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14 Sewell, William, H., and Robert M. Hauser, Education, Occupation, and Earnings: Achievement in the Early Career,(New York, Academic Press, 1975.)

15 The students, who are unwilling to enter the high school, are apt to be isolated in the school. Finally the characteristics of deviation of senior high school consist of four phases; anxiety and escape, laziness and fun, poverty and segregation, solitude and rebellion. Part II. Other Articles The Extra-School Educational Investment and the Opportunity of Entering Higher Ranking High School (Graduate Kazuo Seiyama (Hokkaido University) Yuji Noguchi School, Hokkaido University) The extra-school education by such as juku or private instructor is an important element in contemporary Japanese educational system. Those extraschool educations (abbreviated as ESE) are considered as producing undesirable effects on the public education, but there is a popular belief that the opportunity of educational attainment is enhanced by taking advantage of the ESE. In this paper we attempt to evaluate the extent to which this belief can be sustained on empirical grounds, especially the effect of parental socio-economic status on the difference of opportunity in senior high school entrance through the ESE investment during junior high school age. Samples are collected from graduates in 1982 of nine junior high schools in Sapporo. Questionaires were mailed to 2588 samples and returned from 470 male and 443 female respondents. Key variables in the analysis are family background factors (socioeconomic status of parents), amount of the ESE investment on jukti and private instructor, achievement test score (in terms of standardized score) at the age of seventh grade, change in the score from that time to the age of ninth grade, and ranking of senior high schools (trade school, for some respondents) which the respondents entered after the graduation. The analysis shows:

16 (1) For male students, the ESE investment is positively correlated with parental socio-economic status, but no effect of the investment is found on either the change in the standardized score or the ranking of senior high school. (2) For female students, though the investment increases slightly the ranking of senior high :school through the change in the standardized score, the investment itself is not affected by parental socio-economic status. (3) Hence, for both male and female students, there is no causal chain from parental socio-economic status to the senior high school ranking through the ESE investment. (4) There are, however, for both male and female students, strong effects of parental socio-economic status on the senior high school ranking, directly, and indirectly through the test score at freshman age or the change in the score. Perspectives of "Marxist Sociology of Education" (Granduate Kenji Hashimoto School, Tokyo University) The purposes of this paper are to outline Marxist approaches in the sociological study of education taken initiative by S. Bowles in 1971, to point out problems to be solved in them, and to find direction to overcome them. There are three major question in the theory of Bowles and H. Gintis: (1) Instrumentalist view of public educational institutions,(2) Underestimation of economic functions of them,(3) Overestimation of reproductive functions of them. They dealt with the problems of reproduction of capitalist mode of production as far as public educational institutions took part there, and failed to locate them in the whole processes of the reproduction. Furthermore, they regarded public educational institutions as instruments of ruling classes which they could operate arbitrarily. And they concentrated on only noneconomic, political and ideological functions of them. There have been many critiques of their theory. And some have been proposed attempts to overcome them in two directions:(1) integration of "micro" and "macro" sociology,(2) investigation of structural mechanisms and contradictions.

16_.....E...._.I.v2006

16_.....E...._.I.v2006 55 1 18 Bull. Nara Univ. Educ., Vol. 55, No.1 (Cult. & Soc.), 2006 165 2002 * 18 Collaboration Between a School Athletic Club and a Community Sports Club A Case Study of SOLESTRELLA NARA 2002 Rie TAKAMURA