Longmore, 1996] B

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10 Adams, J.Stacy, 1965, "Inequity in Social Exchange," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 2, Blair, Sampson Lee and Michael P. Johnson, 1992, "Wives' Perceptions of the Fairness of the Division of Household Labor: The Intersection of Housework and Ideology," Journal of Marriage and the Family 54(3), Demaris, Alfred and Monica A. Longmore, 1996, "Ideology, Power, and Equity: Testing Competing Explanations for the Perception of Fairness in Household Labor," Social Forces 74(3), Greenstein, Theodore N., 1996, "Gender Ideology and Perceptions of the Fairness of the Division of Household Labor: Effects on Marital Quality," Social Forces 74(3), Homans, George C., 1974, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, Harcout Brace Jovanovich. Lennon, Mary Clare and Sarah Rosenfield, 1994, "Relative Fairness and the Division of Housework: The Importance of Options," American Journal of Sociology 100(2), Mederer, Helen J., 1993, "Division of Labor in Two-Earner Homes: Task Accompolishment Versus Household Management as Critical Variables in Perceptions About Family Work," Journal of Marriage and the Family 55(1), Okin, Susan Moller, 1989, Justice, Gender and the Family, Basic Books. Schooler, Carmi, Joanne Miller, Karen A. Miller, and Carol N. Richard, 1984, "Work for the Household: Its Nature and Consequences for Husbands and Wives," American Journal of Sociology 90(1), Thompson, Linda, 1991, "Family Work: Women's Sense of Fairness," Journal of Family Issues 12(2),

11 Marital Power in Present-day Japan: Application of the Bargaining Model Yoshimi Kataoka Key words : marital power, preference, bargaining process This paper develops a theoretical model to measure marital power in present Japanese society. The Authority Model, which many Japanese researchers use, may be valid in cases when one spouse is socially assigned more authority over the other. In current Japanese society, however, husbands and wives have come to be assigned authority evenly. It therefore seems more appropriate to discuss power in terms of control of negotiations. While 1995 research data from the Hyogo Prefectural Research Institute of Family Issues reveal the limitations of the authority approach, they do not specifically address the approach of discussing power by measuring control in negotiations. These results suggest that it is no longer possible to explain marital power through the decision-making process alone. Rather, it would be more valid to note how much one spouse' s preferences about his or her marital relationship in decision-making situations were realized over that of the other spouse in actual decision-making situations. With this approach, it would be necessary to follow-up on the bargaining process between spouses during decision-making, clarifying the preferences of each spouse, and seeing which spouse is able to realize preference. Japanese Wives' Perception of Fairness in the Division of Household Labor Akiko Iwama Key words : equity perceptions; division of household labor; marital power structure This paper investigates determinants of wives' perceptions of equity in the division of household labor in Japan. Running a regression analysis on data from 253 female respondents clarified the following five points. First, the greater the husband' s actual contributions to housework were, the less likely the wife was to see housework as unfairly divided. Second, the demand of housework as represented by the number of children, and the wife' s human capital to conduct household labor also determined the sense of justice in the division of labor. Third, more egalitarian - minded wife tended to see her existing arrangement as unfair. Fourth, woman with less power in relation to her husband was less likely to view a given division of housework as fair, while woman who held more power evaluated the same division as unfair. Finally, the higher the husband' s socio-economic status was, the less likely the wife was to see housework as unfair. 137

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