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1 TFR TFR 3 TFR total fertility rate, TFR TFR OECD3 25TFR TFR TFR van de Kaa 1987 Lesthaeghe and Moors TFR198 4
2 2.1 TFRTFR 1.5 TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR Chandola et al Pool and Sceats 23 TFR 5
3 Autumn 27 No EUROSTATCouncil of Europe 26, Office for National Statistics, Key Population and Vital Statistics NCHS 26; 27a; 27b 1 TFR
4 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b27a
5 Autumn 27 No. 16 TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR TFR 2 3 TFR 8
6 2 3TFR TFR Lesthaeghe and Willems 1999; Frejka and Calot 21; d Addio and d Ercole 25Lesthaeghe and Willems 1999 TFR 2 TFR 9
7 Autumn 27 No Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b
8 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27b
9 Autumn 27 No Council of Europe 26Office for National Statistics 27NCHS 26; 27a; 27b
10 Council of Europe 26NCHS 26; 27a; 27b
11 Autumn 27 No Council of Europe 26Frejka and Sardon 2427a 5 14
12 TFR d Addio and d Ercole 25 Frejka and Sardon World Value Survey 198 2Testa 2627b
13 Autumn 27 No Testa 2627b TFR Goldstein et al Eurobarometer Survey Testa
14 7 2 Bongaarts Lesthaeghe and Moors 2Frejka and Calot 21Bongaarts 22 Castles 2323Billari and Kohler 24d Addio and d Ercole Billari and Kohler Castles 23 Brewster and Rindfuss 2; Ahn and Mira 22; Castles 23; Rindfuss et al. 23; Adserá 24; Kögel 24; Engelhardt et al
15 Autumn 27 No. 16 Mayer 214 Reher family ties Chasnais 196TFR TFR 8 TFR
16 NCHS 27a Demographic Yearbook EUROSTAT Demographic Yearbook EUROSTAT 4lowest-low fertilitykohler et al. 22 TFR :1 pp :1 pp pp a 27 27b 13 19
17 Autumn 27 No. 16 Adserá, Alícia (24), Changing Fertility Rates in Developed Countries: The Impact of Labor Market Institutions, Journal of Population Economics, 17, pp Ahn, Namkee and Pedro Mira (22), A Note on the Changing Relationships Between Fertility and Female Employment Rates in Developed Countries, Journal of Population Economics, 15:4, pp Billari, Francesco C. and Hans-Peter Kohler (24), Patterns of Low and Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe, Population Studies, 58:2, pp Bongaarts, John (21), Fertility and Reproductive Preferences in Post-Transitional Societies, Population and Development Review, 27 Supplement: Global Fertility Transition, pp Bongaarts, John (22), The End of the Fertility Transition in the Developed World, Population and Development Review, 28:3, pp Brewster, Karin L. and Ronald R. Rindfuss (2), Fertility and Women s Employment in Industrialized Nations, Annual Review of Sociology, 26, pp Castles, Francis G. (23), The World Turned Upside Down: Below Replacement Fertility, Changing Preferences and Family-Friendly Public Policy in 21 OECD Countries, Journal of European Social Policy, 13:3, pp Chandola,T., D. A. Coleman and R. W. Hiorns (22), Distinctive Features of Age-Specific Fertility Profiles in the English-Speaking World: Common Patterns in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, , Population Studies, 56:2, pp Chesnais, Jean-Claude (), Fertility, Family and Social Policy in Contemporary Western Europe, Population and Development Review, 22:4, pp Council of Europe (26), Recent Demographic Development in Europe 25. d Addio, Anna and Marco d Ercole (25), Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates: The Role of Policies, OECD Social Employment and Migration Working Papers No.27. Engelhardt, Henriette, Tomas Kögel and Alexia Prskawetz (24), Fertility and Women s Employment Reconsidered: A Macro-Level Time Series Analysis for Developed Countries, 196-2, Population Studies, 58:1, pp Frejka, Tomas and Gerard Calot (21), Cohort Reproductive Patterns in Low-Fertility Countries, Population and Development Review, 27:1, pp Frejka, Tomas and Jean-Paul Sardon (24), Childbearing Trends and Prospects in Low-Fertility Countries: A Cohort Analysis, European Studies of Population Vol.13, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Frejka, Tomas and Jean-Paul Sardon (26), First Birth Trends in Developed Countries: Persisting Parenthood Postponement, Demographic Research, 15, pp Goldstein, Joshua, Wolfgang Lutz and Maria Rita Testa (23), The Emergence of Sub-Replacement Family Size Ideals in Europe, Population Research and Policy Review, 22, pp Kohler, Hans-Peter, Francesco C. Billari and José Antonio Ortega (22), The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe during the 199s, Population and Development Review, 28:4, pp Kögel, Tomas (24), Did the Association Between Fertility and Female Employment Within OECD Countries Really Change Its Sign?, Journal of Population Economics, 17, pp Mayer, Karl Ulrich (21), The Paradox of Global Social Change and National Path Dependencies: Life Course Patterns in Advanced Societies, in Alison E. Woodward and Martin Kohli (eds.), Inclusions and Exclusions in European Societies, Routledge, London. Lesthaeghe, Ron and G. Moors (2), Recent Trends in Fertility and Household Formation in the Industrialized World, Review of Population and Social Policy, 9, pp Lesthaeghe, Ron and Paul Willems (1999), Is Low Fertility a Temporary Phenomenon in the European Union?, Population and Development Review, 25:2, pp National Center for Health Statistics, NCHS (26), National Vital Statistics Reports: Births: Final Data for 24. National Center for Health Statistics (27a), Births: Preliminary Data for 25. National Center for Health Statistics (27b), Vital Statistics of the United States, 22: Volume I, Natality. Office for National Statistics (27), Population Trends, 128. Pool, Ian and Janet Sceats (23), Low Fertility of the English-Speaking Countries, Journal of Population and Social Security: Population, Supplement to Volume 1 (Web Journal), National Institute of Population and Social Security Research ( html). Reher, David Sven (), Family Ties in Western Europe: Persistent Contrasts, Population and Development Review, 24:2, pp Rindfuss, Ronald R., Karen Benjamin Guzzo and S. Philip 2
18 Morgan (23), The Changing Institutional Context of Low Fertility, Population Research and Policy Review, 22, pp Testa, Maria Rita (26), Childbearing Preferences and Family Issues in Europe, European Commission. Van de Kaa, D. J. (1987), The Europe s Second Demographic Transition, Population Bulletin, 42:1, Population Reference Bureau. 21
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Title ベンチャー企業の研究開発支出の決定要因 日本と台湾の事例を中心に Author(s) 蘇, 顯揚 Citation 經濟論叢 (1996), 158(1): Issue Date URL Right
Title ベンチャー企業の研究開発支出の決定要因 日本と台湾の事例を中心に Author(s) 蘇, 顯揚 Citation 經濟論叢 (1996), 158(1): 54-76 Issue Date 1996-07 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/45083 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher
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