としている このような半導体上の NEA 表面を構成するセシウ ムや酸素の結合状態など基礎的理解はまだ十分に得ら れていない その表面状態のモデルとして Fig. 3 に で説明できる 6, 7) 半導体フォトカソード上に NEA 表面状態を作るた ンドベンディングの量 φb だけ押し下げられている 状態になる この半導体にセシウムと酸素を交互に付 加させると 表面の真空準位はさらに押し下げられる 押し下げられる量を φd とする 8) この時 半導体の 表面電子親和力 χeff は式 (1) で表され 伝導帯底より真 potential energy φb χ x Photoexcitateion Conduction eband Band gap Vacuum Valence band Diffusion Tunneling φd χeff 1-6 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O2 Cs O Time (minute) Figure 2. Time evolution of quantum yield of a GaAs semiconductor during surface treatment by alternatively depositing cesium and oxygen in ultra high vacuum. Cs Cs Cs Ga Ga Ga Cs Cs Cs O O O Ga Ga Ga Vacuum level Excitation light NEA surface Figure 1. The potential structure around a surface of a p-type III-V semiconductor with an NEA surface 空準位が低いポテンシャルエネルギー状態 χeff < Semiconductor 1-6 Pressure (Pa) 低エネルギー側へ曲がるバンドベンディング現象が発 生する それにともない 半導体表面の真空準位はバ Quantum Efficiency めに次のようなプロセスが必要である p 型半導体の 表面では フェルミ準位のピンニングによりバンドが As As Ga G a As A s As As As As Ga G a Ga G a Ga G a As A s As As Ga Ga Ga Ga Figure 3. The NEA-surface diagram on a GaAs semiconductor that assumes electric dipole formed by cesium and gallium atoms. 放 射 線 化 学

31 1 12) GaAs NEA H 2 O CO 2 13, 14) 3 NEA GaAs H 2 O CO CO 2 NEA φ d NEA φ d χ φ b NEA χ eff < GaAs χ = 4.7 ev AlGaAs χ = 3.76 ev Al =.28 GaAs 1 15) GaAs p mev φ b 1/2 GaN p GaN InGaN 16) Figure 4 Fig Pa Pa 2 p-gaas p-gan p-ingan Pa GaAs 6 InGaN 42 GaN Pa GaAs 3 InGaN GaN 3 GaAs InGaN GaN AlGaAs 4 CEBAF FEL 4.1 GaAs GaN GaAs Pa 3 InGaN Pa 42 GaN 13 (217) 23

32 Quantum Efficiency Pa Pa GaAs: = 6. hours InGaN: = 42 hours GaN: = 11 hours Quantum Efficiency Pa GaAs = 3 hours InGaN > 3 hours GaN > 3 hours Time (hour) Figure 4. Decrease in quantum yield of photocathodes using GaAs, InGaN and GaN in base pressure of Pa. Lifetimes of GaAs, InGaN and GaN are 6. hours, 42 hours and 11 hours respectively. 16,17) Time (hour) Figure 5. Decrease in quantum yield of photocathodes using GaAs, InGaN and GaN in base pressure of Pa. Lifetime of GaAs is 3 hours. Quantum efficiency of InGaN and GaN are maintained the initial value over 3 hours. 16,17) GaAs FEL GaAs 1 1 Pa 5 8 L/s 4.2 NEA NEA NEA NEA NEA Fig. 6 1nA 5 5 kev 1 kv 24

33 5keV Photocathode electron gun Differential pumping JEM12EX Figure 6. The compact photocathode electron gun developed in Nagoya University. Figure 7. Transmission electron microscope (JEM12EX) with the compact photocathode electron gun. 12EX Fig. 7 Photo electron Soul Inc. 3D 5 4 3D 5.1 Photo electron Soul Inc. CEO Photo electron Soul Inc NEDO Technology Commercialization Program TCP TCP 13 (217) 25

