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2 KEK XU Qingjin NIMS LBNL Fermilab CERN G. Sabbi, S. Caspi, P. Ferracin, H. Felice M. Lamm, A. Zlobin, E. Barzi, R. Yamada L. Rossi, G. de Rijk, L. Bottura 2

3 Outline 1 LHC Luminosity Upgrade 2 Nb3Al 3 Nb3Al 4 3

4 LHC and Experimental Insertions Circumference: 27 km Injection Energy: 450 GeV (p) Collision Energy: 7+7 TeV Peak Luminosity: cm -2 sec -1 2*4 Experimental Insertions And other insertions for RF, Dump, Cleaning

5 The Low-Beta Insertion Key Elements to Achieve High Luminosity. Quadrupoles: Low-Beta Triplet Q1 & Q3 (MQXA): KEK Q2a & Q2b (MQXB): FNAL G = 215 T/m, Aperture = 70 mm ~ 9 T L= 5.5 or 6.37 m, Top=1.9 K Higher Order Multipoles < 1 unit (10-4 ) Beam Heating: ~ 10 W/m Life (due to irradiation) 5~10 years Q3 TASB Q2 Q1 DFBX MQXA MQXB MQXB MQXA IP MCSOX a3 a4 b4 MCBXA MCBXH/V b3 b6 MQSX MCBX MCBXH/V MCBX MCBXH/V

6 MQXA magnet w/ NbTi S.C. for Present LHC NbTi B MQXA GFRP 130 5

Upgrade scenario for the LHC complex Lyn Evans >> http://indico.cern.

7 Upgrade scenario for the LHC complex Lyn Evans >> CARE-HHH-AMT WAMSDO 2008, CERN 19 May

8 Peak Luminosity L = 2 Nbnbfrγ F * 4πε β n N b n b f r ε n β * F number of particles per bunch number of bunches revolution frequency normalised emittance beta value at Ip reduction factor due to crossing angle N b, ε n β * F n b injector chain LHC insertion beam separation schemes electron cloud effect

9 NbTi IRQ Nb3Sn /Nb3Al IRQ R&D Upgrade components 50 MeV 160 MeV 1.4 GeV 4 GeV Linac2 PSB Phase 1 LPSPL: Low Power Superconducting Proton Linac (4 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) SLHC: Superluminosity LHC (up to cm -2 s -1 ) DLHC: Double energy LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) Linac4 LPSPL 2014 Production Output energy 26 GeV 50 GeV 450 GeV 1 TeV PS SPS PS2 SPS+ Phase 2 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV LHC / SLHC DLHC 9

10 R&D for LHC Luminosity Upgrade at KEK 9 T by NbTi >> beyond 12 T by Nb3Sn or Nb3Al 10

11 Outline 1 LHC Luminosity Upgrade 2 Nb3Al 3 Nb3Al 4 11

Post-NbTi: Nb 3 Sn & Nb 3 Al As of now, critical current density (Jc) of Nb3Sn is higher than Nb3Al. But,. Jc vs. Stress Jc vs. B 4000 Nb3Al Jc (A/mm2) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 NbTi(4.2K) NbTi(1.

12 Post-NbTi: Nb 3 Sn & Nb 3 Al As of now, critical current density (Jc) of Nb3Sn is higher than Nb3Al. But,. Jc vs. Stress Jc vs. B 4000 Nb3Al Jc (A/mm2) NbTi(4.2K) NbTi(1.9K) (NbTa)3Sn(PIT) Nb3Sn(RRP) Nb3Al(RHQT) Nb3Al(RHQT) Nb3Sn B(T) 1500A/mm Presented at MT-20 By A. Kikuchi et al. Better mechanical performance of Nb3Al >> No degradation of Jc below 220 MPa. For Nb3Sn (RRP), Jc is decreased to be around half at 150 Jc~3000 A/mm 2 --> 1350 A/mm 2 12

Nb3Al: Rapid Heating Quench Method Mono-filament

Ta-matrix Wire Area reduction 2 nd heating (800

13 Nb3Al: Rapid Heating Quench Method Mono-filament Multi-filament Precursor (Nb/Al) Rapid Heating Quenching (RHQ) (Nb/Al)ss Strand w/o Cu Cu stabilization Continuous Electroplating for Ta-matrix Wire Area reduction 2 nd heating (800 10h) Rolling Nb 3 Al A15 strand w/ Cu ~1.5 m/h : thickness of ~170 µm Cu 13

