SUMMARY The Chamorro, the indigenous people in Guam, were the first group of people with whom European colonists and missionaries came in contact in t

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1 Chamorro, KEY WORDS Ancestor veneration, Catholic, Chamorro, Herb doctor, Inculturation

2 SUMMARY The Chamorro, the indigenous people in Guam, were the first group of people with whom European colonists and missionaries came in contact in the Pacific. The first missionaries systematically suppressed their culture to control and civilize them. Since then Catholicism has exercised strong influence on Chamorro culture. Today, though it seems that the Chamorro have completely become faithful Catholics, we can still find the remnants of their own traditional belief when they face such a crisis as an incurable disease. Inculturation between the indigenous culture and Christianity is the key term of this paper. When the world is characterized by a diversity of distinct values and cultures, the importance of examining the relationships between different cultures cannot be overemphasized.

3 J. Lawrence Cunningham The Ancient Chamorros of Guam Cunningham, Aniti Makahna Kakahna Cunningham

4 Taotaomo na Thompson World Christian Encyclopedia Oxford University Press, World Christian Encyclopedia World Christian Encyclopedia, Ronald Stade Pacific Passages: World Culture and Local Politics in Guam Guam Memorial Hospital Stade,

5 Stade, Suruhana Suruhanu Cirujano Workman, Workman, P. Ann Workman C. Linda Ortiz K. Debbie Quinata I Che cho Suruhana Yan Suruhanu: The Use of Traditional Medicine & Healers on Guam Workman, Workman,

6 Workman, Workman, Workman, Workman Workman,

7 Appendix A: Survey of Religion and Traditional Culture on Guam John F. Kennedy High School: 331 North Marine Drive, Tamuning, Guam th ~ th Grade J.F.K.Tamie H.Jacobs Appendix A Table Table# TableTable Table Table Table Table

8 Table Table Table Table. Table. Table

9 believe in respect Table8.# Table The Elderly Needs Survey Table The Elderly Needs Survey Table8.#14 The Northern Area Health Needs Assesment Survey The Island Health Needs Assesment Survey

10 Workman

11 bother

15 Fr. Eric Forbes pure spirits demons human souls ghosts spirits malevolent spirits

17 World Christian Encyclopedia Oxford University Press, Aniti Taotaomo na

18 Laura Thompson Guam and its People Thompson Workman

19 Appendix ASurvey of Religion and Traditional Culture on Guam Please put the suitable words into ( ), and circle one of the suitable words of [ ]. Date: month( ), date( ), year 2000 The Name of your School : () Grade : ( ) th Your Age on April 1, 2000 : () years old Your Village: () Your Sex: [Male, Female] Place of Birth: [Guam, Other()] Ethnic Origin or Race: [Chamorro, Filipino, White, Black, Other( )] 1. What religion are you currently practicing? [ Roman Catholic, Protestant, Other() ] 2. What is the religion of your family? [Roman Catholic, Protestant, Other( )] 3. How religious are you? [ Very, Somewhat, Not very, Not at all ] 4. How closely do you identify with being a member of your religious group? [Very, Somewhat, Not very, Not at all ] 5. How important is religion in your life? [ Very, Somewhat, Not very, Not at all ] 6. The Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word. [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree] 7. How often do you usually attend religious or spiritual services? [More than once a week, About once a week, One to three times a month, Less than once a month] 8. You may say, according to Chamorro people, Catholicism is a part of their own culture? [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree] 9. Does your family have a religious statue of Catholicism such as Virgin Mary or Patron Saint in your home? [ Yes, No ] 10. How often does your family pray in front of their religious statue? [ Twice a day, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Whenever necessary, Never ] Please circle all of the suitable words of { }. 11. Which members of your family pray before the religious statue? {No one, You, Parent(s), Grandparent(s), Other( ) } 12. On which religious holidays do you attend the church? {Christmas, Easter, All Souls Day, Fiesta, Other( ) } 13. Does your family believe in Taotaomo na (ancestor spirit)? {No one, You, Parent(s), Grandparent(s), Other( ) } 14. Who is medically treated by Suruhana (a herb doctor) in your family? {No one, You, Parent(s),Grandparent(s), Other( ) } Please put a sentence into ( ). 15. What are your family s beliefs concerning Taotaomo na? ( ) 16. When do your family members feel that they need to go to the Suruhana? ( ) Thank you for cooperating.