34 5.2 Fig VB VB VB VB VB 3 Change The World Market Manufacturer Distributor End Users Challenges and Solutions Licence Investment OEM Return ODM Figure 8. Organizational interactions involving universities, venture companies and foundries that result in successful commercialization of research and technology for survival in competitive markets. VB 6 AlGaAs GaN 2 JST 1) SLD Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett., 7 (1993)

35 2) G. R. Neil, C. L. Bohn, S. V. Benson, G. Biallas, D. Douglas, H. F. Dylla, R. Evans, J. Fugitt, A. Grippo, J. Gubeli, R. Hill, K. Jordan, R. Li, L. Merminga, P. Piot, J. Preble, M. Shinn, T. Siggins, R. Walker, B. Yunn, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84 (2) ) JST ) JST ) D. A. Orlov, U. Weigel, D. Schwalm, A. S. Terekhov, A. Wolf, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 532 (24) ) W. E. Spicer, A. Herrera-Gomez, Modern theory and applications of photocathodes, SLAC-PUB-636 (1993). 7) W. E. Spicer, Phys. Rev., 112 (1958) ) W. E. Spicer, Appl. Phys., 12 (1977) ) N. Takahashi, S. Tanaka, M. Ichikawa, Y. Q. Cai, M. Kamada, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 66 (1997) ) C. Y. Su, W. E. Spicer, I. Lindau, J. Appl. Phys., 54 (1983) ) A. H. Sommer, H. H. Whitaker, B. F. Williams, Appl. Phys. Lett., 17 (197) ) A. Era, M. Tabuchi, T. Nishitani, Y. Takeda, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 298 (211) ) H. Iijima, M. Kuriki, Y. Masumoto, Proceedings of International Particle Accelerator Conference (211) ) N. Chanlek, J. D. Herbert, R. M. Jones, L. B. Jones, K. J. Middleman, B. L. Militsyn, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 47 (214) ) T. Nishitani, R. Hajima, H. Iijima, R. Nagai, M. Sawamura, N. Kikuzawa, N. Nishimori, E. Minehara, M. Tabuchi, Y. Noritake, H. Hayashitani, Y. Takeda, Proceedings of International Free Electron Laser Conference (26) ) T. Nishitani, M. Tabuchi, H. Amano, T. Maekawa, M. Kuwahara, T. Meguro, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 32 (214) 6F91. 17) EB (Eds.) (216). 215 Photo electron Soul Inc (217) 27

36 28

37 DNA, Reactivity of edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin- 5-one), which is known to show high antioxidative properties, with oxidative species, such as hydroxyl radical ( OH) and azide radical (N 3 ), was investigated by a pulse radiolysis experiment, and generation behavior of edaravone radicals produced through these reactions were observed. It was shown that OH-adducts are produced by the reaction with OH in contrast to the other oxidative radicals, which react with edaravone by an electron transfer reaction. Chemical repair properties of edaravone against DNA lesions produced by reactions of DNA with oxidative species were also investigated by a pulse radiolysis experiment with deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dgmp) and a γ-radiolysis experiment with plasmid DNA solutions. It was observed that edaravone reduced dgmp radicals just after produced in a dilute aqueous solution. As a result of the experiment with plasmid DNA solutions, it was also found that edaravone inhibited some base lesions more effectively than single strand breaks. These Reactivity of an antioxidant, edaravone, with reactive oxygen species and its chemical repair properties against oxidative damage on DNA Kuniki Hata (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), Mingzhang Lin (University of Science and Technology of China), Akinari Yokoya and Kentaro Fujii (National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology), Shinichi Yamashita ( The University of Tokyo), Yusa Muroya (Osaka University), Yosuke Katsumura (Japan Radioisotope Association), TEL: , FAX: , hata.kuniki@jaea.go.jp results show that edaravone may protect living system from oxidative stress, such as radiation, by not only scavenging oxidative species but also reducing precursors of DNA leisons. Keywords: antioxidant, edaravone, reactive oxygen species, chemical repair, DNA damage 1 ROS Reactive Oxygen Species ROS O 2 OH H 2 O 2 1 O 2 ROS DNA antioxidant ROS ROS C ROS 13 (217) 29