14 Nb3Al: Strand NIMS No. of Filaments : 222 Presented by A. Kikuchi at MT20. 14

Latest Nb 3 Al Strands Strand Diameter with Cu Strand Diameter without Cu Total Nb 3 Al Filament Number Nb 3 Al Filament Diameter Interfilament Matrix Central Core Matrix Skin Matrix Cu / non Cu

15 Latest Nb 3 Al Strands Strand Diameter with Cu Strand Diameter without Cu Total Nb 3 Al Filament Number Nb 3 Al Filament Diameter Interfilament Matrix Central Core Matrix Skin Matrix Cu / non Cu Ratio Twist Pitch Total Strand Length Cabling Strand Number K1 (Nb matrix w/o interfil. Ta) 0.99 mm mm µm Tantalum (Ta) Niobium (Nb) Niobium (Nb) mm 750 m 28 K2 (All Ta matrix) 1.00 mm mm µm Tantalum (Ta) Tantalum (Ta) Tantalum (Ta) mm 200 m 27

16 Non-Cu Jc of Nb3Al Wire with Ta Interfilament Matrix ME476 Note: Non-Cu Jc of the samples treated at different RHQ current non Cu Jc ( A/mm 2 ) K ME B ( T ) wire dia = 1.0 mm ME476 w/ Ta 807 ME493 w/ Ta 718 (ME451 w/ Nb 946

17 Low Field Magnetization Ta-matrix (ME476, 493) Nb-matrix (ME451) No flux jumps observed at 4.4 K

18 Continuous Electroplating for Ta-matrix Wire KEK 1) Strike plating of thin Ni on the surface 2) Electroplating of thick copper 3) Heat treatment for stabilize the bonding electroplating speed: ~1.5 m/h (Cu thickness of ~0.17 mm) NIMS 1) Ion-plating of thin Cu 2) High speed electroplating of thick copper 3) Heat treatment for stabilizing the bonding ion-plating speed: 120 m/h electroplating speed: ~6 m/h

19 Copper Stabilizer Rolling Mechanical Bonding Strength RRR of electroplated copper Different EP solution Bent wire to see the folds and projections of Cu stabilizer

20 Nb3Al Cable Fabrication at Fermilab Cabling with ceramic insulation completed in Feb K1 cable (w/ 28 strands): 22 m >> Coil winding K2 cable (w/ 27 strands): 9 m 20

21 Outline 1 LHC Luminosity Upgrade 2 Nb3Al 3 Nb3Al 4 21

22 Nb3Al Nb3Sn NbTi Nb3Al (Nb3Sn) Remarks Wind & Cure Wind & React ~150 for Cure Ar-gas, 800 (~650 ) K K MPa MPa GFRP(G10, G11) No GFRP

23 High Field Nb3Al Subscale Magnet R&D First goal of this program to fabricate 15 T 13 small T magnet for demonstrating the feasibility of high field magnet with Nb 3 Al. Basic design concept cos2θ very narrow gap to obtain high field

24 Nb3Sn Subscale coil at LBNL Subscale Coil Double layer race track ~200 x ~120 x ~20 mm Already developed -> just modify the detail design to adjust for the cable size 2008/7/7 24

Key parameters of the Nb3Al/Nb3Sn magnet Magnet Length: 305 mm Yoke Dia.: 500 mm Shell Dia.: 680 mm Nb3Al Strand Dia. 1mm Cu/Non-Cu ratio 0.75 Non-Cu Jc 873.

25 Key parameters of the Nb3Al/Nb3Sn magnet Magnet Length: 305 mm Yoke Dia.: 500 mm Shell Dia.: 680 mm Nb3Al Strand Dia. 1mm Cu/Non-Cu ratio 0.75 Non-Cu Jc 15 T Nb3Al Coils Double pancake Nb3Sn Coils Double pancake No. of Stands 27 Cable dimension 14.05*1.83mm 2 Cable Insulation 0.25mm + Coils No. 3 Turns No. per layer 14 Yoke + Layers No. per coil 2 (2 Double pancakes + 1 Common coil) Nb3Al Coil Common coil Al shell Nb3Sn Coils No. 2 Turns No. per layer 20 Layers No. per coil 2 (Double pancake)

26 Magnetic field distribution of the magnet 1/8 model

Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Al 12 10 Operation point of Nb3Al coils 8 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.