20 Appendix BResults of Survey Table 1. Christianity Roman No Catholic Protestant Other answer Total #1. What religion are you currently practicing? Chamorro 40(88.9%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (8.9%) 1(2.2%) 45 Filipino 72(80.0%) 3 (3.3%) 11 (12.2%) 4(4.5%) 90 Other 8 (17.8%) 9 (20.0%) 27 (60.0%) 1(2.2%) 45 #2. What is the religion of your family? Chamorro 40(88.9%) 1 (2.2%) 3 (6.6%) 1(2.2%) 45 Filipino 80(89.0%) 2 (2.2%) 8 (8.9%) 0(0.0%) 90 Other 8 (17.8%) 10 (22.2%) 27 (60.0%) 0(0.0%) 45 Table 2. Religiousness No Very Somewhat Not very Not at all answer Total #3. How religious are you? Chamorro 5 (11.1%) 24 (53.3%) 14 (31.1%) 2 (4.5%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 8 (8.9%) 52 (57.8%) 26 (28.9%) 4 (4.4%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 6 (13.3%) 21 (46.7%) 11 (24.4%) 7(15.6%) 0 (0.0%) 45 #4. How closely do you identify with being a member of your religious Chamorro 7 (15.5%) 21 (46.7%) 13 (28.9%) 3 (6.7%) 1 (2.2%) 45 Filipino 15(16.7%) 37 (41.1%) 23 (25.6%) 4 (4.4%) 11(12.2%) 90 Other 10(22.2%) 13 (28.9%) 11 (24.4%) 11(24.4%) 0 (0.0%) 45 #5. How important is religion in your life? Chamorro 21(46.7%) 18 (40.0%) 6 (13.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 44(48.9%) 34 (37.8%) 8 (8.9%) 4 (4.4%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 15(33.3%) 13 (28.9%) 14 (31.1%) 3 (6.7%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Table 3. Bible Neither Strongly Somewhat agree nor Somewhat Strongly No agree agree disagree disagree disagree answer Total #6. The Bible is the actual word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word. Chamorro 20(44.5%) 19 (42.2%) 5 (11.1%) 1 (2.2%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 34(37.8%) 31 (34.5%) 16 (17.8%) 4 (4.4%) 4 (4.4%) 1 (1.1%) 90 Other 19(42.2%) 6 (13.3%) 9 (20.0%) 4 (8.9%) 7 (15.6%) 0 (0.0%) 45

21 Table 4. Attendance at services One to More than About three Less than once a once a times a once a No week week month month answer Total #7. How often do you usually attend religoius or spiritual services? Chamorro 4 (8.9%) 20 (44.5%) 10 (22.2%) 11(24.4%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 7 (7.8%) 38 (42.2%) 21 (23.3%) 23(25.6%) 1 (1.1%) 90 Other 10(22.2%) 13 (28.9%) 1 (2.2%) 21(46.7%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Table 5. Chamorro Culture and Catholicism Neither Strongly Somewhat agree nor Somewhat Strongly No agree agree disagree disagree disagree answer Total #8. You may say, according to Chamorro people, Catholicism is a part of their own culture? Chamorro 18(40.0%) 15 (33.3%) 8 (17.8%) 1 (2.2%) 1 (2.2%) 2 (4.5%) 45 Filipino 18(20.0%) 31 (34.5%) 31 (34.5%) 5 (5.5%) 4 (4.4%) 1 (1.1%) 90 Other 6 (13.3%) 11 (24.4%) 14 (31.1%) 6 (13.3%) 8 (17.8%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Table 6. Religious Statues No Yes No answer Total #9. Does your family have a religious statue of Catholicism such as Virgin Mary or Patron Saint in your home? Chamorro 36 (80.0%) 9 (20.0%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 66 (73.0%) 24 (26.7%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 9 (20.0%) 35 (77.8%) 1 (2.2%) 45 Twice a Whenever No day Daily Weekly Monthly necessary Never answer Total #10. How often does your family pray in front of their religious statue? Chamorro 0(0.0%) 3(6.7%) 2(4.4%) 5(11.1%) 25(55.6%) 10(22.2%) 0(0.0%) 45 Filipino 2(2.2%) 8(8.9%) 6(6.7%) 6 (6.7%) 41(45.6%) 26(28.9%) 1(1.1%) 90 Other 0(0.0%) 4(8.9%) 3(6.6%) 0 (0.0%) 7 (15.6%) 31(68.9%) 0(0.0%) 45 Grand- No No one You Parent(s) parent(s) Other answer Total #11. Which members of your family pray before the religious statue? Chamorro 9 (20.0%) 12(26.7%) 19(42.2%) 24(53.3%) 7(15.6%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 26(28.9%) 23(25.6%) 40(44.4%) 27(30.0%) 9(10.0%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 25(55.6%) 3 (6.7%) 12(26.7%) 9 (20.0%) 4 (8.9%) 0 (0.0%) 45