38 ,,,,,, Figure 1. Chemical structures of edaravone in water 6). ROS ROS ROS 1) LH ROS LOO DNA DNA chemical repair fast repair 2, 3) 3-methyl-1-phenyl- 2-pyrazolin-5-one Fig. 1 ROS ROS 4, 5) 2 Figure 1 - pk a 7. Figure 2. Transitent absorption spectra obtained at 1.5 μs after irradiation of an electron pulse to N 2 O-saturated edaravone solutions. Open symbols are the result of a solution containing mol dm 3 edaravone, and closed symbols are the result of a solution containing mol dm 3 edaravone and mol dm 3 NaN 3. The ph of the solutions is 9.2 8). 7) OH 1 ns 6, 8) OH N 3 SO 4 Br 2 N 3 3 OH OH N 2 O 9) N 3 Br 2 NaN 3 NaBr N 2 O OH N 3 Br SO 4 K 2 S 2 O 8 Ar 3

39 DNA Figure 3. Possible reactions of edaravone with oxidative radicals 8). 1) OH N μs Fig. 2 8) μs OH 345 nm 7 8 nm N 3 ph ph OH 32 nm OH ph (8.5±.4) 1 9 dm 3 mol 1 s 1 OH 1,3-dimethyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one OH N 3 OH Fig. 3 8) 3 DNA 1 dgmp deoxyguanosine monophosphate 6) ROS dgmp dgmp 3) OH N 2 O mol dm 3 dgmp mol dm 3 1 μs 8 μs Fig. 4(a) Fig. 4(b) 1 μs 3 nm dgmp Figure 4 (b) dgmp 36 nm dgmp 35 nm 13 (217) 31

40 ,,,,,, 345 nm (2.6 ±.1) 1 3 dm 3 mol 1 cm 1 1) dgmp 35 nm dgmp 35 nm dgmp dgmp dm 3 mol 1 s 1 dgmp dm 3 mol 1 s dm 3 mol 1 s 1 2) DNA Anderson DNA DNA 11) DNA DNA DNA SSB Single Strand Break DSB Double Strand Break DNA DNA Anderson OH DNA DNA 6) Anderson DNA 6, 12) SSB Figure 4. Transitent absorption spectra obtained at 1 μs (closed symbols) and 8 μs (open symbols) after irradiation of an electron pulse to N 2 O-saturated aqueous solutions containing mol dm 3 dgmp and (a) mol dm 3 edaravone and (b) mol dm 3 ascorbic acid 6). 3 Endonuclease III Nth 32

41 DNA G/G 4 Figure 5. Ratios of the chemical yields of prompt SSBs and of Nth-, Fpg-, Nfo-sensitive sites produced on the DNA in aqueous solution containing edaravone at several concentrations (G) to the chemical yields of the DNA break and the base lesions obtained in the absence of edaravone (G ). 6) Formamidopyrimidine-DNA-glycosylase Fpg Endonuclease IV Nfo AP OH Fig. 5 6) OH OH DNA 1 μmol dm 3 Nfo SSB dgmp Fpg Fpg Nth OH dgmp DNA 5) ROS 1) N. A. Porter, S. E. Caldwell, A. Mills, Lipids, 3 (1995) ) C. Zhao, Y. Shi, W. Wang, W. Lin, B. Fan, Z. Jia, S. Yao, R. Zheng, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63 (22) ) P. O Neill, Radiat. Res., 96 (1983) ) K. Anzai, M. Furuse, A. Yoshida, A. Matsuyama, T. Moritake, K. Tsuboi, N. Ikota, J. Radiat. Res., 45 (24) (217) 33