27 Magnetic field design of the magnet Peak field of Nb3Al coils- 13.2T Different straight length design 1/8 model Current (ka) Operation point of Nb3Sn coil Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Al Operation point of Nb3Al coils Magnetic field (T) Coil length: Nb3Al < Nb3Sn Max. current limited by Nb3Sn coil. Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Al Peak field of Nb3Sn coil- 11.9T

) 1/8 model Fy Fx Fz Contact pressure around the coils (> -20Mpa at every part) Pre-force in X direction - 335kN; Y direction 198kN; Z direction 162kN for

28 Optimization of pre-stress in three directions Object: to prevent the separation between the coils and insulation layers. (With the assumption that the cryogenic cement can endure 20Mpa separation stress.) 1/8 model Fy Fx Fz Contact pressure around the coils (> -20Mpa at every part) Pre-force in X direction - 335kN; Y direction 198kN; Z direction 162kN for each rod (for 1/8 model). With the bladder area: 304.8*80 mm 2 ; The diameter of aluminum rods: 36mm, the prestress in X direction - 55Mpa; Z direction - 159Mpa (Y direction pre-stress is applied by the deformation of shell during the X direction bladder operation)

29 Mechanical Behavior - Assembly at room temperature - The Stress intensity of the The deformation of the magnet magnet Applying pre-stresses in the X and Z direction.

30 Mechanical Behavior - Cool down to 4.2 K- The Stress intensity of the magnet Pre-stress + Thermal stress The deformation of the magnet

31 Mechanical Behavior - Excitation - Maximum coil stress: ~90MPa The Stress intensity of the The deformation of the magnet magnet Pre-stress + Thermal stress + Magnetic force

32 High Field Nb3Al/Nb3Sn Magnet R&D Detail Drawings ongoing

33 High Field Nb3Al/Nb3Sn Magnet R&D Sim. data Exp. data Sim. data Exp. data Shell Strain Circumferential strain Axial strain Bladder pressure (Mpa)

34 Outline 1 LHC Luminosity Upgrade 2 Nb3Al 3 Nb3Al 4 34

35 2014 LHC Luminosity Upgrade Phase I Phase II KEK Nb3Al Nb3Al KEK, NIMS, FNAL 13T (KEK, LBNL, FNAL) Nb3Al Non-Cu Jc: A/mm2 Ta Nb3Al/Nb3Sn Nb3Sn 13 T Nb3Al 2009

36 JFY06 JFY07 JFY08 JFY09 JFY10 JFY11 Strand with Cu stabilizer Cabling at Fermilab Model Magnet Design, Prep. Model Magnet Fabrication Test & evaluation Acc. Magnet Model (Phase II)

37 High Field Nb3Al Subscale Magnet R&D 3D Cut-view Coil Straight Length Nb3Al : 200 mm. Nb3Sn: mm.

38 Stress & strain variation of the Nb3Al coils Room temperature stress Excitation-strain Cool-down stress The maximum value: Excitation-stress The maximum value: 87MPa

39 Stress & strain variation of the Nb3Al coils Room temperature stress Excitation-strain The maximum value: Cool-down stress Excitation-stress The maximum value: 90MPa

40 Fabricated or fabricating strands Skin Nb Ta Nb Ta Nb φ φ φ φ φ µ µ µ µ

41 LHC Experiment

42 High Field Accelerator Magnet Development A Global Cooperation Network Nb3Sn EU-CARE CERN France: CEA-Saclay Nb3Sn US-DOE LBNL Magnet Technology Transfer CERN-KEK Collaboration Japan KEK Nb3Al FNAL Cabling, Subscale coil NIMS BNL 42

Development Items -KEK, NIMS, FNAL- Strand development - Higher non-cu Jc: Target 1500 A/mm2 at 15 T - Reduction of low-field-magnetization Ta-matrix (Non-superconductor at 4.

43 Development Items -KEK, NIMS, FNAL- Strand development - Higher non-cu Jc: Target 1500 A/mm2 at 15 T - Reduction of low-field-magnetization Ta-matrix (Non-superconductor at 4.2K) Ta sheath wire by KEK Nb sheath wire by NIMS - Cu stabilization technique Mechanical strength Electroplating on Ta-matrix wire ME493 Long piece-length Cable development - trial fabrication packing factor twist pitch - race track coil Nb core Ta interfilament matrix Nb skin

44 Why different straight length? Same straight length design of the three coils Same straight length design Nb3Al Current (ka) Operation point Nb3Al Nb3Sn Nb3Sn Nb3Al 12 Operation point of Nb3Al coils of Nb3Sn coil Magnetic field (T) Peak field of the coils of 12.7T located at the end of Nb3Sn coil. (The peak field of Nb3Al coils is 11.4T, at the center)

45 High Field Nb3Al Subscale Magnet R&D pre-stress in three directions Lorentz Force (1/8 model) X direction 240 kn Y direction 240 kn Z direction 100 kn 2 Al rods are not enough. developing New Magnet Design with 4 Al rods!

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