22 Table 7. Events of Catholicism All Souls No Christmas Easter Day Fiesta Other answer Total #12. On which religious holidays do you attend the church? Chamorro 35(77.8%) 28(62.2%) 30(66.7%) 17(37.8%) 12(26.7%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 70(77.8%) 46(51.1%) 35(38.9%) 16(17.8%) 22(24.4%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 19(42.2%) 13(28.9%) 6 (13.3%) 16(35.6%) 22(48.9%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Table 8. Traditional Culture Grand- No No one You Parent(s) parent(s) Other answer Total #13. Does your family believe in Totaomo na (ancestor spirit)? Chamorro 8 (17.8%) 30(66.7%) 29(64.4%) 26(57.8%) 16(35.6%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 45(50.0%) 27(30.0%) 28(31.1%) 14(15.6%) 7 (7.8%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 27(60.0%) 8 (17.8%) 3 (6.7%) 1 (2.2%) 5 (11.1%) 1 (2.2%) 45 #14. Who is medically treated by Suruhana (a herb doctor) in your family? Chamorro 25(55.6%) 9 (20.0%) 10(22.2%) 9 (20.0%) 9 (20.0%) 0 (0.0%) 45 Filipino 54(60.0%) 17(18.9%) 18(20.0%) 14(15.6%) 10(11.1%) 0 (0.0%) 90 Other 38(84.4%) 3 (6.7%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (2.2%) 3 (6.7%) 45 #15. What are your family s beliefs concerning Taotaomo na? #16. When do your family members feel that they need to go to the Suruhana?

23 Carter, Lee D., Wuerch, William L. and Carter, Rosa Roberto (eds.), Guam History: Perspectives, I, Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam. Cunningham, J. Lawrence, The Ancient Chamorros of Guam, in Lee D. Carter, William L. Wuerch and Rosa Roberto Carter (eds.) Guam History: Perspectives, I, Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam. Hattori, Anne, Before the Chamorro-Spanish Wars, Hale-ta I : Ma Gubet-n Guam, The Political Status Education Coordinating Commission, Guam. Manny, Cristomo, Latte Magazine, July Guam. Mitchell, E. Roger, Patron Saints and Pagan Ghosts: The Pairing of Oppositses, Asian Folklore Studies 45 No1. Rogers, F. Robert, Destiny s Landfall: A History of Guam, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Sablan, Flores Joaquin, My Mental Odyssey, Stinson Press, Guam. Stade, Ronald, Pacific Passages: World Culture and Local Politics in Guam, Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, Stockholm. Thompson, Laura, Guam and its People, Westport Press. World Christian Encyclopedia, Oxford University Press, London. Workman, Pobutsky Ann, Ortiz, Cruz Linda and Quinata, Kamminga Debbie, I Che cho Suruhana yan Suruhanu: The Use of Traditional Medicine and Healers on Guam, Micronesian Area Research Center, Guam.

KEY WORDS Chamorro, Cross-cultural Contact, Jesuit, Marianas, Mission, San Vitores

KEY WORDS Chamorro, Cross-cultural Contact, Jesuit, Marianas, Mission, San Vitores SUMMARY The indigenous people of the Marianas, the Chamorro, were the first group of people with whom European colonists