42 ,,,,,, 5) N. Sasano, A. Enomoto, Y. Hosoi, Y. Katsumura, Y. Matsumoto, K. Shiraishi, K. Miyagawa, H. Igaki, K. Nakagawa, J. Radiat. Res., 48 (27) ) K. Hata, A. Urushibara, S. Yamashita, M. Lin, Y. Muroya, N. Shikazono, A. Yokoya, H. Fu, Y. Katsumura, J. Radiat. Res., 56 (215) 59. 7) Y. Yamamoto, T. Kuwahara, K. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, Redox Rep., 2 (1996) ) K.Hata,M.Lin,Y.Katsumura,Y.Muroya,H.Fu,S. Yamashita, H. Nakagawa, J. Radiat. Res., 52 (211) 15. 9) J. W. T. Spinks, R. J. Woods, An Introduction to Radiation Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, ) M. Lin, Y. Katsumura, K. Hata, Y. Muroya, K. Nakagawa, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 89 (27) ) R. F. Anderson, C. Amarasinghe, L. J. Fisher, W. B. Mak, J. E. Packer, Free Rad. Res., 33 (2) ) K. Hata, A. Urushibara, S. Yamashita, N. Shikazono, A. Yokoya, Y. Katsumura, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 434 (213) Universite de Paris-Sud MRC

43 59 DNA 1 DNA H2A H2B H3 H4 2 DNA DNA H2AX 2 % 25 % H2A DNA 1) DNA X DNA Circular Dichroism; CD 2, 3) 2 CD CD DNA RNA Secondary structural changes of histone proteins induced by DNA damage Yudai Izumi (Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University), TEL: , FAX: , izumi-yudai@hiroshima-u.ac.jp α- β- 3 4) CD CD CD CD 3 HeLa-S.FUCCI 4 Gy X DNA DNA 3 Histone Purification Kit Active Motif 13 (217) 35

44 H2A-H2B H3-H4 4 Figure 1. CD spectra of (a) H2A-H2B and (b) H3-H4 extracted from unirradiated (thin line) and irradiated (thick line) cells. H2A H2B H2A-H2B H3 H4 H3-H4 25 mm NaF 1 mm Tris-HCl buffer ph 8. CD H2A-H2B SOLEIL DISCO 5) H3-H4 HiSOR BL-12 6) SELCON3 7 1) CD Figure 1 H2A-H2B H3-H4 CD 19 nm 28 nm 222 nm α- H2A-H2B H3-H4 α DNA 11) H2A-H2B Fig. 1(a) H3-H4 Fig. 1(b) CD X H2A-H2B H3-H4 H2A-H2B H3-H4 X CD 12) CD X DNA CD Table 1 H2A-H2B α % 63.5 % H3-H4 Table 1. Contents of secondary structures as obtained using the SELCON3 program. (U) and (I) indicate the samples extracted from unirradiated and irradiated cells, respectively. Structure Content (%) H2A-H2B (U) H2A-H2B (I) H3-H4 (U) H3-H4 (I) α-helix β-strand Turn Unordered

45 DNA H2A-H2B X α % 48.3 % H2A-H2B H3-H4 DNA DNA DNA 5 CD DNA DNA CD M2 Drs. Frank Wien Matthieu Réfrégiers Synchrotron SOLEIL Profs. Chantal Houée-Lévin Sandrine Lacombe Dr. Erika Porcel Mses. Daniela Salado-Leza Rawand Masoud Prof. Marie-Anne Hervé du Penhoat Initial Processes of Radiation Effects on Genome Stability M.-A. Hervé du Penhoat B JP15K1613 CD SOLEIL , HiSOR 13-B A A-48 1) C. R. Hunt et al., Radiat. Res., 179 (213) ) Y. Izumi et al., Biophys. J., 111 (216) 69. 3) Y. Izumi et al., J. Radiat. Res., 58 (217) 59. 4) ORD CD ) M. Réfrégiers et al., J. Synchrotron Rad., 19 (212) ) M. Sawada et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 425 (213) ) N. Sreerama et al., Protein Sci., 8 (1999) 37. 8) N. Sreerama, R. W. Woody, Anal. Biochem., 287 (2) ) K. Matsuo et al., J. Biochem., 135 (24) 45. 1) K. Matsuo et al., J. Biochem., 138 (25) ) C. A. Davey et al., J. Mol. Biol., 319 (22) ) Y. Izumi et al., Radiat. Res., 184 (215) (217) 37

46 38

47 C 1 kgy 5 C 1) 5 C 3 RX-GS Fig. 1 1 wt% RX-GS RX-GS 2 5 C Type A 2 C 6 Co γ 1 kgy/h Reagent-Free Radiation-Crosslinked Gelatin Hydrogel for Functional Scaffolds Tomoko G. Oyama (National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology), TEL: , ohyama.tomoko@qst.go.jp Figure 1. Gel fraction and compressive modulus of the RX-GS. 13 (217) 39

48 Figure 2. Optical microscope images of HeLa cells cultured on PS dish (left) and on RX-GS with the compressive modulus of approximately 4 kpa (right), respectively. Figure 3. Optical microscope images of HeLa cells cultured on RX-GS with the surface profile of φ5 μm pillers (left) and 2 μm 1:1 lines and spaces (right). 2) kpa RX-GS QB-NIL QB-NIL 3, 4) γ RX-GS 4 RX-GS HeLa Figure 2 PS 4 kpa RX-GS HeLa PS RX-GS 3 PS RX-GS HeLa RX-GS QB-NIL RX-GS HeLa Fig. 3 5 μm 2 μm RX-GS HeLa RX-GS 5 QB-NIL RX-GS JSPS B ) K. Haema, T. G. Oyama, A. Kimura, M. Taguchi, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 13 (214) ) A. J. Engler, S. Sen, H. L. Sweeney, D. E. Discher, Cell, 126 (26) ) S. Okubo, N. Nagasawa, A. Kobayashi, T. G. Oyama, M. Taguchi, A. Oshima, S. Tagawa, M. Washio, Appl. Phys. Express, 5 (212) ) 19 EB

49 59 PADC,,,,, -, 1 PADC CR-39 PADC 1) PADC Dual stage formation process of the damage in radio-sensitive parts of PADC detector Tamon Kusumoto (Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University & Institute Pluridisiplinaire Hubert Curien), Yutaka Mori, Masato Kanasaki, Keiji Oda and Tomoya Yamauchi (Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University), Yoshihide Honda and Sachiko Tojo (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Reseach, Osaka University), Michel Fromm and Jean-Emmanuel Groetz (Universite de Bourgogne- Franche-Comte), Satoshi Kodaira and Hisashi Kitamura (National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Techology), Remi Barillon (Institute Pluridisiplinaire Hubert Curien), TEL: , FAX: ,, yamauchi@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp 3 PADC CH CH 2nm Fig ev/nm 12, ev/nm G 1, 2) Figure 1 PADC CH 3) 8 ev/nm 8 ev/nm 2nm PADC 2 13 (217) 41

50 ,,,,,,,, -,,, 2 Figure 1. Effective track core radius for loss of ether, C=O and CH as a function of the stopping power 3). Inset is a repeat unit of PADC. 216 The Physical Society of Japan (Ref. 3). CH 8 ev/nm PADC 17 ev/nm PADC 7 MeV.54 scissions/nm.21 nm PADC PADC 2 28 MeV 3 μm PADC PADC 1 μm BARYOTRAK 15 μm L- 28 MeV 2mm CTA FTR-125 4) PADC.3 ev/nm Ti IRT-5 IRT μm 2 FT/IR61S 2cm 3 Figure 2 CH 3) CH electrons/cm electrons/cm electrons/cm 2 X 222 nm 5) 42

51 PADC Relative absorbance: A/A Single-hit zone Multi-hits zone Ether C=O CH OH.8 1x1 15 2x1 15 3x1 15 4x1 15 5x1 15 6x1 15 Fluence (electrons/cm 2 ) Figure 2. The reduction of the relative absorbance (left axis) and generation of OH groups in PADC (right axis) 3). 216 The Physical Society of Japan (Ref. 3) Changes in absorbance: A-A G value (scissions/1 ev) MeV electron Proton He Ether Xe Kr Fe Ne Ar Stopping power (ev/nm) Figure 3. Radiation chemical yield for loss of ether against the stopping power 3). 216 The Physical Society of Japan (Ref. 3). C 2 Single-hit zone Multi-hits zone (1) 1 A/A = 1 σ i F (1).23 nm G G 7 MeV Fig. 3 3).5 scissions/nm G CH Multi-hits zone 6).45 nm 2 Multi-hits zone Single-hit zone Multi-hits zone 2 Single-hit zone Multi-hits zone Figure 4 G 28 MeV G Single-hit zone 1 ev 1 Multi-hits zone 7 MeV PADC Single-hit zone 13 (217) 43

52 ,,,,,,,, -,,, G value (scissions/1 ev) MeV electron Multi-hits zone Proton He C=O 28 MeV electron Single-hit zone Stopping power (ev/nm) C Ne Kr Fe Xe Ar Figure 4. Radiation chemical yield for loss of C=O against the stopping power 3). 216 The Physical Society of Japan (Ref. 3). Figure 5. Layer structure of C ion track in PADC with an incident energy of 4.8 MeV/n. Figure 5 C CH PADC 2 CH PADC 28 MeV X G electrons/cm 2 X 28 MeV G 7 MeV G Single-hit zone 1 ev 1 Multi-hits zone 7 MeV PADC Geant4- DNA Geant4-DNA 7.4 ev 2 2 PADC 44

53 PADC 1) Y. Mori, T. Yamauchi, M. Kanasaki, Y. Maeda, K. Oda, S. Kodaira, T. Konishi, N. Yasuda, R. Barillon., Radiat. Meas., 46 (211) ) T. Kusumoto, Y. Mori, M. Kanasaki, R. Ikenaga, K. Oda, S. Kodaira, H. Kitamura, R. Barillon, T. Yamauchi, Radiat. Meas., 87 (216) 35. 3) T. Kusumoto, Y. Mori, M. Kanasaki, K. Oda, S. Kodaira, Y. Honda, S. Tojo, R. Barillon, T. Yamauchi, JPS Conf. Proc., 11 (216) 11. 4) K. Oda, K. Yoshida, T. Yamauchi, Y. Honda, T. Ikeda, S. Tagawa, Radiat. Meas., 28 (1997) 85. 5) A. Sakamoto, Y. Mori, M. Kanasaki, T. Yamauchi, K. Oda, Review of the Faculty of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 7 (21) 87. 6) T. Yamauchi, Radiat. Meas., 36 (23) (217) 45

54 46

55 59 1 H 2 O H + + OH H + + OH H 2 O 1) 2) / 3, 4) Preparation of an asymmetric membrane by a novel radiationinduced graft polymerization method Shin-ichi Sawada (National Institutes of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology), TEL: , sawada.shinnichi@qst.go.jp / / 2 Figure 1 ETFE Ar γ 15 kgy 2 SSS AA CMS 6 C 6 SSS AA CMS 6 SSS AA TMA 8 CMS (217) 47

56 Figure 1. Scheme for preparation of a bipolar membrane by radiation-induced asymmetric grafting technique. SEM X EDX % 5 μm 6 μm 4 SEM EDX S Cl Fig. 2 S Cl 4 Figure 2 SSS/AA CMS 48 μm 19 μm SSS/AA CMS CMS SSS/AA ETFE SSS/AA Figure 2. Cross-sectional SEM image and distribution of sulfur and chlorine in the transverse plane of the bipolar membrane measured by EDX. Na + Cl 35.5 % 4.29 mmol/g.98 mmol/g.43 mmol/g 48

57 4 1) X. Tongwen, Resour. Conserv. Recy., 37 (22) 1 2) X. Peng, S. Xu, P. C. Lu, N. Sui, Y. Djilali, J. Xiang, J. Power Sources, 299 (215) 273 3) ) (217) 49

58 5

59 59,,,,, 1 1) Development of an experimental system for positive and negative secondary ion mass spectrometry from microdroplets induced by fast heavy ions Takuya Majima,KenseiKitajima, Yoshiki Oonishi, Manabu Saito, Hidetsugu Tsuchida andakioitoh (Kyoto University), TEL: , majima@nucleng.kyoto-u.ac.jp 2) 2 2MV Fig. 1 3) 1MeV H + 2MeV C Pa 1MeVH + H + SSD 2 MeV C (217) 51

60 ,,,,, (a) MCP path length traveled in EtOH / μm MeV ion chopping deflector TOF spectrometer 8 (a) ~ 34 mrad four-jaw slits skimmer aerodynamic lens aperture glass capillary ions e - ceratron θ droplet FC SSD counts counts (b) with droplet ~ mrad w/o droplet incident beam (1. MeV H + ) (b) 1st stage ~1 1 Pa 2nd stage ~1-2 Pa MeV ions collision chamber ~1-4 Pa energy / MeV.8 Figure 2. 1 MeV H + (a) θ = 34 mrad (b) 1. ~1 5 Pa glass capillary droplets liq.n 2 trap 1) (a) Published under licence in Journal of Physics: Conference Series by IOP Publishing Ltd. aerodynamic lens aperture skimmer top view Figure 1. (a) (b) 1) Published under licence in Journal of Physics: Conference Series by IOP Publishing Ltd. FC

61 2-MeV C 2+ (a) normalized intensity normalized intensity EtOH droplets (electron-trigger mode) (b) 1 1 H + H 3 O + 1 C + N N C N n = mass / charge N 2 + (EtOH) n H (EtOH)H + (C 2 H 5 ) 2 OH + EtOH + EtO + C 4 H 9 O + C 2 O + x mass / charge lower threshold higher threshold 3 7 (EtOH) 2 H Figure 3. 2 MeV C 2+ 2 (b) 1) Published under licence in Journal of Physics: Conference Series by IOP Publishing Ltd. 3 1MeVH + 2 kev SRIM28 4) 25 μm Fig. 3 2 (EtOH) n H + 1eV 75 Figure 3(b) 1.8 EtOH + 13 (217) 53

62 ,,,,, H 3 O + H 3 O + EtOH + (EtOH)H + 75 (C 2 H 5 ) 2 OH (EtOH) n (C 2 H 5 O) 5) 4 2 MeVC ) T. Majima, K. Kitajima, T. Nishio, H. Tsuchida, A. Itoh, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 635 (215) ) M. Kaneda, M. Shimizu, T. Hayakawa, Y. Iriki, H. Tsuchida, A. Itoh, J. Chem. Phys., 132 (21) ) A. Gañán-Calvo, Phys. Rev. Lett., 8 (1998) ) J. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersakc, M. D. Ziegler, SRIM28, available from 5) K. Kitajima, M. Majima, Y. Oonishi, M. Saito, H. Tsuchida, in preparation. 54

63 28 QST IAEA/RCA RCA IAEA/RCA RCA IAEA IAEA/RCA QST IAEA 15 1 m 3 / IAEA IAEA IAEA 13 (217) 55

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66 Optimist optimist perturbation optimist optimistic 1 1 Optimist 1 1 pulse optimist No.18 p.14 G. W Robinson While radiation chemistry data proliferate the literature, whatis really needed does not exist inferiority complex p.31 optimist. Koran background 1 optimist

67 56 12 time-dependent (217) 59

68 Japanese Symposiumon Radiation Chemistry Symposium discussion debate 2 verbal address address

69 International Conference on Ionizing Processes ICIP 216 ICIP 216 Brookhaven National Laboratory, BNL Gordon Research Conference (GRC) GRC on Radiation Chemistry ICIP GRC on Radiation Chemistry 214 GRC 3 1 GRC 2 14 GRC 1 BNL Wishart GRC 216 N.Y. Cheesecake N.Y. Cheesecake N.Y. ICIP 216 N.Y. Cheesecake 5 BNL DOE United States Department of Energy Wishart Long Island Aquarium BNL 5 National Synchrotron Light Source II NSLS-II Center for Functional Nanomaterials CFN Accelerator Center for Energy Research ACER ACER picosecond Laser-Electron Accelerator Facility LEAF 2 MeV electron Van de Graaff CFN BNL CFN NSLS-II 13 (217) 61

70 PI principal investigator GRC ICIP 2 Mohamad NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology ICIP. Long Island Riverhead Long Island North Fork South Fork ( ) IRaP Ionizing Radiation and Polymers 216 IRaP IRaP γ 62

71 7km Belambra Club Natacha Betz Betz IRaP PVdF γ PVdF WAXS Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction SEM Scanning Electron Microscope Betz Janusz M. Rosiak IRaP216 Rosiak IRaP216 IRaP 218 ( ) 13 (217) 63

72 IMRP The Westin Bayshore Vancouver IMRP216 18th International Meeting on Radiation Processing iia International Irradiation Association 1 IMRP Welcome Reception 8 iia John Masefield 8 Radiation Technology s Global Role in Healthcare and Development 7 8 e-poster e-poster e-poster γ 15 X Closing Session 216 Laureate Award Scientific Laureate: M. I. Al-Sheikhly Business Laureate: Z. Xianghua Poster Award L. V. Abad B. McEvoy W. Wangsgard 11 Post-Conference Activities TRIUMF Iotron Industries Canada Inc 2 The Security of Gamma Irradiation Facilities used for Industrial and Research Irradiation and Sterilisation 6 64

73 19 IMRP 219 Strasbourg ( ) OECD Halden Reactor Project 27 5 OECD/NEA Halden Reactor Project HRP 1 HRP IFE: Institutt for Energiteknikk HBWR: Halden Boiling Water Reactor IFE IASCC: Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking IASCC BWR PWR 1 3 IASCC 211 JAEA IFE Torill M. Karlsen. ( ) 13 (217) 65

74 DNA DNA FNCA FNCA FNCA 4 3 PVA-KI LET PADC 11 1 ( ) PEFC NaCl 66

75 2 DNA LET 41 1 γ NaNO 3 LET Ag EUV 1. 3 ( ) Ar KI I 2 MeV 13 (217) 67

76 Cs 1 2 Ce:Gd 2 SiO SPNT Single Particle Nanofabrication Technique STLiP Single Particle Triggered Linear Polymerization ( )

77 2 12 LET G DDS ph B4 M1 Google drive ( B3oACSX9jnW9VGtRVZwODYzbDg?usp=sharing) 1. ( ) 13 (217) 69

78 RI RANS QST X 4 X Photo electron Soul GaAs 2 1 ISS CALET Calorimetric Electron Telescope 3 Nd Nd Dy 7

79 EUV EUV MGS SiC γ QST 3 QST MeV C 6 QST 6 5 QST RI 5 QST PET 2 α 223 Ra 223 Ra QST α 211 At α 211 At BNCT BNCT QST (217) 71

80 ( ) F 1F 4 SARRY MRRS Kurion 69 PWR SCC 1F HD 3 SARRY MRRS GE 3 IRID/ 72

81 IRID/JAEA IRID/JAEA (U, Zr)O 2 SUS B 4 C 2 ( ) RadTech Asia RadTech Asia 216 Get Together Party 2 Opening Ceremony Area Overview Keynote Lecture UV DUV LED LD Innovation Challenges with New UV/EB Technologies UV EB LED 3-D Coffee Break Exhibition UV 2 13 (217) 73

82 Closing Remarks 11 7 ( ) 74

83 AMRC@aist.go.jp ( ) 13 (217) 75

84 : 2: 3 KEK KEK ESR 8. ICIP

85 RI RI web web (217) 77

86 NHV 78

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90 13 WEB jsrc@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp TEL: , FAX: